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09-15-2025 Agenda Packet BOCPERSON COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS MEETING AGENDA 304 South Morgan Street, Room 215 Roxboro, NC 27573-5245 336-597-1720 Fax 336-599-1609 September 15, 2025 9:00 a.m. This meeting will convene in Room 215 of the County Office Building. 1. CALL TO ORDER..........................................................................Chairman Puryear 2. INVOCATION 3. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE 4. DISCUSSION/ADJUSTMENT/APPROVAL OF AGENDA 5. RECOGNITION A. Resolution in Appreciation of Retiree Melinda Hudson.............Chairman Puryear B. Golden LEAF Schools (GLS) Initiative Northern Middle School.......................................................Commissioner Royster 6. PUBLIC HEARING A. FY27 Community Transportation Program Funding Application............................................................................................Mitch Fleig 7. INFORMAL COMMENTS The Person County Board of Commissioners established a 10-minute segment which is open for informal comments and/or questions from citizens of this county on issues, other than those issues for which a public hearing has been scheduled. The time will be divided equally among those wishing to comment. It is requested that any person who wishes to address the Board, register with the Clerk to the Board prior to the meeting. 1 8. DISCUSSION/ADJUSTMENT/APPROVAL OF CONSENT AGENDA A. September 2, 2025 Minutes B. Budget Amendment #5 C. Animal Services Ordinance Amendment D. 2025 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan E. Creative Economic Development Consulting Agreement F. SUP-02-25 – Written Decision Approving Special Use Permit Application G. A Resolution by the County of Person to direct the Expenditure of Opioid Settlement Funds H. Resolution Amending the 2025 Schedule of Regular Meetings for the Person County Board of Commissioners 9. NEW BUSINESS A. Piedmont Community College Sublease..................................... Katherine Cathey B. Vaya Update.................................................................................Katherine Cathey C. Person County Multimodal Feasibility Study and 501 Railroad Corridor Acquisition Update.......................................................John Hill D. Strategic Plan Quarterly Report....................................................Katherine Cathey 10. CHAIRMAN’S REPORT 11. MANAGER’S REPORT 12. COMMISSIONERS’ REPORTS/COMMENTS 13. CLOSED SESSION A. Closed Session #1 per General Statute 143-318.11(a)(5) to establish, or to instruct the public body's staff or negotiating agents concerning the position to be taken by or on behalf of the public body in negotiating (i) the price and other material terms of a contract or proposed contract for the acquisition of real property by purchase, option, exchange, or lease; or (ii) the amount of compensation and other material terms of an employment contract or proposed employment contract with the following individuals permitted to attend: County Manager Katherine Cathey, Clerk to the Board Michele Solomon, County Attorney T.C. Morphis, Jr, and Economic Development Director Brandy Lynch. Note: All Items on the Agenda are for Discussion and Action as deemed appropriate by the Board. 2 RESOLUTION OF APPRECIATION WHEREAS, Melinda Hudson served the people of Person County during her employment with the Person County Department of Social Services; and WHEREAS, Melinda Hudson served the citizens of Person County with compassion, honor, integrity, sincerity and dedication, providing accurate and concise services for thirty years, August 21, 1995 – September 1, 2025; and WHEREAS, Melinda Hudson has earned the respect and admiration of all who have known her and worked with her throughout her career; and WHEREAS, Melinda Hudson was recognized as the Local Hero from Person County on April 30, 2025, as a part of the NC Association of County Commissioner’s Heroic Hands Initiative, which aims to highlight local government employees who have dedicated their careers to public service; and WHEREAS, the County of Person recognizes the many contributions Melinda Hudson has made to the County as a Work First Social Worker, Adult Services Social Work Supervisor II and III, and a Social Work Program Manager, and offers her sincere best wishes for her retirement. NOW, THEREFORE, I, Kyle Puryear, Chairman of the Person County Board of Commissioners, do hereby extend this Resolution of Appreciation to Melinda Hudson for her compassion and dedication, and for continually striving to make Person County a better place to live and work. Adopted this, the 15th day of September 2025. ____________________________________ Kyle Puryear, Chairman Person County Board of Commissioners Attest: ____________________________________ Michele Solomon, NCCCC Clerk to the Board of Commissioners 3 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: Sept. 15, 2025 Agenda Title: Golden LEAF Schools (GLS) Initiative – Northern Middle School Summary of Information: Northern Middle School has been selected to participate in the Golden LEAF Schools Initiative, a five-year, $25 million school improvement program focused on boosting academic achievement and career readiness for middle school students across North Carolina. Northern Middle is one of just 15 schools statewide chosen for this opportunity and will receive intensive support to implement innovative instructional strategies, with a strong emphasis on mathematics and career development. More information is provided in the attached press release. Financial Impact: None Recommended Action: Recognize representatives of Person County Schools for being selected for this program as well as the investment and opportunities it offers the Person County community. Submitted By: Commissioner Antoinetta Royster 4 June 6, 2025 Northern Middle School selected to participate in $25 Million Golden LEAF Schools Initiative Northern Middle School has been selected to participate in the Golden LEAF Schools Initiative, a five-year, $25 million school improvement program focused on boosting academic achievement and career readiness for middle school students across North Carolina. Led by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction (NCDPI), the initiative is funded by the Golden LEAF Foundation and implemented in partnership with Marzano Resources. Northern Middle is one of just 15 schools statewide chosen for this opportunity and will receive intensive support to implement innovative instructional strategies, with a strong emphasis on mathematics and career development. “We are excited to participate in this transformative opportunity,” said Dr. Rodney Peterson, Superintendent. “Through the Golden LEAF Schools Initiative, we’ll enhance our instructional practices, build staff capacity, and ensure our students have access to high-quality learning experiences that prepare them for success in high school, college, and future careers.” As part of the Transformative Schools (TS) Cohort, Northern Middle School will receive focused coaching and support. This includes implementation of the Marzano High Reliability Schools Framework, math curriculum resources, instructional coaching, and tailored career development supports designed to meet the specific needs of the school community. “The Golden LEAF Schools Initiative is a powerful first step toward our goal of ensuring that North Carolina’s public schools are the best in the nation,” said State Superintendent Maurice “Mo” Green. “By investing in middle school math instruction—especially in our rural and economically challenged communities—we are building a strong foundation for college, careers, and lifelong community engagement.” 5 The selection process was highly competitive and involved a rigorous application and interview process with key school and district leaders. “Golden LEAF is proud to fund this bold, collaborative effort to improve student outcomes and build a stronger future for our state,” said Scott T. Hamilton, President and CEO of the Golden LEAF Foundation. “By investing in middle schools through research-based strategies and intensive support, we’re not only strengthening academic achievement in critical areas like math, but also laying the groundwork for career readiness and long-term economic vitality in North Carolina’s rural communities.” For more information about the Golden LEAF Schools Initiative visit the Golden LEAF Schools' website. About the Golden LEAF Foundation The Golden LEAF Foundation is a nonprofit organization established to increase economic opportunity in North Carolina’s rural and tobacco-dependent communities. Since 1999, the foundation has supported projects that promote long-term economic advancement through grantmaking and strategic partnerships. 6 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: September 15, 2025 Agenda Title: Public Hearing – FY27 Community Transportation Program Funding Application Summary of Information: A public hearing will be held to consider the FY27 Community Transportation Program application for federal and state funding and commitment of local share funds. A public hearing is required as part of the application process. This is an annual request. The Community Transportation Program supports transportation programs operating in Person County and provides transportation options and services for the communities within this service area. These services are provided using ADA compliant raised roof vans and Light Transit Buses (LTV’s) operated by the Person Area Transportation System (PATS). PATS is requesting the replacement of one LTV bus and two raised roof vans in FY27. The total estimated amount requested is for the period July 1, 2026 through June 30, 2027 NOTE: The local share amount is subject to State funding availability. Project Total Amount Local Share Administrative $208,260 $31,239 (15%) Capital (Vehicles & Other) $363,600 $36,360 (10%) TOTAL PROJECT $571,860 $67,599 Financial Impact: Approval will indicate the Board’s intent to allocate $67,599 in funding in FY27 for the local share. Recommended Action: Recommends the board hold the public hearing and approve the local share in the amount of $67,599 for FY27. Submitted By: Mitch Fleig, Public Transportation Director 7 PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE Section 5311 (ADTAP), 5310, 5339, 5307 and applicable State funding, or combination thereof. This is to inform the public that a public hearing will be held on the pro- posed FY 2027 Community Transportation Program Application to be submitted to the North Carolina Department of Transportation no later than October 3, 2025. The public hearing will be held on September 15, 2025 at 9:00 am before the Person County Board of Commissioners. Those interested in attending the public hearing and needing either auxil- iary aids and services under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) or a language translator should contact Mitch Fleig on or before September 12, 2025, at telephone number (336) 597-1771 or via email at mfleig@person- countync,gov. The Community Transportation Program provides assistance to coordinate existing transportation programs operating in Person County as well as provides transportation options and services for the communities within this service area. These services are currently provided using demand response, subscription, fixed route, and trip referrals. Services are rendered by ADA equipped vans and Light Transit Vehicles by Person Area Transportation System. The total estimated amount requested for the period July 1, 2026 through June 30, 2027. NOTE: Local share amount is subject to State funding availability. This application may be inspected at the Transportation Office, 303 S Morgan St. Roxboro, NC from 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM Monday through Friday. Written comments should be directed to Michele Solomon, Clerk to the Board at 304 S. Morgan St. Rm 212, Roxboro, NC before September 11, 2025 TOTAL $571,860 Total Funding Requests $67,599 Total Local Share Project 5311 Administrative Combined Capital Total Amount $208,260 $353,600 Local Share $31,239 (15%) $36,360 (10%) Funding programs covered are 5311, 5310, 5339 Bus and Bus Facilities, 5307 (Small fixed route, regional, and consolidated urban-rural systems) 8 FY27 PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE Last Updated: 02/21/2025 PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE Section 5311 (ADTAP), 5310, 5339, 5307 and applicable State funding, or combination thereof. This is to inform the public that a public hearing will be held on the proposed FY 2027 Community Transportation Program Application to be submitted to the North Carolina Department of Transportation no later than October 3, 2025. The public hearing will be held on September 15, 2025 at 9:00 am before the Person County Board of Commissioners. . Those interested in attending the public hearing and needing either auxiliary aids and services under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) or a language translator should contact Mitch Fleig on or before September 12, 2025, at telephone number (336) 597-1771 or via email at mfleig@personcountync,gov. The Community Transportation Program provides assistance to coordinate existing transportation programs operating in Person County as well as provides transportation options and services for the communities within this service area. These services are currently provided using demand response, subscription, fixed route, and trip referrals. Services are rendered by ADA equipped vans and Light Transit Vehicles by Person Area Transportation System. . The total estimated amount requested for the period July 1, 2026 through June 30, 2027. NOTE: Local share amount is subject to State funding availability. Project Total Amount Local Share 5311 Administrative $ 208,260 $ 31,239 (15%) Combined Capital $ 363,600 $ 36,360 (10%) Funding programs covered are 5311, 5310, 5339 Bus and Bus Facilities, 5307 (Small fixed route, regional, and consolidated urban-rural systems) TOTAL $ 571,860 $ 67,599 Total Funding Requests Total Local Share This application may be inspected at the Transportation Office, 303 S Morgan St. Roxboro, NC from 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM Monday through Friday. Written comments should be directed to Michele Solomon, Clerk to the Board at 304 S. Morgan St. Rm 212, Roxboro, NC before September 11, 2025 End of Notice Note: AN ORIGINAL COPY of the published Public Hearing Notice must be attached to a signed Affidavit of Publication. Both the Public Hearing Notice and the Affidavit of Publication must be submitted with the grant application. 9 FY27 LOCAL SHARE CERTIFICATION FOR FUNDING Page 1 of 1 Last Updated: 03/05/2025 LOCAL SHARE CERTIFICATION FOR FUNDING Person County (Legal Name of Applicant) Requested Funding Amounts Project Total Amount Local Share** 5311 Administrative $ 208,260 $ 31,239 (15%) Combined Capital $ 363,600 $ 36,360 (10%) Funding programs covered are 5311, 5310, 5339 Bus and Bus Facilities, 5307 (Small fixed route, regional, and consolidated urban-rural systems) TOTAL $ 571,860 $ 67,599 Total Funding Requests Total Local Share **NOTE: Applicants should be prepared for the entire Local Share amount in the event State funding is not available. The Local Share is available from the following sources: Source of Funds Apply to Grant Amount General Fund 5311 Administrative $ 31,239 General Fund Combined Capital $ 36,360 TOTAL $ 67,599 ** Fare box revenue is not an applicable source for local share funding I, the undersigned representing (Legal Name of Applicant) Person County do hereby certify to the North Carolina Department of Transportation, that the required local funds for the FY2027 Community Transportation Program and 5307 Governors Apportionment will be available as of July 1, 2026, which has a period of performance of July 1, 2026 – June 30, 2027. _________________________________________ Signature of Authorized Official Type Name and Title of Authorized Official Date 10 FY27 PROGRAM RESOLUTION Page 1 of 2 Last Updated: 02/11/2025 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM RESOLUTION FY27 RESOLUTION Section 5311 (including ADTAP), 5310, 5339, 5307 and applicable State funding, or combination thereof. Applicant seeking permission to apply for Public Transportation Program funding, enter into agreement with the North Carolina Department of Transportation, provide the necessary assurances and the required local match. A motion was made by (Board Member’s Name) and seconded by (Board Member’s Name or N/A, if not required) for the adoption of the following resolution, and upon being put to a vote was duly adopted. WHEREAS, Article 2B of Chapter 136 of the North Carolina General Statutes and the Governor of North Carolina have designated the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) as the agency responsible for administering federal and state public transportation funds; and WHEREAS, the North Carolina Department of Transportation will apply for a grant from the US Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration and receives funds from the North Carolina General Assembly to provide assistance for rural public transportation projects; and WHEREAS, the purpose of these transportation funds is to provide grant monies to local agencies for the provision of rural, small urban, and urban public transportation services consistent with the policy requirements of each funding source for planning, community and agency involvement, service design, service alternatives, training and conference participation, reporting and other requirements (drug and alcohol testing policy and program, disadvantaged business enterprise program, and fully allocated costs analysis); and WHEREAS, the funds applied for may be Administrative, Operating, Planning, or Capital funds and will have different percentages of federal, state, and local funds. WHEREAS, non-Community Transportation applicants may apply for funding for “purchase-of-service” projects under the Capital Purchase of Service budget, Section 5310 program. WHEREAS, (Legal Name of Applicant) Person County hereby assures and certifies that it will provide the required local matching funds; that its staff has the technical capacity to implement and manage the project(s), prepare required reports, obtain required training, attend meetings and conferences; and agrees to comply with the federal and state statutes, regulations, executive orders, Section 5333 (b) Warranty, and all administrative 11 FY27 PROGRAM RESOLUTION Page 2 of 2 Last Updated: 02/11/2025 requirements related to the applications made to and grants received from the Federal Transit Administration, as well as the provisions of Section 1001 of Title 18, U. S. C. WHEREAS, the applicant has or will provide all annual certifications and assurances to the State of North Carolina required for the project; NOW, THEREFORE, be it resolved that the County Manager of Person County is hereby authorized to submit grant application (s) for federal and state funding in response to NCDOT’s calls for projects, make the necessary assurances and certifications and be empowered to enter into an agreement with the NCDOT to provide rural, small urban, and urban public transportation services. I Michele Solomon, Clerk to the Person County Board of Commissioners, do hereby certify that the above is a true and correct copy of an excerpt from the minutes of a meeting of the Person County Board of Commissioners duly held on the 15th day of September, 2025. Signature of Certifying Official *Note that the authorized official, certifying official, and notary public should be three separate individuals. Seal Subscribed and sworn to me (date) Notary Public * Printed Name and Address My commission expires (date) Affix Notary Seal Here 12 FY27 PUBLIC HEARING RECORD Last Updated: 02/11/2025 PUBLIC HEARING RECORD Important – A public hearing MUST be conducted whether or not requested by the Public. Section 5311 (including ADTAP), 5310, 5339, 5307 and applicable State funding, or combination thereof. APPLICANT: Person County DATE: September 15, 2025 PLACE: Person County Office Building TIME: 9:00 am How many BOARD MEMBERS attended the public hearing? How many members of the PUBLIC attended the public hearing? Public Attendance Surveys (Attached) (Offered at Public Hearing but none completed) I, the undersigned, representing Person County do hereby certify to the North Carolina Department of Transportation, that a Public Hearing was held as indicated above and During the Public Hearing (NO public comments) (Public Comments were made and meeting minutes will be submitted after board approval) The estimated date for board approval of meeting minutes is: Signature or Clerk to the Board Printed Name and Title Date Affix Seal Here 13 FY27 VOLUNTARY TITLE VI PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT Last Updated: 02/11/2025 VOLUNTARY TITLE VI PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 requires the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NC DOT) to gather statistical data regarding participants and beneficiaries of the agency’s federal-aid programs and activities. NC DOT collects information on race, color, national origin and gender of the attendees to this public meeting to ensure the inclusion of all segments of the population impacted by a proposed project. NCDOT wishes to clarify that this information gathering process is completely voluntary and that you are not required to disclose the statistical data requested to participate in this meeting. This form is a public document used to collect data, only. The completed forms will be held on file at the North Carolina Department of Transportation. For Further information regarding this process please contact the NCDOT Title VI Program at telephone number 919.508.1808 or email at titlevi@ncdot.gov. After completing this form, please fold and place it inside the designated box on the registration table. Thank you for your cooperation. Project Name: Date: Meeting Location: Name (please print) Gender: Male Female General ethnic identification categories (check one) Caucasian Hispanic American American Indian/Alaskan Native African American Asian/Pacific Islander Other: ________________________ Color: National Origin: 14 FY27 PUBLIC HEARING OUTREACH Last Updated: 02/11/2025 PUBLIC HEARING OUTREACH APPLICANT: Person County Provide a detailed description of public hearing outreach efforts by the applicant to inform the public ESPECIALLY MINORITY, WOMEN, ELDERLY, DISABLED, LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY- (LEP) AND LOW INCOME INDIVIDUALS about the scheduled public hearing and the opportunity to comment on the proposed Community Transportation grant application. Outreach may include efforts such as distribution of information on vehicles, at human service agencies, at local community events, at public events, local organization, etc. Click on gray box and begin typing the detailed description. Notices of the Public Hearing were on all vehicles more than a month in advance of meeting. Notice was posted on public bulletin board in the PATS office as well as the county office building. Information was relayed to the Roxboro Housing Authority and the Person County Senior Center. Notice was published in the Courier-Times on September 4, 2025 Edition. This is the local newspaper for the area. 15 September 2, 2025 1 PERSON COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS September 2, 2025 MEMBERS PRESENT OTHERS PRESENT Kyle Puryear Katherine M. Cathey, County Manager Jason Thomas Michele Solomon, Clerk to the Board Sherry Wilborn-ABSENT T.C. Morphis, Jr., County Attorney Antoinetta Royster-ABSENT Donald Long The Board of Commissioners for the County of Person, North Carolina, met in Regular session on Tuesday, September 2, 2025 at 6:00 p.m. in the Person County Office Building Auditorium located at 304 S. Morgan Street, Roxboro, NC. Chairman Puryear called the meeting to order and recognized a quorum was present. Vice-Chairman Thomas offered an invocation, and Commissioner Long led the group in the Pledge of Allegiance. Chairman Puryear recognized the absence of two commissioners. He stated that Commissioner Royster notified the Board that she would not be present at this particular meeting. He stated that due to a family emergency Commissioner Wilborn would not be in attendance. He expressed thanks to the EMS Department for their quick and safe response for that particular emergency. DISCUSSION/ADJUSTMENT/APPROVAL OF AGENDA: A motion was made by Commissioner Long and carried 3-0 to approve the agenda. PROCLAMATION HONORING JEAN NEWELL Chairman Puryear read and presented a Proclamation Honoring Jean Newell on the occasion of her 100th birthday. A motion was made by Commissioner Long and carried 3-0 approving a Proclamation Honoring Jean Newell. Mrs. Newell addressed the Board and thanked them for the recognition and stated that she is honored, humbled and grateful to be here this evening to receive this recognition. 16 September 2, 2025 2 17 September 2, 2025 3 RESOLUTION IN APPRECIATION OF RETIRED DEPUTY SHERIFF MAJOR CHERYL HUGHES Chairman Puryear read and presented a Resolution of Appreciation for Retired Deputy Sheriff Major Cheryl Hughes, recognizing her thirty-two years of service to Person County. A motion was made by Vice-Chairman Thomas and carried 3-0 to approve a Resolution of Appreciation for Retired Deputy Sheriff Major Cheryl Hughes. 18 September 2, 2025 4 19 September 2, 2025 5 PROCLAMATION DESIGNATING SEPTEMBER AS LIBRARY CARD SIGN-UP MONTH Person County Library Director Von Yeager read a Proclamation Designating September as Library Card Sign-Up Month. Chairman Puryear presented the Proclamation to Yeager. A motion was made by Vice-Chairman Thomas and carried 3-0 approving a Proclamation Designating September as Library Card Sign-Up Month. 20 September 2, 2025 6 21 September 2, 2025 7 Chairman Puryear recognized that in the audience this evening is Leadership Person County led by the Roxboro Area Chamber of Commerce and asked Chamber Director Dana Blackwell if she wanted to speak on behalf of the Roxboro Area Chamber of Commerce. Blackwell stated that this year the Chamber started back Leadership Person County, where citizens could sign up and go around and learn more about Person County, whether it be, county government, city government, public safety, education, or industry. She stated that the class is for twelve weeks, and the class is set up to take field trips, instead of sitting in a classroom listening to someone talk. She expressed appreciation and thanks to the County for allowing the class to come this evening. She stated that the class has visited several County Departments, such as, Animal Services, and the new Person Industries/Recycling Center, which will be having a ribbon-cutting on Friday morning. She thanked the Cooperative Extension Department for providing dinner for the class and to EMS for cooking it. She stated that if anyone is interested in the class and wants more information, to please contact her at the Chamber. QUASI-JUDICIAL HEARING: SUP-02-25 A SPECIAL USE PERMIT REQUEST BY THE APPLICANT AND PROPERTY OWNER, CHRIS HODGIN, TO DEVELOP A 2-SPACE RV PARK ON 11.02-ACRES, LOCATED AT 1676 ZION LEVEL CHURCH RD, TAX MAP A14 47 A motion was made by Vice-Chairman Thomas and carried 3-0 to open the duly advertised quasi-judicial hearing for SUP-02-25 – A Special Use Permit request by the applicant and property owner, Chris Hodgin, to develop a 2-space RV park on 11.02 acres, located at 1676 Zion Level Church Rd, Tax Map A14 47. Clerk to the Board, Michele Solomon administered the Oath of Sworn Testimony to the following individuals who offered testimony during the quasi-judicial hearing: Margaret Hauth and Kent Dickinson. Chris Hodgin, the applicant and property owner, was administered the Oath of Sworn Testimony, as he may be called upon to answer questions from the Board. 22 September 2, 2025 8 Interim Planning Director Margaret Hauth shared the following presentation for SUP-02-25 – A Special Use Permit request by the applicant and property owner, Chris Hodgin, to develop a 2-space RV park on 11.02 acres, located at 1676 Zion Level Church Rd, Tax Map A14 47. Ms. Hauth presented Exhibit A: Aerial Photo 23 September 2, 2025 9 Ms. Hauth presented Exhibit B: Future Land Use Map Ms. Hauth presented Exhibit C: Zoning Map showing that the property is in a Residential Zoning District; therefore, requiring a Special Use Permit Application. 24 September 2, 2025 10 Ms. Hauth presented Exhibit D: Site Plan which is required of Special Use Permit Applications. 25 September 2, 2025 11 There were no questions from the Board for Ms. Hauth. 26 September 2, 2025 12 The following individual appeared before the Board to speak in favor of during the quasi-judicial hearing for SUP-02-25 – A Special Use Permit request by the applicant and property owner, Chris Hodgin, to develop a 2-space RV park on 11.02 acres, located at 1676 Zion Level Church Rd, Tax Map A14 47. Kent Dickinson of 59 Audobon Drive, Semora testified that he is a neighbor of Chris Hodgin and that they have spoken and that Mr. Hodgin agreed to sign an agreement limiting the number of camper/RV locations to two. Mr. Dickinson proceeded to read the Memorandum of Agreement dated and signed by Christopher Hodgin on August 28, 2025. There were no questions from the Board for Mr. Dickinson. 27 September 2, 2025 13 28 September 2, 2025 14 There were no individuals that appeared before the Board to speak in opposition of during the quasi-judicial hearing for SUP-02-25 – A Special Use Permit request by the applicant and property owner, Chris Hodgin, to develop a 2-space RV park on 11.02 acres, located at 1676 Zion Level Church Rd, Tax Map A14 47. A motion was made by Vice-Chairman Thomas and carried 3-0 to close the quasi-judicial hearing for SUP-02-25 – A Special Use Permit request by the applicant and property owner, Chris Hodgin, to develop a 2-space RV park on 11.02 acres, located at 1676 Zion Level Church Rd, Tax Map A14 47. CONSIDERATION TO GRANT OR DENY SUP-02-25 A SPECIAL USE PERMIT REQUEST BY THE APPLICANT AND PROPERTY OWNER, CHRIS HODGIN, TO DEVELOP A 2-SPACE RV PARK ON 11.02-ACRES, LOCATED AT 1676 ZION LEVEL CHURCH RD, TAX MAP A14 47 A motion was made by Vice-Chairman Thomas and carried 3-0 to approve SUP- 02-25 – A Special Use Permit request by the applicant and property owner, Chris Hodgin, to develop a 2-space RV park, with the noted condition that the park is limited to two spaces on 11.02 acres, located at 1676 Zion Level Church Rd, Tax Map A14 47. PUBLIC HEARING: PETITION TA-06-25- A TEXT AMENDMENT REQUEST TO RENAME THE RURAL CONSERVATION ZONING DISTRICT TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT AND UPDATE ALL REFERENCES IN THE DOCUMENT A motion was made by Commissioner Long and carried 3-0 to open the duly advertised public hearing for TA-06-25 – A Text Amendment request to rename the Rural Conservation zoning district to Rural Development district and update all references in the document. Interim Planning Director Margaret Hauth stated that the Planning Board initiated this text amendment for the name change and voted unanimously to change the name from Rural Conservation to Rural District, as they did not like the name Rural Development, as it is misleading. She stated that this proposed text amendment is to change the name only and update all references in the ordinance. She stated that no other changes would be made. There were no individuals that appeared before the Board to speak in favor of TA- 06-25 – A Text Amendment request to rename the Rural Conservation zoning district to Rural Development district and update all references in the document. 29 September 2, 2025 15 The following individuals appeared before the Board to speak in opposition of TA- 06-25 – A Text Amendment request to rename the Rural Conservation zoning district to Rural Development district and update all references in the document. Claudia Berryhill of 279 Knolls of Hyco, Roxboro thanked the Board for the opportunity to speak. She stated that she is confused as to what the purpose is with the proposed text amendment. She stated that she understood it to be going from Rural Conservation, which she thought was to preserve and protect the rural character of the land, and for it to be proposed to change to Rural Development, which she thought meant to develop and bring non-agricultural businesses, and houses, etc. She asked what is the interpretation of areas of non-agricultural development as it was stated in the Agenda Abstract that the purpose of the Rural Conservation District is to provide for only limited land use controls in areas with limited non-agricultural development. She stated, what about the natural forest throughout the county and the natural open areas. She stated that crop and pasture land and replanted forestry areas qualify as agricultural areas. She stated that on the other hand, maybe we are trying to say that we are trying to develop our ruralness or continue to develop our rural character. She stated that she is asking the Board to consider the 2021 Joint Comprehensive City/County Land Use Plan. She stated that Guiding Principle One states to celebrate our rural character and lifestyle, and that we value the agricultural heritage and abundant natural resources that lie in the heart of the economic and cultural foundations of our community. She stated that Person County and the City of Roxboro have valued their agricultural roots for many years. She stated that this Guiding Principle recognizes the importance of maintaining Person County’s rural character and lifestyle well into the future. She stated that if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it. She asked the Board to leave it as Rural Conservation or go with the Planning Board’s recommendation of Rural District. Nancy McCormick of 40 Water Front Lane, Timberlake stated that just like Ms. Berryhill, she was confused about changing it to Rural Development. She stated that she was asked to present a statement based on discussions that she has had with concerned citizens and the agricultural community concerning the changing of the zoning name from Rural Conservation to Rural Development. She stated that the people that she has had communication with would prefer Rural Conservation to remain. She asked what is in a name? She stated a name can evoke powerful perceptions and shape expectations. She stated for zoning, the name refers to the purpose and regulations associated with a specific area. She stated that while the names are meant to be technical and objective, they still create perceptions based on their regulations and the community’s vision for that area. 30 September 2, 2025 16 McCormick reiterated what Berryhill had said in reference to the Joint Comprehensive Land Use Plan. She stated that changing Rural Conservation to Rural Development, is a misconception, and asked is development equivalent to conservation. She stated no, they are distinct. She stated that the community has spoken and desires to maintain rural character and identity of our county, and urges the Board to keep the name as Rural Conservation in keeping with the community vision. Karolyn Mangeot of 112 Elderberry Lane, Rougemont stated that if the name changes to Rural Development, it sends a message to everyone in the community that you are more interested in developing this land for the potential to bring in business and industry rather than conserving it as the beautiful county that we have. A motion was made by Vice-Chairman Thomas and carried 3-0 to close the public hearing for TA-06-2025 – A Text Amendment request to rename the Rural Conservation zoning district to Rural Development district and update all references in the document. CONSIDERATION TO GRANT OR DENY PETITION TA-06-25- A TEXT AMENDMENT REQUEST TO RENAME THE RURAL CONSERVATION ZONING DISTRICT TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT AND UPDATE ALL REFERENCES IN THE DOCUMENT A motion was made by Commissioner Long and carried 3-0 to leave the zoning district as Rural Conservation and not change it to Rural Development. INFORMAL COMMENTS: The following individuals appeared before the Board to make informal comments: Julie Nye of 407 River Trace Drive, Rougemont stated that she has been a resident of Person County since 2004. She stated that she resides one mile from the Moriah Energy Center, and that has sensitized her to all future developments that are happening in Person County. She read an open letter addressed to the Commissioners and Microsoft from residents and the Sierra Club that posed a lot of questions about the proposed Microsoft facility and construction plans. She provided a copy of the letter for each commissioner. Linda Dickerson of 292 Cardens Cove Road, Timberlake thanked the Board for allowing her to speak. She stated that she lives by the proposed Rail Trail and asked if Person County has approved this. She stated that she has not been notified about anything and wants to know what is going to happen to her property. She stated that there are so many things that the public would like to know about this. 31 September 2, 2025 17 Chris Harris of 268 Cardens Cove Road, Timberlake stated that his land is adjacent to the trail with the rail line easement. He stated that he came home one day to find a surveyor in his driveway. He stated that he would like to be kept informed of what is going on with the Rail Trail. He stated that he had safety concerns. Ronald Oakley of 330 Cardens Cove Road, Timberlake stated that he has safety concerns related to the Rail Trail. He stated that he lives by the proposed trail. He stated that he would like to kept informed on the status of the trail. Jimmie Whitfield of 699 Charlie Reade Road, Timberlake stated that he agrees with what Claudia Berryhill stated earlier, if it is not broke, do not fix it. He stated he is referring to solar farms and the ordinance. He stated that he is in favor leaving things as they are. Karolyn Mangeot of 112 Elderberry Lane, Rougemont stated that she wanted to address the Moriah Energy Center (MEC). She stated that one giant tank for the storage of hazardous material is now nearing completion. She stated that soon residents will get to watch PEMC build a three-mile-long high-tower transmission line over fifty-five more acres of rural conservation woods and farmland, ending in a transmission station on Helena Moriah Road. She asked that the Board contact Enbridge to ask them where they are going to get the sixteen million gallons of water to test each of their MEC LNG tanks before they can be used. She stated that Dominion repeatedly assured residents that they would be getting the water from Roxboro City Lake, and that they would not be drilling at MEC for this purpose, as this would most certainly damage the aquifer for all that depend on well water. She stated that Enbridge is not responding to residents on this issue. She stated that therefore, the residents must rely on the Commissioners to make sure that Enbridge is getting the water from Roxboro, and to find out how it will be transported to the MEC site. She stated that it is estimated that it would require 2,000-3,000 tanker truck loads, and would need a pipeline to be constructed. She asked the Board to please care enough about the residents in the southern part of the county to ask Enbridge about the source and transportation of these sixteen million gallons of water. DISCUSSION/ADJUSTMENT/APPROVAL OF CONSENT AGENDA: A motion was made by Commissioner Long and carried 3-0 to approve the Consent Agenda with the following items: A. August 18, 2025 Minutes B. Human Services Advisory Committee Bylaws 32 September 2, 2025 18 NEW BUSINESS: CBGI PROJECT SUBMITTALS County Manager Katherine Cathey stated that the item up for discussion is to identify projects to recommend to Golden LEAF for their current funding process. She stated that this is called the Community-Based Grants Initiative (CBGI) process. She stated that the timeline for considering these proposals began back in June when the Board authorized the County to proceed with encouraging applications from organizations throughout the community for this grant funding. She stated that applications were due July 21 to staff. She stated that staff received three grant proposals and that they are detailed in the agenda packet. She stated that those worksheets were provided to Golden LEAF and she and Economic Development Director Brandy Lynch met with Golden LEAF staff to get their feedback. She stated that there were subsequent follow-up conversations with each of the projects, and they were able to gather additional information in addition to their original submittal. She stated that the Economic Development Commission (EDC) met on August 26 and provided feedback on the submitted projects. She stated that the next step in the process would be to submit a list of endorsed projects to Golden LEAF by noon on September 8. She stated that this list will establish the County’s recommendation to Golden Leaf for projects that they would consider funding through this initiative. She stated that the County can recommend a maximum of four projects at a total request for funding of $2M. She stated that the most Golden LEAF will award in any county, is three projects for a total of $1.5M. She stated that Golden LEAF might fund one project for $1.5M, or they might fund one project for $500K, or they might fund two projects for $500K, or they may not fund any projects in Person County. She stated that Golden LEAF would open up an application for the projects to complete and have further discussion with each project, and ultimately, the Golden LEAF Board will make funding decisions in February 2026. She provided a brief overview of the three projects that have been considered. The first project is from Piedmont Community College and would be to relocate and expand their trade programs (HVAC, electrical, and plumbing) to the new South Campus. She stated that this would enhance accessibility of these programs and increase training capacity while providing hands-on and work-based learning opportunities to address regional workforce needs. She stated the second project is from Person Family Medical Center and would be to meet the increasing demand for medical, dental, and behavioral health services and would involve adding exam rooms and provider offices at their current location and integrating dental services from a mobile trailer into the new facility for better coordination, as well as upgrading their IT infrastructure. 33 September 2, 2025 19 Cathey stated that the third project was completed by County staff for the proposed new aviation terminal at Raleigh Regional Airport at Person County, which would serve many different purposes to boost the local economy, enhance the services that are provided at the airport, and support increased traffic and other investments in and around the airport. She stated that Piedmont Community College requested just over $1M to complete their project, and Person Family Medical Center also requested $1M. She stated that the big focus of Golden LEAF is the creation of new jobs as well as being able to support and meet existing demands within the current workforce. She stated that the EDC recommended Piedmont Community College at $1.5M and Person Family Medical Center at $500K. Garrison Bowes Perkins, Grant Manager/Project Coordinator with Person Family Medical Center, stated that their medical center is in dire need of these funds to expand services and asked the Board to consider looking into this and that Person Family Medical Center would do due diligence on their end. Vice-Chairman Thomas and Commissioner Long both agreed with the projects that the EDC is recommending, Piedmont Community College and Person Family Medical Center. Chairman Puryear passed the gavel to Thomas as he engaged in discussion. He stated that it would entertain recommending both projects at $1M each. A motion was made by Vice-Chairman Thomas and carried 3-0 to recommend both projects, Piedmont Community College and Person Family Medical Center, to Golden Leaf in the amount of $1M each. CHAIRMAN’S REPORT Chairman Puryear stated that there will be a Patriots Day Ceremony at 10:00 a.m. this Saturday at the Veterans Park honoring Emergency Services. He stated that Commissioner Royster would be a speaker at the event. He stated that he will be presenting at the Fall Civics Academy Class this Thursday. MANAGER’S REPORT County Manager Katherine Cathey stated that there will be a ribbon-cutting at the Person County Recycling Center at 10:00 a.m. on Friday. She stated that Planning and Zoning will be having two Open House Drop-In Sessions related to proposed Text Amendments to the Planning Ordinance. She stated that the sessions are this week, one on Wednesday afternoon from 4-6 p.m. at the Planning Department, and the other one Friday morning from 11 a.m.-1 p.m. at the Library. 34 September 2, 2025 20 COMMISSIONER REPORTS/COMMENTS Vice-Chairman Thomas expressed thanks to 911, EMS, and First Responders for their quick action and response in assisting a close friend this morning who had a massive heart attack. He stated that their aide assisted the spouse in performing CPR, thus saving the victim’s life. He stated that we take for granted how lucky we are to have such skilled professionals at this level. Commissioner Long echoed Thomas and expressed thanks to Emergency Services and reiterated that sometimes the individuals in this profession are taken for granted, and they put their life on the line every day, just like law enforcement and firefighters. He asked everyone to keep the Wilborn family in their prayers. He asked Cathey to follow-up with Enbridge on how they will get water to the MEC site and to follow-up on the Rail Trail Project. ADJOURNMENT A motion was made by Vice-Chairman Thomas and carried 3-0 to adjourn the meeting at 7:22 p.m. ____________________________ ______________________________ Michele Solomon Kyle Puryear Clerk to the Board Chairman (Draft Board minutes are subject to Board approval). 35 9/15/2025 Dept./Acct No.Department Name Amount Incr / (Decr) EXPENDITURES General Fund Public Safety 8,625 Culture and Recreation 65,565 Human Services (22,617) REVENUES General Fund Other Revenue 75,881 Intergovernmental Revenues (24,308) REVENUES 2024 LOB's Fund Interest Earnings 2,500 EXPENDITURES 2024 LOB's Fund 2,500 Explanation: Account Number Account Description $Revenues incr. (decr.) (cr.) dr. $Expenditures incr. (decr.) dr. (cr.) 100-389890 Misc Revs: Insurance Proceeds 8,625 1004370-435300 EMS: Maint & Repair/Vehicles 8,625 100-389890 Misc Revs: Insurance Proceeds 8,300 1006121-435100 Mayo: Maint & Repair/Bldg & Grounds 8,300 100-389890 Misc Revs: Insurance Proceeds 57,265 1006122-435100 Kirby: Maint & Repair/Bldg & Grounds 57,265 12050-389890 Misc Revs: Insurance Proceeds 1,691 1205180-435300 Environmental Health: Maint & Repair/Vehicles 1,691 19050-378109 Emergency Placement Funds (24,514) 1905310-412000 Salaries and Wages (24,514) 19050-378350 TANF Child Welfare (365) 1905310 412000 Salaries and Wages (365) BUDGET AMENDMENT #5 Appropriating insurance proceeds ($8,625) for vehicle damage repairs in Emergency Medical Services, ($8,300) for dock repairs at Mayo Lake, ($57,265) for building repairs due to flooding at the Kirby Cultural Arts Complex and ($1,691) for vehicle damage repairs in Environmental Health; applying State-applied adjustments to various DSS programs and recognize interest earnings ($2,500) from the 2024 LOBs Fund to support associated Banking Fees. BUDGET ADJUSTMENT DETAIL 36 19050-378390 LINKS (29) 1905310 412000 Salaries and Wages (29) 19050-378462 Family Reunification 600 1905310 412000 Salaries and Wages 600 44020-381491 Interest Earnings 2,500 4404260-449700 Bank fees 2,500 Totals 54,073 54,073 37 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: September 15, 2025 Agenda Title: Person County Animal Services Ordinance Amendment Summary of Information: Animal Services is requesting approval for a wording change in the current Animal Services Ordinance. The proposed revision reflects the transition of the Animal Control Division back to the Animal Services Department. This update does not change the intent or enforcement of the ordinance but ensures that the language is accurate, consistent, and aligned with the current organizational structure. Financial Impact: None Recommended Action: Approve the recommended wording change to reflect the reunification of Animal Control back with the Animal Services Department. Submitted By: Kelli Lewis, Animal Services Director 38 Ordinance Changes 9/15/2025 Section 1: Definitions A. Deputy Animal Control: Animal Control Officer: A county employee designated as a Person County Animal Control Officer, Sheriff’s Office Deputy Animal Control, Person County Animal Control Sheriff’s Office official or other designations that may be used whose responsibility includes Animal Control Person County Animal Services. Section 2: Duties of Person County Animal Services Department and Sheriff’s Office Deputy Animal Control Person County Animal Control The State Laws regarding the care of animals will be enforced by the Person County Sheriff’s Animal Services Department, Animal Control Division The Person County Sheriff’s Animal Services Department shall be further charged with the responsibility of: Section 3: Dogs, Cats and Ferrets must wear collar and rabies tag B. The rabies tag is to be worn by said dog or cat at all times except as otherwise provided by State Law. Exceptions include but are not limited to performing at shows, obedience trials, tracking tests, field trials, training schools or other events sanctioned and supervised y a recognized organization and a hunting dog owned by a person who has a valid license to hunt in Person County or in the State of North Carolina and the dog is engaged on a hunt or training for a hunt and the dog has been vaccinated against rabies. Proof of rabies must be presented upon request of the Person County Sheriff’s Office Deputy Animal Control Officer as required by the NC G.S. 130A-192. Section 5: Possession of Livestock/Poultry/Domestic Fowl The Person County Sheriff’s Office Deputy Animal Control Animal Services Department shall enforce the applicable State Laws in reference to the care and possession of livestock, poultry and domestic fowls. Section 7: Potentially Dangerous or Dangerous Animals G. The owner or custodian of any dog that has been determined to be dangerous or potentially dangerous, shall report immediately to the Person County Sheriff’s Office Person County Animal Services Department if the dog gets loose or is otherwise unconfined or it attacks a person or another animal. 39 H. A Person County Deputy Animal Control Animal Control Officer shall inspect the premises where a dog determined to be dangerous is kept insuring it conforms to the requirements of this ordinance. Section 19: Penalties B. The Deputy Animal Control Animal Control Officer may institute an action for injunctive relief and an order of abatement as provided for in NC G.S. 153A-123( e) for any condition found unlawful in this ordinance. C. The Deputy Animal Control Animal Control Officer may also enforce this Ordinance by issuing a Notice of Civil Penalty pursuant to NC G.S. 153A-123( C). 1. The civil penalties provided for herein shall be as set forth in the Fee Schedule adopted by the Person County Board of County Commissioners. Such civil Penalties shall be in addition to, and not in lieu of, the Criminal penalties and other remedies provided by this Ordinance or by State law. The Deputy Animal Control Officer shall be authorized to issue a citation to the person(s), violating this ordinance and shall give notice of the violations in the manner prescribed below. Citations so issued may be delivered in person or mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to the person charged. The civil penalty or penalties set forth in the citation must be paid within seventy-two (72) hours of the receipt of the citation and shall be paid to the Animal Services Department. The Animal Services Department shall forward all such penalties collected to the Finance Office for the County of Person for application as by law provided. 40 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: Sept. 15, 2025 Agenda Title: Adoption of the 2025 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan Summary of Information: Per the requirements of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act and the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, counties and cities are required to periodically adopt All Hazards Mitigation plans to remain eligible for federal funding in the event of a natural or man-made disaster. The current Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan was adopted by the Person County Board of Commissioners on August 17, 2020 and expires on September 21, 2025. North Carolina Office of Emergency Management requires that the Regional Hazard Mitigation plans be updated every four years. The Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan is the culmination of a joint planning and collaboration process among the counties of Person, Durham, Orange and Alamance, long with their associated municipalities. Coordination between the noted entities included creating attainable and measurable goals and objectives, updating data provided from multiple sources, citizen engagement surveys and attending public meetings. While Person County’s hazard mitigation strategies are housed under the Eno-Haw Region, the Plan contains separate analyses of natural and man-made hazard risks to the jurisdiction and separate mitigation action items that apply solely to the county. The North Carolina Office of Emergency Management (NCEM) has reviewed and approved this plan. NCEM sent the plan to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for their approval in May but to date we do not have FEMA approval. However, the plan meets all the current requirements needed for FEMA funding in the event of a disaster impacting Person County and provides a roadmap for goals and objectives that will strengthen the resilience of Person County and the City of Roxboro. As the current plan expires September 21, 2025, it is my recommendation that the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan be adopted by Person County with the anticipation of pending FEMA approval so that we remain eligible to apply for federal funding in the event of a disaster. Financial Impact: None 41 Recommended Action: Approve the 2025 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. Submitted By: Katherine M. Cathey, County Manager 42 Pamlico Sound Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan Jim Lo Scalzo EPA Pamlico Sound Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan Jim Lo Scalzo EPA ENO-HAW Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan September 2020 43 TABLE OF CONTENTS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................1 1.2 Purpose and Authority ................................................................. 2 1.3 Scope .................................................................................................... 2 1.4 References .......................................................................................... 3 1.5 Plan Organization ........................................................................... 4 2 PLANNING PROCESS ............................................... 5 2.1 Purpose and Vision ......................................................................... 5 2.2 What’s Changed in the Plan ....................................................... 6 2.3 Preparing the Plan .......................................................................... 7 2.3.1 Phase I – Planning Process .................................................................................... 8 2.3.2 Phase II – Risk Assessment .................................................................................. 10 2.3.3 Phase III – Mitigation Strategy .......................................................................... 10 2.3.4 Phase IV – Plan Maintenance .............................................................................. 11 2.4 Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee ............................. 11 2.5 Meetings and Workshops ......................................................... 16 2.6 Involving the Public ..................................................................... 17 2.7 Outreach Efforts ............................................................................ 18 2.8 Involving the Stakeholders ...................................................... 19 2.9 Documentation of Plan Progress ........................................... 19 3 PLANNING AREA PROFILE ................................ 27 3.1 Geography and Environment ................................................. 27 3.2 Population and Demographics .............................................. 33 3.3 Historic Properties ....................................................................... 36 3.4 Housing ............................................................................................. 42 3.5 Infrastructure ................................................................................. 43 3.5.1 Transportation ............................................................................................................. 43 3.5.2 Utilities ............................................................................................................................. 45 3.6 Current and Future Land Use .................................................. 45 3.7 Employment and Industry ....................................................... 87 44 TABLE OF CONTENTS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page ii 3.8 Social Vulnerability ...................................................................... 91 4 RISK ASSESSMENT ................................................. 94 4.1 Overview .......................................................................................... 94 4.2 Hazard Identification ................................................................. 95 4.3 Risk Assessment Methodology and Assumptions ..... 100 4.4 Asset Inventory ........................................................................... 104 4.4.1 Population ................................................................................................................... 104 4.4.2 Property ........................................................................................................................ 105 4.4.3 Critical Facilities ...................................................................................................... 106 4.4.4 Agriculture .................................................................................................................... 114 4.5 Hazard Profiles, Analysis, and Vulnerability .................. 115 4.5.1 Dam Failure .................................................................................................................. 115 4.5.2 Drought .......................................................................................................................... 127 4.5.3 Earthquake .................................................................................................................. 136 4.5.4 Excessive Heat ........................................................................................................... 152 4.5.5 Flooding ........................................................................................................................ 160 4.5.6 Hurricane and Tropical Storm ........................................................................ 197 4.5.7 Landslide ....................................................................................................................... 215 4.5.8 Tornadoes & Thunderstorms ........................................................................... 219 4.5.9 Severe Winter Weather ..................................................................................... 265 4.5.10 Wildfire ........................................................................................................................... 271 4.5.11 Civil Disturbance .................................................................................................... 289 4.5.12 Critical Infrastructure Failure .........................................................................294 4.5.13 Cyber Threat ............................................................................................................. 304 4.5.14 Hazardous Substances ...................................................................................... 309 4.5.15 Infectious Disease .................................................................................................. 325 4.5.16 Radiological Emergency ................................................................................... 335 4.5.17 Terrorism / Mass Casualty ................................................................................. 342 4.6 Conclusions on Hazard Risk ..................................................346 5 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT ............................. 348 5.1 Overview ........................................................................................348 5.2 Conducting the Capability Assessment ..........................348 5.3 Capability Assessment Findings .........................................349 5.3.1 Planning and Regulatory Capability .........................................................349 5.3.2 Administrative and Technical Capability ..............................................363 5.3.3 Fiscal Capability...................................................................................................... 365 45 TABLE OF CONTENTS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page iii 5.3.4 Education and Outreach Capability ........................................................ 366 5.3.5 Mitigation Capability ........................................................................................... 367 5.3.6 Political Capability ................................................................................................. 367 5.3.7 Local Self-Assessment Rating ...................................................................... 368 5.4 Conclusions on Local Capability ........................................ 369 6 MITIGATION STRATEGY ................................... 370 6.1 Goals and Objectives ............................................................... 370 6.1.1 Coordination with Other Planning Efforts ........................................... 370 6.1.2 Goal Setting ................................................................................................................. 371 6.1.3 Resulting Goals and Objectives ..................................................................... 371 6.2 Identification and Analysis of Mitigation Activities .. 372 6.2.1 Prioritization Process ........................................................................................... 372 7 MITIGATION ACTION PLANS ......................... 374 8 PLAN MAINTENANCE ......................................... 419 8.1 Implementation .......................................................................... 419 8.1.1 Plan Integration........................................................................................................ 419 8.2 Monitoring, Evaluation, and Enhancement .................. 420 8.2.1 Role of HMPC in Implementation, Monitoring and Maintenance ............................................................................................................. 420 8.2.2 Maintenance Schedule ....................................................................................... 421 8.2.3 Maintenance Evaluation Process ................................................................. 421 8.3 Continued Public Involvement ............................................ 423 9 PLAN ADOPTION .................................................. 424 ANNEX A. ALAMANCE COUNTY ................................ 451 A.1 Asset Inventory ........................................................................... 451 A.2 Risk Assessment .........................................................................482 A.2.1 Dam Failure ................................................................................................................482 A.2.2 Flood ................................................................................................................................ 491 A.2.3 Wildfire ...........................................................................................................................515 A.3 Mitigation Strategy .................................................................. 549 ANNEX B. DURHAM COUNTY ................................... 550 B.1 Asset Inventory .......................................................................... 550 B.2 Risk Assessment ........................................................................ 562 46 TABLE OF CONTENTS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page iv B.2.1 Dam Failure ............................................................................................................... 562 B.2.2 Flood .............................................................................................................................. 565 B.2.3 Wildfire .......................................................................................................................... 572 B.3 Mitigation Strategy .................................................................. 580 ANNEX C. ORANGE COUNTY ....................................... 581 C.1 Asset Inventory ........................................................................... 581 C.2 Risk Assessment .........................................................................597 C.2.1 Dam Failure ................................................................................................................597 C.2.2 Flood .............................................................................................................................. 602 C.2.3 Wildfire ........................................................................................................................... 613 C.3 Mitigation Strategy ................................................................... 627 ANNEX D. PERSON COUNTY ...................................... 628 D.1 Asset Inventory .......................................................................... 628 D.2 Risk Assessment .........................................................................633 D.2.1 Dam Failure ................................................................................................................633 D.2.2 Flood .............................................................................................................................. 636 D.2.3 Wildfire ..........................................................................................................................642 D.3 Mitigation Strategy .................................................................. 650 APPENDIX A PLAN REVIEW TOOL ........................ A.1 APPENDIX B PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION ..................................................B.1 B.1 Planning Step 1: Organize to Prepare the Plan ..............B.1 B.2 Planning Step 2: Involve the Public ................................ B.27 B.3 Planning Step 3: Coordinate .............................................. B.49 C MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES............................ C.1 C.1 Categories of Mitigation Measures Considered ............. C.1 C.2 Alternative Mitigation Measures per Category .............. C.1 APPENDIX D REFERENCES ........................................ D.1 47 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 1 1 INTRODUCTION Section 1 provides a general introduction to hazard mitigation and an introduction to the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. This section contains the following subsections: 1.1 Background 1.2 Purpose and Authority 1.3 Scope 1.4 References 1.5 Plan Organization 1.1 BACKGROUND This document comprises a Hazard Mitigation Plan for the Eno-Haw region of North Carolina. Each year in the United States, natural and human-caused hazards take the lives of hundreds of people and injure thousands more. Nationwide, taxpayers pay billions of dollars annually to help communities, organizations, businesses, and individuals recover from disasters. These monies only partially reflect the true cost of disasters because additional expenses incurred by insurance companies and non-governmental organizations are not reimbursed by tax dollars. Many natural hazards are predictable, and much of the damage caused by hazard events can be reduced or even eliminated. Hazards are a natural part of the environment that will inevitably continue to occur, but there is much we can do to minimize their impacts on our communities and prevent them from resulting in disasters. Every community faces different hazards, has different resources to draw upon in combating problems, and has different interests that influence the solutions to those problems. Because there are many ways to deal with hazards and many agencies that can help, there is no one solution for managing or mitigating their effects. Planning is one of the best ways to develop a customized program that will mitigate the impacts of hazards while accounting for the unique character of a community. A well-prepared hazard mitigation plan will ensure that all possible activities are reviewed and implemented so that the problem is addressed by the most appropriate and efficient solutions. It can also ensure that activities are coordinated with each other and with other goals and activities, preventing conflicts and reducing the costs of implementing each individual activity. This plan provides a framework for all interested parties to work together toward mitigation. It establishes the vision and guiding principles for reducing hazard risk and proposes specific mitigation actions to eliminate or reduce identified vulnerabilities. In an effort to reduce the nation's mounting natural disaster losses, the U.S. Congress passed the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) to invoke new and revitalized approaches to mitigation planning. Section 322 of DMA 2000 emphasizes the need for state and local government entities to closely coordinate on mitigation planning activities and makes the development of a hazard mitigation plan a specific eligibility requirement for any local government applying for federal mitigation grant funds. These funds include the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), the Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC), and the Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Program, all of which are administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under the Department of Homeland Security. Communities with an adopted and federally approved hazard mitigation plan thereby become pre-positioned and more apt to receive available mitigation funds before and after the next disaster strikes. 48 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 2 This plan was prepared in coordination with FEMA Region 4 and the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management (NCEM) to ensure that it meets all applicable federal and state planning requirements. A Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool, found in Appendix A, provides a summary of FEMA’s current minimum standards of acceptability and notes the location within this plan where each planning requirement is met. 1.2 PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY This plan was developed in a joint and cooperative manner by members of a Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) which included representatives of County, City, and Town departments, federal and state agencies, citizens, and other stakeholders. This plan will ensure all jurisdictions in the Eno-Haw region remain eligible for federal disaster assistance including the FEMA HMGP, BRIC, and FMA programs. This plan has been prepared in compliance with Section 322 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act or the Act), 42 U.S.C. 5165, enacted under Section 104 of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, (DMA 2000) Public Law 106-390 of October 30, 2000, as implemented at CFR 201.6 and 201.7 dated October 2007. This plan will be adopted by each participating jurisdiction in accordance with standard local procedures. Copies of adoption resolutions are provided in Section 9 Plan Adoption. 1.3 SCOPE This document comprises a Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan for the Eno-Haw region. The planning area includes all incorporated municipalities and unincorporated areas in the region. All participating jurisdictions are listed in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 – Participating Jurisdictions in the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan Alamance County City of Burlington City of Graham City of Mebane Town of Elon Town of Green Level Town of Haw River Town of Ossipee Town of Swepsonville Village of Alamance Durham County City of Durham Orange County Town of Carrboro Town of Chapel Hill Town of Hillsborough Person County City of Roxboro The Eno-Haw region followed the planning process prescribed by the FEMA, and this plan was developed under the guidance of an HMPC comprised of representatives of County, City, and Town departments; citizens; and other stakeholders. The HMPC conducted a risk assessment that identified and profiled hazards that pose a risk to the planning area, assessed the planning area’s vulnerability to these hazards, and examined each participating jurisdiction’s capabilities in place to mitigate them. The plan evaluates and prioritizes hazards for the planning area using a Priority Risk Index, as determined through 49 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 3 the risk and vulnerability assessments. Hazards are categorized as “low,” “moderate,” or “high” priority, however, mitigation strategies are identified for all profiled hazards. The hazards profiled in this plan are: — Dam Failure — Drought — Earthquake — Excessive Heat — Flooding — Hurricane & Tropical Storm — Landslide — Severe Winter Weather — Tornadoes & Thunderstorms — Wildfire — Civil Disturbance — Critical Infrastructure Failure — Cyber Threat — Hazardous Substances — Infectious Disease — Radiological Emergency — Terrorism / Mass Casualty 1.4 REFERENCES The following FEMA guides and reference documents were used to prepare this document: — FEMA 386-1: Getting Started: Building Support for Mitigation Planning. September 2002. — FEMA 386-2: Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses. August 2001. — FEMA 386-3: Developing the Mitigation Plan. April 2003. — FEMA 386-4: Bringing the Plan to Life. August 2003. — FEMA 386-5: Using Benefit-Cost Review in Mitigation Planning. May 2007. — FEMA 386-6: Integrating Historic Property and Cultural Resource Considerations into Hazard Mitigation Planning. May 2005. — FEMA 386-7: Integrating Manmade Hazards into Mitigation Planning. September 2003. — FEMA 386-8: Multijurisdictional Mitigation Planning. August 2006. — FEMA 386-9: Using the Hazard Mitigation Plan to Prepare Successful Mitigation Projects. August 2008. — FEMA National Fire Incident Reporting System 5.0: Complete Reference Guide. January 2008. — FEMA. Integrating Hazard Mitigation into Local Planning: Case Studies and Tools for Community Officials. March 1, 2013. — FEMA. Mitigation Ideas. A Resource for Reducing Risk to Natural Hazards. January 2013. — FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance Program and Policy Guide. July 30, 2024. — FEMA. Local Mitigation Plan Review Guide. October 1, 2011. — FEMA. FP 206-21-0002. Local Mitigation Planning Policy Guide. April 19, 2023. — FEMA. Local Mitigation Planning Handbook. May 2023. 50 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 4 Additional sources used in the development of this plan, including data compiled for the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment, are listed in Appendix D. 1.5 PLAN ORGANIZATION The Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan is organized into the following sections: — Section 1: Introduction — Section 2: Planning Process — Section 3: Planning Area Profile — Section 4: Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment — Section 5: Capability Assessment — Section 6: Mitigation Strategy — Section 7: Mitigation Action Plans — Section 8: Plan Maintenance — Section 9: Plan Adoption — Appendix A: Local Plan Review Tool — Appendix B: Planning Process Documentation — Appendix C: Mitigation Alternatives — Appendix D: References 51 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 5 2 PLANNING PROCESS This section provides a review of the planning process followed for the development of the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. It consists of the following subsections: 2.1 Purpose and Vision 2.2 History of Hazard Mitigation Planning 2.3 Preparing the Plan 2.4 Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee 2.5 Meetings and Workshops 2.6 Involving the Public 2.7 Outreach Efforts 2.8 Involving the Stakeholders 2.9 Documentation of Plan Progress 2.1 PURPOSE AND VISION As defined by FEMA, “hazard mitigation” means any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to life and property from a hazard event. Hazard mitigation planning is the process through which hazards are identified, likely impacts determined, mitigation goals set, and appropriate mitigation strategies determined, prioritized, and implemented. The purpose of the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan is to identify, assess, and mitigate hazard risk to better protect the people and property within Alamance, Durham, Orange, and Person Counties from the effects of natural and human-caused hazards. This plan documents progress on existing hazard mitigation planning efforts, updates the previous plan to reflect current conditions in the Region including relevant hazards and vulnerabilities, increases public education and awareness about the plan and planning process, maintains grant eligibility for participating jurisdictions, maintains compliance with state and federal requirements for local hazard mitigation plans, and identifies and outlines strategies the Counties and participating jurisdictions will use to decrease vulnerability and increase resiliency. During the development of the 2020 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) met to discuss their vision for the planning area in terms of what the successful implementation of the plan would achieve, what outcomes the plan would generate, and what the Region would look like in five years. The resulting vision statement and key principles for hazard Requirement §201.6(b): An open public involvement process is essential to the development of an effective plan. To develop a more comprehensive approach to reducing the effects of natural disasters, the planning process shall include: 1) An opportunity for the public to comment on the plan during the drafting stage and prior to plan approval; 2) An opportunity for neighboring communities, local and regional agencies involved in hazard mitigation activities, and agencies that have the authority to regulate development, as well as businesses, academia, and other private and nonprofit interests to be involved in the planning process; and 3) Review and incorporation, if appropriate, of existing plans, studies, reports, and technical information. Requirement §201.6(c)(1): The plan shall include the following: 1) Documentation of the planning process used to develop the plan, including how it was prepared, who was involved in the process, and how the public was involved. 52 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 6 mitigation, presented below, remain relevant to define and guide the planning process and the planning area’s approach to hazard mitigation. The Eno Haw Region will continue to build community resiliency through comprehensive, sustainable practices that identify and reduce risk to natural hazards in order to protect the health, safety, quality of life, environment and economy of the Alamance, Durham, Orange, and Person County area. This vision is underpinned by the following key principles which describe how the Eno-Haw Region HMPC hopes to characterize the future of the community. Resilience: The Eno-Haw Region will make socially, financially, and environmentally sustainable decisions to incorporate an all-hazards mitigation approach into existing planning frameworks, such as land use planning and capital improvements programming. In both pre-disaster and post-hazard periods, the Region will be adaptable and strategic in planning for reduced risk and greater resilience. Coordination: Communities in the Eno-Haw Region will work within their own jurisdictions, throughout the region, and with regional neighbors to ensure that mitigation decisions are coordinated, resources are optimized, and planning decisions involve all the key parties. Responsible: The Eno-Haw Region will take a strategic, all-hazards approach to mitigation in order to make fiscally responsible, practical decisions that maximize benefits. Communities will be good stewards of the Region’s many environmental, historic, and cultural resources. Efficient: The Eno-Haw Region communities and residents will be prepared for hazard events and ready to take timely and strategic action on post-event response and recovery efforts. Throughout preparedness, response, and recovery processes, the Region will recognize the importance of responsiveness to residents’ needs and prioritize clear communication with residents. 2.2 WHAT’S CHANGED IN THE PLAN This plan is an update to the 2020 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan, which included participation from Alamance, Durham, Orange, and Person counties and their incorporated jurisdictions. The previous plan was approved by FEMA on March 26, 2021. This hazard mitigation plan update involved a comprehensive review and update of each section of the existing plans and an assessment of the success of the Counties and participating municipalities in evaluating, monitoring and implementing the mitigation strategy outlined in their existing plans. Only the information and data still valid from the existing plans was carried forward as applicable into this update. The following requirements were addressed during the development of this new regional plan update: — Consider changes in vulnerability due to action implementation; — Document success stories where mitigation efforts have proven effective; — Document areas where mitigation actions were not effective; — Document any new hazards that may arise or were previously overlooked; — Incorporate new data or studies on hazards and risks; — Incorporate new capabilities or changes in capabilities; — Incorporate growth and development-related changes to inventories; and 53 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 7 — Incorporate new action recommendations or changes in action prioritization. Section 4.2 provides a comparison of the hazards addressed in the 2023 State of North Carolina HMP, the 2020 Eno-Haw plan and provides the final decision made by the HMPC as to which hazards should be included in the updated 2025 Eno-Haw Regional Plan. In addition to the specific changes in hazard analyses identified in Section 4.2, the following items were also addressed in this 2020 plan update: — GIS was used, to the extent data allowed, to analyze the priority hazards as part of the vulnerability assessment. — Assets at risk to identified hazards were identified by property type and values of properties based on current data in North Carolina’s Emergency Management’s IRISK Database. — An updated discussion on the effects of climate change and other future conditions was included in each hazard profile in the risk assessment. — The discussion on growth and development trends was enhanced utilizing 2022 American Community Survey data and current land use plans. — An effort was made to provide underserved communities and vulnerable populations with opportunities to participate in and contribute to the plan update process. Engagement opportunities were provided through the public survey, the plan website, and stakeholder coordination. — Enhanced public outreach and agency coordination efforts were conducted throughout the plan update process in order to meet the more rigorous requirements of the 2017 CRS Coordinator’s Manual, in addition to DMA requirements. 2.3 PREPARING THE PLAN The planning process for preparing the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan was based on DMA planning requirements and FEMA’s associated guidance. This guidance is structured around a four-phase process: 1 Planning Process; 2 Risk Assessment; 3 Mitigation Strategy; and 4 Plan Maintenance. Into this process, the planning consultant integrated a more detailed 10-step planning process used for FEMA’s Community Rating System (CRS) and Flood Mitigation Assistance programs. Thus, the modified 10-step process used for this plan meets the requirements of six major programs: FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Grant Program; Building Resilient Infrastructure & Communities (BRIC) Program; Community Rating System; Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Program; Severe Repetitive Loss Program; and new flood control projects authorized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Table 2.1 shows how the 10-step CRS planning process aligns with the four phases of hazard mitigation planning pursuant to the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. Table 2.1 – Mitigation Planning and CRS 10-Step Process Reference Table DMA Process CRS Process Phase I – Planning Process §201.6(c)(1) Step 1. Organize to Prepare the Plan §201.6(b)(1) Step 2. Involve the Public §201.6(b)(2) & (3) Step 3. Coordinate 54 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 8 DMA Process CRS Process Phase II – Risk Assessment §201.6(c)(2)(i) Step 4. Assess the Hazard §201.6(c)(2)(ii) & (iii) Step 5. Assess the Problem Phase III – Mitigation Strategy §201.6(c)(3)(i) Step 6. Set Goals §201.6(c)(3)(ii) Step 7. Review Possible Activities §201.6(c)(3)(iii) Step 8. Draft an Action Plan Phase IV – Plan Maintenance §201.6(c)(5) Step 9. Adopt the Plan §201.6(c)(4) Step 10. Implement, Evaluate and Revise the Plan In addition to meeting DMA and CRS requirements, this plan also meets the recommended steps for developing a Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP). Table 2.2 below outlines the recommended CWPP process and the CRS step and sections of this plan that meet each step. Table 2.2 – Community Wildfire Protection Plan Process Reference CWPP Process CRS Step Fulfilling Plan Section Convene decision makers Step 1 Section 2 – HMPC Involve Federal agencies Step 3 Section 2 – Involving Stakeholders Engage interested parties (such as community representatives) Step 1, 2, and 3 Section 2 – HMPC, Involving the Public, Involving Stakeholders Establish a community base map Section 4 – Wildfire Develop a community risk assessment, including fuel hazards, risk of wildfire occurrence, homes, business and essential infrastructure at risk, other community values at risk, local preparedness, and firefighting capability Step 4 and 5 Section 4 – Wildfire Section 5 – Capability Establish community hazard reduction priorities and recommendations to reduce structural ignitability Step 6, 7, and 8 Section 6 – Mitigation Strategy Section 7 – Mitigation Action Plans Develop an action plan and assessment strategy Step 8 and 10 Section 7 – Mitigation Action Plans Section 8 – Plan Maintenance Finalize the CWPP Step 9 Section 9 – Plan Adoption The process followed for the preparation of this plan, as outlined in Table 2.1 above, is as follows: 2.3.1 PHASE I – PLANNING PROCESS Planning Step 1: Organize to Prepare the Plan With the participating communities’ commitment to participate in the DMA planning process, community officials worked to establish the framework and organization for development of the plan. An initial meeting was held with key community representatives to discuss the organizational aspects of the plan development process. The region’s effort to reorganize and coordinate for the plan update was led by each County’s emergency management director. Consultants from WSP assisted by leading the communities through the planning process and preparing the plan document. 55 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 9 Planning Step 2: Involve the Public Public involvement in the development of the plan was sought using various methods, as detailed in Section 2.6. Planning Step 3: Coordinate The HMPC that was formed for the 2020 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan was reconvened for this plan update. Membership was updated where necessary to ensure each community had adequate representation from staff and stakeholders. More details on the HMPC are provided in Section 2.4. Stakeholder coordination was incorporated into the formation of the HMPC and was sought through additional outreach methods. These efforts are detailed in Section 2.8 and documentation of additional stakeholder outreach is provided in Appendix B. Coordination with Other Community Planning Efforts and Hazard Mitigation Activities In addition to stakeholder involvement, coordination with other community planning efforts was also seen as paramount to the success of this plan. Mitigation planning involves identifying existing policies, tools, and actions that will reduce a community’s risk and vulnerability to hazards. The Eno-Haw region’s participating jurisdictions use a variety of planning mechanisms, such as comprehensive plans, subdivision regulations, building codes, and ordinances to guide growth and development. Integrating existing planning efforts, mitigation policies, and action strategies into this plan establishes a credible and comprehensive plan that ties into and supports other community programs. As detailed in Table 2.3, the development of this plan incorporated information from existing plans, studies, reports, and initiatives as well as other relevant data from neighboring communities and other jurisdictions. These and other documents were reviewed and considered, as appropriate, during the collection of data to support the planning process and plan development. Data from these sources was incorporated into the hazard identification and risk assessment, vulnerability assessment, and was used in determining the capability of each jurisdiction to implement certain mitigation strategies. The Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment can be found in Section 4 and the Capability Assessment can be found in Section 5. Table 2.3 – Summary of Existing Studies and Plans Reviewed Resource Referenced Use in this Plan Local Comprehensive Plans (see Section 3 for specific plans referenced) Local comprehensive plans were referenced in the Planning Area Profile in Section 3. Comprehensive plans were also incorporated into Mitigation Action Plans where applicable in Section 7 and referenced in the Capability Assessment in Section 5. Local Ordinances (Flood Damage Prevention Ordinances, Subdivision Ordinances, Zoning Ordinances, etc) Local ordinances were referenced in the Capability Assessment in Section 5 and where applicable for updates or enforcement in Mitigation Action Plans in Section 7. Alamance County and Incorporated Areas Flood Insurance Study (FIS), Revised 11/17/2017; Durham County and Incorporated Areas FIS, Revised 10/19/2018 & 07/19/2022; Orange County and Incorporated Areas FIS, Revised 10/19/2018 & 07/19/2022; Person County and Incorporated Areas FIS, Revised 12/06/2019; The FIS reports were referenced in the preparation of flood hazard profile in Section 4. 56 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 10 Resource Referenced Use in this Plan Triangle Regional Resilience Partnership Resilience Assessment The Technical Report was used in the preparation of the HIRA in Section 4 and reviewed for the development of the Mitigation Strategy in Sections 6 and 7. Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan, 2020; The previous plans were referenced in compiling the Planning Area Profile in Section 3, the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment in Section 4, and in reporting on implementation status and developing the Mitigation Action Plans in Section 2 and Section 7, respectively. North Carolina State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 2023 The state hazard mitigation plan was primarily referenced in compiling the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment in Section 4. 2.3.2 PHASE II – RISK ASSESSMENT Planning Steps 4 and 5: Identify/Assess the Hazard and Assess the Problem The HMPC completed a comprehensive effort to identify, document, and profile all hazards that have, or could have, an impact on the planning area. Geographic information systems (GIS) were used to display, analyze, and quantify hazards and vulnerabilities. A draft of the risk and vulnerability assessment was made available on the plan website for the HMPC, stakeholders, and the public to review and comment. The HMPC also conducted a capability assessment to review and document the planning area’s current capabilities to mitigate risk from and vulnerability to hazards. By collecting information about existing government programs, policies, regulations, ordinances, and emergency plans, the HMPC could assess those activities and measures already in place that contribute to mitigating some of the risks and vulnerabilities identified. A more detailed description of the risk assessment process and the results are included in Section 4 Risk Assessment. 2.3.3 PHASE III – MITIGATION STRATEGY Planning Steps 6 and 7: Set Goals and Review Possible Activities WSP facilitated a discussion with the HMPC to review and revise the planning goals and objectives and a comprehensive range of mitigation alternatives. The HMPC also discussed a method of selecting and defending recommended mitigation actions using a series of selection criteria. This information is included in Section 6 Mitigation Strategy. Planning Step 8: Draft an Action Plan A complete first draft of the plan was prepared based on input from the HMPC regarding the draft risk assessment and the goals and activities identified in Planning Steps 6 and 7. This draft was shared for HMPC, stakeholder, and public review and comment via the plan website. HMPC, public, and stakeholder comments were integrated into the final draft for NCEM and FEMA Region 4 to review and approve, contingent upon final adoption by the Counties and their participating jurisdictions. 57 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 11 2.3.4 PHASE IV – PLAN MAINTENANCE Planning Step 9: Adopt the Plan To secure buy-in and officially implement the plan, the plan will be reviewed and adopted by all participating jurisdictions. Resolutions will be provided in Section 9 Plan Adoption. Planning Step 10: Implement, Evaluate and Revise the Plan Implementation and maintenance of the plan is critical to the overall success of hazard mitigation planning. Up to this point in the planning process, the HMPC’s efforts have been directed at researching data, coordinating input from participating entities, and developing appropriate mitigation actions. Section 8 Plan Maintenance provides an overview of the overall strategy for plan implementation and maintenance and outlines the method and schedule for monitoring, updating, and evaluating the plan. The Section also discusses incorporating the plan into existing planning mechanisms and how to address continued public involvement. 2.4 HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING COMMITTEE The HMPC guided the development of this hazard mitigation plan. The Committee’s representatives included representatives of County, City, and Town departments, federal and state agencies, citizens, and other stakeholders. To form the planning committee, the County Emergency Managers coordinated with County, City, and Town officials to designate representatives for each jurisdiction. Each community was asked to designate a primary and secondary contact for the HMPC. Communities were also asked to identify local stakeholder representatives to participate on the HMPC alongside the County, City, and Town officials to improve the integration of stakeholder input into the plan. Table 2.4 lists the membership of the HMPC, the agencies and jurisdictions that members represented, and members’ attendance at meetings. Many of these representatives were involved in the development of the 2020 Hazard Mitigation Plan and have since participated in regular plan reviews and maintenance. For this plan update, an effort was made to involve additional stakeholders who could represent or coordinate with underserved communities and vulnerable populations. 58 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP March 2025 Page 12 Table 2.4 – Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Jurisdiction Representative Agency Position/Title or *Stakeholder HMPC Meeting Attendance Mtg.1 Mtg.2 Mtg.3 Mtg.4 Alamance County Chrisopher Saul Alamance County Emergency Management Coordinator ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Alamance County Mandy Shields American Red Cross North Carolina Region Resident/Stakeholder* City of Burlington Kevin Turner City of Burlington Emergency Management Coordinator ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Elon Landon Massey Town of Elon Fire Chief ✓ ✓ Town of Elon Lori Oakley Town of Elon Planning Director ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Elon Isabell Cooper Town Elon Planner ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Graham Tommy Cole City of Graham Fire Chief ✓ City of Graham Cameron West City of Graham Planning Director ✓ ✓ Town of Green Level Barret Brown Town of Green Level Town Administrator ✓ Town of Green Level A.J. Simmons Town of Green Level Public Works Director ✓ ✓ City of Mebane John Wellons City of Mebane Fire Chief ✓ ✓ City of Mebane Ashley Ownbey City of Mebane Planning Officer ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Mebane Kyle Smith City of Mebane Public Works Director ✓ ✓ Durham County Ryan Eaves Durham County Stormwater & Erosion Control Division Division Manager ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Durham County McKenzie Bradshaw Durham County Stormwater & Erosion Control Division Stormwater Manager ✓ ✓ Durham County Jessica Goodstein Durham County Stormwater & Erosion Control Division Stormwater Technician ✓ ✓ Durham County Elizabeth Schroeder Durham Emergency Management Division Chief of Emergency Management ✓ Durham County Jinizha Johnson Durham Emergency Management All Hazards Planner ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Durham County Nathan Sanders Durham Emergency Management Deputy Chief ✓ Durham County Thomas Verrault Durham Emergency Management HSSA Coordinator ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Durham County Chloe Hallberg Duke University Resident/Stakeholder* ✓ Durham County Ray Trapp Duke Energy Resident/Stakeholder* ✓ ✓ City of Durham Graham Summerson Durham Stormwater Division Principal Engineer ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 59 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP March 2025 Page 13 Jurisdiction Representative Agency Position/Title or *Stakeholder HMPC Meeting Attendance Mtg.1 Mtg.2 Mtg.3 Mtg.4 City of Durham Kyle Taylor Durham City-County Planning Business Services Manager ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Durham Danial Cremeans Durham Fire Operations Division Chief of Special Operations ✓ ✓ City of Durham Benjamin Phillips Durham Water Resources SR Emergency Operations Analyst ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Durham Julianne Patterson Preservation Durham Resident/Stakeholder* City of Durham Blake Halsey Durham Public Schools Resident/Stakeholder* City of Durham Chelsea Helton Duke University Resident/Stakeholder* ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Durham Kendra Ferrell Duke University Health Resident/Stakeholder* ✓ ✓ City of Durham Kim Livingston Eno River Association Resident/Stakeholder* ✓ City of Durham Reema Garabadu Eno River Association Resident/Stakeholder* ✓ Orange County Hannah Tuckman Orange County Emergency Management Emergency Management Planner ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Orange County Sarah Pickhardt Orange County Emergency Management Division Chief of Emergency Management ✓ ✓ Orange County Amy Eckberg Orange County Manager’s Office Sustainability Program Manager ✓ ✓ ✓ Orange County Ian Fowler Orange County Emergency Management Deputy EM Coordinator ✓ ✓ Orange County Crystal Donaldson University of North Carolina Resident/Stakeholder* ✓ ✓ ✓ Orange County Patrick Mallett Orange County Planning and Zoning Deputy Director of Development Services ✓ Orange County Chris Sandt Erosion Control, Stormwater & Engineering County Engineer ✓ ✓ ✓ Orange County Wendy Calvin CERT Council Resident/Stakeholder* Orange County Sweetly Sanders American Red Cross Resident/Stakeholder* ✓ Orange County Danielle Stone American Red Cross Resident/Stakeholder* Orange County Grant Smith American Red Cross Resident/Stakeholder* ✓ ✓ Orange County Crystal Kelley Family Success Alliance Resident/Stakeholder* Orange County David Marsee Central Carolina Healthcare Preparedness Coalition Resident/Stakeholder* ✓ Town of Chapel Hill Tanner Deisch Chapel Hill Emergency Management Deputy Coordinator of Emergency Management ✓ ✓ ✓ 60 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP March 2025 Page 14 Jurisdiction Representative Agency Position/Title or *Stakeholder HMPC Meeting Attendance Mtg.1 Mtg.2 Mtg.3 Mtg.4 Town of Chapel Hill Chris Roberts Chapel Hill Public Works Manager of Engineering & Infrastructure ✓ ✓ Town of Chapel Hill Sue Burke Chapel Hill Public Works Stormwater Manager ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Chapel Hill John Richardson Chapel Hill Sustainability and Resilience Office Community Resilience Officer ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Chapel Hill Pamela Schultz Citizens Stormwater Advisory Board Member Resident/Stakeholder* Town of Carrboro Will Potter Carrboro Fire Rescue Department Fire Chief ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Carrboro Martin Roupe Carrboro Zoning & Inspections Development Review Administrator ✓ ✓ Town of Carrboro Patricia McGuire1 Carrboro Planning Planning Director ✓ ✓ Town of Carrboro Christina Moon1 Carrboro Planning Interim Planning Director ✓ Town of Carrboro Laura Janway Carrboro Planning Environmental Sustainability Coordinator ✓ ✓ Town of Hillsborough Andy Simmons Hillsborough Police Department Police Major ✓ Town of Hillsborough Joseph Hoffheimer Planning and Economic Development Planner ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Person County Thomas Schwalenberg Emergency Management Services Director ✓ Person County Dorothy Stewart Yates Sappony Tribe Council Chair Resident/Stakeholder* Person County Ronnie Jeffreys Person County Veterans Council Resident/Stakeholder* City of Roxboro Lauren Johnson Planning and Development Planning Director ✓ ✓ ✓ Sappony Indian Tribe Charlene Martin Fiscal Officer Resident/Stakeholder* Sappony Indian Tribe Dorothy Stewart Yates Chairperson Resident/Stakeholder* Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation Vickie Jeffries Tribal Administrator Resident/Stakeholder* Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation W.A. Tony Hayes Chairman Resident/Stakeholder* *Asterisk indicates that the representative is a resident or outside stakeholder not affiliated with the local government 1Patricia McGuire vacated her position during the planning process and was replaced on the HMPC by Christina Moon. 61 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 15 Several of the jurisdictions elected to designate their respective county official to represent their jurisdiction on the HMPC, generally because they did not have the time or staff to be able to attend on their own. Although these members designated county officials to represent them at in-person meetings, each was still contacted throughout the planning process and participated by providing suggestions and comments on the plan and updates to mitigation actions and local capabilities via emails and phone conversations. These members are listed in Table 2.5 by jurisdiction. Table 2.5 – Jurisdictions Designating County Representation on the HMPC Jurisdiction Representative Agency Position Village of Alamance Nick Farmerie Village of Alamance Town Manager Town of Haw River Sean Tencer Town of Haw River Town Manager Town of Ossipee Edward Lipscomb Altamahaw-Ossipee Fire Fire Chief Town of Swepsonville Steve Couturier Swepsonville Fire Fire Chief The HMPC led the planning and decision-making efforts throughout the planning process; however, other staff from the participating communities were involved in an advisory role to provide input and local data, review plan drafts, update the status of their respective mitigation actions, and otherwise support the HMPC in this plan update. These were not members of the HMPC. Additional local staff that supported the HMPC are recognized in Table 2.6 below. Table 2.6 – Additional Staff Supporting the Planning Process Jurisdiction Representative Agency Position/Title Alamance County Tony Logiduice Alamance County Health Department Health Director Alamance County Jonathan Hodges Alamance County Health Care Preparedness Coordinator/EM Planner City of Burlington Jamie Lawson City of Burlington Planning City of Durham Sara Young Durham City-County Planning Director City of Durham Mitra Goswami Durham City-County Planning Senior Engineer Orange County Cy Stober Orange County Planning and Zoning Planning and Inspections Director Orange County Taylor Perschau Orange County Planning and Zoning Planning and Zoning Manager Orange County Perdita Holtz Orange County Planning and Zoning Planning Systems Coordinator Orange County Ashley Moncado Orange County Planning and Zoning Planner III Orange County Alan Dorman Orange County Asset Management Services AMS Assistant Director Orange County Quintana Stewart Orange County Health Department Health Director Orange County Michael Rettie Orange County Building Inspections Chief Building Official Orange County Victoria Hudson Orange County Health Department Environmental Health Director Town of Chapel Hill Kelly Drayton Chapel Hill Emergency Management Emergency Management Coordinator Town of Carrboro Sam Blank Carrboro Planning Administrative Assistant Town of Carrboro Amy Armbruster Town Manager’s Office Chief Sustainability Officer 62 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 16 Jurisdiction Representative Agency Position/Title Town of Hillsborough Shannan Campbell Planning and Economic Development Planning and Economic Development Manager Person County Shawn Bradsher Community Risk Reduction Division Chief Person County Hannah Wilson Emergency Management Services Emergency Management The formal HMPC meetings followed the 10 CRS Planning Steps. Agendas, minutes, and sign-in sheets for the HMPC meetings are included in Appendix B. The meeting dates and topics discussed are summarized in Section 2.5 Meetings and Workshops. All HMPC meetings were open to the public. The DMA planning regulations and guidance stress that each local government seeking FEMA approval of their mitigation plan must participate in the planning effort in the following ways: — Participate in the process as part of the HMPC; — Detail where within the planning area the risk differs from that facing the entire area; — Identify potential mitigation actions; and — Formally adopt the plan. For the Eno-Haw Regional HMPC, “participation” meant the following: — Providing facilities for meetings; — Attending and participating in the HMPC meetings; — Collecting and providing requested data (as available); — Managing administrative details; — Making decisions on plan process and content; — Identifying mitigation actions for the plan; — Reviewing and providing comments on plan drafts; — Informing the public, local officials, and other interested parties about the planning process and providing opportunity for them to comment on the plan; — Coordinating, and participating in the public input process; and — Coordinating the formal adoption of the plan by local governing bodies. Detailed summaries of HMPC meetings are provided under Section 2.5 Meetings and Workshops, including meeting dates, locations, and topics discussed. During the planning process, the HMPC members communicated through face-to-face meetings, email, and telephone conversations. This continued communication ensured that coordination was ongoing throughout the entire planning process despite the fact that not all HMPC members could be present at every meeting. Additionally, draft documents were distributed via the plan website so that the HMPC members could easily access and review them and provide comments. 2.5 MEETINGS AND WORKSHOPS The preparation of this plan required a series of meetings and workshops for facilitating discussion, gaining consensus, and initiating data collection efforts with local government staff, community officials, and other identified stakeholders. More importantly, the meetings and workshops prompted continuous input and feedback from relevant participants throughout the drafting stages of the plan. Table 2.7 summarizes the key meetings and workshops held by the HMPC during the development of the plan. In many cases, routine discussions and additional meetings were held by local staff to accomplish 63 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 17 planning tasks specific to their department or agency. For example, completing the Local Capability Self- Assessment or seeking approval of specific mitigation actions for their department or agency to undertake and include in their Mitigation Action Plan. These meetings were informal and are not documented here. Public meetings are summarized in subsection 2.6. Table 2.7 – Summary of HMPC Meetings Meeting Title Meeting Topic Meeting Date Meeting Location HMPC Mtg. #1 – Project Kickoff 1) Introduction to DMA, CRS, and FMA requirements and the planning process 2) Review of HMPC responsibilities and the project schedule. September 19, 2024 3 p.m. Whitted Building 300 West Tryon Street, Hillsborough HMPC Mtg. #2 1) Review Draft Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment (HIRA) December 9, 2024 10 a.m. Microsoft Teams HMPC Mtg. #3 1) Discuss changes in capability 2) Review and update plan goals and objectives 3) Report on status of actions from the 2020 plan 4) Discuss new mitigation action alternatives February 11, 2025 10 a.m. Microsoft Teams HMPC Mtg. #4 1) Review the Draft Hazard Mitigation Plan 2) Solicit comments and feedback April 3, 2025 10 a.m. Microsoft Teams 2.6 INVOLVING THE PUBLIC An important component of any mitigation planning process is public participation. Individual citizen and community-based input provides the entire planning team with a greater understanding of local concerns and increases the likelihood of successfully implementing mitigation actions by developing community “buy-in” from those directly affected by the decisions of public officials. As citizens become more involved in decisions that affect their safety, they are more likely to gain a greater appreciation of the hazards present in their community and take the steps necessary to reduce their impact. Public awareness is a key component of any community’s overall mitigation strategy aimed at making a home, neighborhood, school, business, or entire planning area safer from the potential effects of hazards. Public involvement in the development of the plan was sought using various methods including open public meetings, an interactive plan website, a public participation survey, and by making copies of draft plan documents available for public review online and at government offices. Additionally, all HMPC meetings were made open to the public. All public meetings were advertised on the plan website and on local community websites, where possible. Copies of meeting announcements are provided in Appendix B. The public meetings held during the planning process are summarized in Table 2.8. 64 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 18 Table 2.8 – Summary of Public Meetings Meeting Title Meeting Topic Meeting Date Meeting Location Public Meeting #1 1) Introduction to DMA, CRS, and FMA requirements and the planning process 2) Explanation of mitigation 3) Review of the project schedule 4) Review of hazard identification September 19, 2024 5 p.m. Whitted Human Services Building, 300 West Tryon Street, Hillsborough Public Meeting #2 1) Review “Draft” Hazard Mitigation Plan 2) Solicit comments and feedback April 9, 2025 5 p.m. Microsoft Teams 2.7 OUTREACH EFFORTS The HMPC agreed to employ a variety of public outreach methods including established public information mechanisms and resources within the community. The table below details public outreach efforts employed during the preparation of this plan. Table 2.9 – Public Outreach Efforts Location Date Event/Message Plan website Ongoing Meeting announcements, meeting materials, and description of hazards; contact information provided to request additional information and/or provide comments Local community websites September 2024 Public Meeting #1 announcements posted with summary of the plan purpose and process Local community websites September 2024, December 2024 Link to the plan website and public survey shared to expand reach Public survey September – December 2024 Survey hosted online and made available via shareable link Plan website - HIRA draft December 2024 Draft HIRA made available for review and comment online Plan website - Draft Plan April 2025 Full draft plan made available for review and comment online Local community websites April 2025 Public Meeting #2 announcements posted with request for comments on the draft plan As detailed above, public involvement activities for this plan update included press releases, creation of a website for the plan, a public survey, and the collection of public and stakeholder comments on the draft plan. Documentation of these activities is provided in Appendix B. A public outreach survey was made available in September 2024 and remained open for response until December 2024. The public survey requested public input into the Hazard Mitigation Plan planning process and the identification of mitigation activities to lessen the risk and impact of future hazard events. The survey is shown in Appendix B. The survey was available online on the plan website. In total, 144 responses were received via the online survey. The following is a list of high-level summary results derived from survey responses: — Responses were received from residents of all participating communities as well as individuals who live outside of the region but live or recreate in the region. 65 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 19 — 39% of people said they have experienced a hazard or disaster in the Eno-Haw region. However, 55% of respondents, moderately to highly concerned about future hazard events. Regardless of past experience, concern about hazard impacts are moderate; 45% of all respondents rated their concern at 4 or 5 out of 5. — People were asked to rate the risk of each hazard identified in the region. Severe weather, extreme heat, and flood were rated the highest risk hazards. Earthquake, dam failure, and landslide were rated the lowest risk hazards. — Regarding flood risk, 72% of people say their home is not located in a floodplain, and another 8% of people say their home is outside of the floodplain but they still experience flooding. Only 5% of respondents reported that their home was in a floodplain. — 9% of respondents have flood insurance. Of those who do not have flood insurance (84%), 63% say that is because their home is elevated or otherwise protected. — 47% of respondents have taken actions to protect their home or neighborhood from hazards. Reported actions include trimming trees, cleaning debris around property, cleaning gutters and drains, installing French drains, having a generator, and knowing evacuation routes. — Almost 70% of respondents do not know which government office to contact for more information on hazard risks and how to reduce vulnerability. — All mitigation categories were rated as important, with most ranked as 1 or 2 out of 6 on a scale where 1 is most important and 6 is least important. The most preferred categories were prevention, natural resource protection, and emergency services. 97 people responded with steps the local government could take to reduce hazard risk. These responses were shared with the HMPC to assist in identifying new mitigation actions. Detailed survey results are provided in Appendix B. 2.8 INVOLVING THE STAKEHOLDERS In addition to representatives of each participating jurisdiction, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee included a variety of stakeholders. Some residents and stakeholders were able to represent underserved communities and vulnerable populations. Stakeholders on the HMPC included representatives from the Duke University, Preservation Durham, University of North Carolina, American Red Cross, and local CERT and Stormwater Advisory Boards. Input from additional stakeholders, including neighboring communities, was solicited through invitations to the open public meetings, distribution of the public survey, and review of the draft plan. Documentation and details of this effort are provided in Appendix B. Additional stakeholders could also participate through the public survey, however, that information is unknown due to the anonymous nature of the survey. 2.9 DOCUMENTATION OF PLAN PROGRESS Progress on the mitigation strategy developed in the previous plan is documented in this plan update. Table 2.10 below details the status of mitigation actions from the previous plan. More detail on these actions is provided in Section 6: Mitigation Strategy. Table 2.10 – Status of Previous Mitigation Actions Jurisdiction Completed Deleted Carried Forward Alamance County 6 1 17 City of Burlington 0 1 18 66 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 20 Jurisdiction Completed Deleted Carried Forward City of Graham 0 1 16 City of Mebane 2 1 13 Town of Elon 1 0 19 Town of Green Level 0 0 10 Town of Haw River 1 0 14 Town of Ossipee 0 0 9 Town of Swepsonville 0 0 12 Village of Alamance 0 1 10 Durham County 1 0 3 City of Durham 1 0 3 Orange County 0 3 17 Town of Carrboro 0 1 12 Town of Chapel Hill 0 1 27 Town of Hillsborough 0 4 2 Person County 2 2 23 City of Roxboro 1 22 9 Total 15 38 234 Table 2.11 on the following pages details all completed and deleted actions from the 2020 plan and thus have been marked as completed or deleted and thus removed from the updated mitigation action plan. Community capability continues to improve with the implementation of new plans, policies, and programs that help to promote hazard mitigation at the local level. The current state of local capabilities for the participating jurisdictions is captured in Section 5 Capability Assessment. The participating jurisdictions continue to demonstrate their commitment to hazard mitigation and have proven this by reconvening the HMPC to update this multi-jurisdictional plan and by continuing to involve the public in the hazard mitigation planning process. Moving forward, information in this plan will be used to help guide and coordinate mitigation activities and decisions for local plans and policies in the future. Proactive mitigation planning will help reduce the cost of disaster response and recovery to communities and their residents by protecting critical community facilities, reducing liability exposure, and minimizing overall community impacts and disruptions. This plan identifies activities that can be undertaken by both the public and the private sectors to reduce safety hazards, health hazards, and property damage. 67 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 21 Table 2.11 – Completed and Deleted Actions from the 2020 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2020 Action # Description 2025 Status Status Comments/Explanation Alamance County P-1 Direct each County office of agency to assess how it can better incorporate hazard mitigation goals into its planning and implementation of its duties. Completed Countywide Continuity of Operations Plan was completed. P-2 Maintain shelter agreements with the American Red Cross Completed Alamance County has taken on the responsibilities of opening and maintaining shelters on their own. ARC will be used as a backup if need. P-5 Propose a policy to the Board of Commissioners prohibiting the development of critical public facilities in the 100-year floodplain in cases where viable alternatives exist. Presently, most critical facilities located in the floodplain are waste pump stations because they must be located at low elevations because the handle gravity flowing sewage. Deleted Planning is still working on this. No progress has been made due to limited staff resources. P-6 Develop specific regulations that prohibit dumping in the county's watersheds. Completed Completed in 2021. P-7 When the county land use plan is complete, create a land use map with an overlay of flood hazards and any other natural hazards that can be mapped. Completed SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. Completed ES-1 Coordinate with the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to maintain adequate and effective snow and ice removal plans by the towns/cities and NCDOT. "Adequate" means that all major thoroughfares are cleared and remain clear within 12 hours of last snowfall. Completed City of Burlington P-5 Request that each City department/office assess how it can better incorporate hazard mitigation goals into its separate planning processes and/or implementation of its duties. Delete Informal assessments were completed. No formal documentation developed due to limited administrative resources. 68 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 22 2020 Action # Description 2025 Status Status Comments/Explanation City of Graham P-1 Review methods of school construction to ensure that all new schools are constructed to the maximum cost feasible standards of wind resistance, flood resistance, and access so that they can be used as shelters for evacuees during and after natural hazard events. Delete Planning Department and Alamance EM will coordinate on identifying and meeting local sheltering needs. City of Mebane P-2 Expand the County's GIS Capabilities to Include Maintaining Elevation Certificates Delete This is a County action.. P-6 When County Land Use Plan is Complete, Create a Land Use Map with an Overlay for Flood Hazards and any Other Natural Hazards Completed Land use plan completed locally. County has flood hazard on the County GIS. The City incorporates the Flood Hazard Overlay District as part of its zoning map. ES-2 Coordinate with the NCDOT to Maintain Adequate and Effective Snow Removal Plans by Cities and NCDOT Completed Municipal agreement is in place. Town of Elon P-1 Review methods of school construction to ensure that all new schools are constructed to the maximum cost feasible standards of wind resistance, flood resistance, and access so that they can be used as shelters for evacuees during and after natural hazard events. Completed Completed. Elon University donated and built a new Elementary school for the residents of Elon and surrounding community. Built in 2019. Estimated cost $19m. This project has been completed. Town of Green Level N/A No completed or deleted actions from the 2020 plan. N/A N/A Town of Haw River P-3 When the county land use plan is complete, create a land use map with an overlay of flood hazards and any other natural hazards that can be mapped. Completed The Town completed its Comprehensive Land Use and Master Plan in 2020 and incorporated flood hazard areas on the future land use map. Town of Ossipee N/A No completed or deleted actions from the 2020 plan. N/A N/A Town of Swepsonville N/A No completed or deleted actions from the 2020 plan. N/A N/A 69 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 23 2020 Action # Description 2025 Status Status Comments/Explanation Village of Alamance P-4 When the county land use plan is complete, create a land use map with an overlay of flood hazards and any other natural hazards that can be mapped. Delete The Village has its own Land Use Plan which includes mapping of flood hazard areas. Durham County & City of Durham P-1 Implement a Stormwater Utility Fee for all properties within the unincorporated areas of Durham County. Completed The County implemented a stormwater utility fee in August 2020 to collect funds to ensure the County has resources to complete projects throughout the unincorporated areas of the County to meet the future Falls Lake and Jordan Lake rules. The utility fee rates are based on square feet of impervious surfaces on properties located outside of City limits. The stormwater utility fee is included on Durham County’s tax bill each year. Orange County P-5 Engage in assessments of local supply chain resiliency for critical commodities Deleted This action is no longer a priority. ES-1 Identify and implement strategies to increase swift water rescue capacity. Deleted This action is no longer a priority. PEA-3 Strive to improve communication and outreach in multiple languages to Orange County residents before, during, and after hazard weather event with the county's website, press releases, social media accounts, and the OC Alerts system in order to keep residents informed and improve public safety in and around the county. Deleted In 2024, the Ready Orange Website has been updated to include hazard-specific preparedness information that is translatable into several language. Multi-language preparedness graphics have also been created that can be used for targeted outreach or for social media channels. Ongoing effort to use plain language in any communications, especially through OC Alert notifications. Town of Carrboro SP-2 Look for opportunities to mitigate repetitive loss structures Deleted This action is a property protection measure covered by new action PP-3. 70 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 24 2020 Action # Description 2025 Status Status Comments/Explanation Town of Chapel Hill PEA-4 To achieve Comprehensive Plan objectives: The Town is undertaking an evaluation of its future land use map (FLUM) and planning to rewrite the Town's UDO through an initiative called "Charting Our Future" (http://chartingourfuture.info/). The FLUM includes Resiliency Maps that depict areas of Town subject to flooding. It is anticipated that the new UDO will utilize these maps to attempt to mitigate flooding through updated regulations. Deleted This action is a repeat of other carried forward actions. Deleted to remove redundancy. Town of Hillsborough P-1 Work with the Tree Board, Public Works Department, and utility companies to ensure that dangerous situations are addressed in a timely manner Deleted This is something the Town already does and does not require an action. SP-1 Construct new recreational facilities out of flood-resistant and resilient building materials due to their locations in flood-prone areas Deleted This should be covered by the Town’s Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance as well as actions added from the Town’s Comprehensive Sustainability Plan. ES-1 Conduct Emergency Operations Center (EOC) exercises and staff drills to address the increasing threat of terrorism and to increase staff coordination and response time for hazards Deleted The Town regularly conducts similar trainings for staff (including cyber threat), and those do not need their own actions. PEA-1 Construct an extension of a fiber optic loop to serve underprivileged and rural residents with high speed internet service for better access to emergency information. Deleted This is almost complete and can be replaced by similar actions added from the Town’s Comprehensive Sustainability Plan. Person County P-1 At next land Use Plan Update, incorporate a stand-alone element for hazard mitigation and involve citizens in comprehensive planning activities that identify and mitigate hazards. Deleted This action remains incomplete and there is a lack of public and political interest in this item. P-3 Update the Person County Floodplain Ordinance to comply with state and national standards. Completed Floodplain Ordinance update was adopted in 2020. P-5 Use GIS to map 50' riparian buffers as required by the State within watersheds. Completed PP-3 Enforce Stormwater Ordinance for new and redevelopment on residential and commercial properties. Delete This is an established capability. 71 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 25 2020 Action # Description 2025 Status Status Comments/Explanation SP-4 Any and all portions of the buildings that have been submerged for any length of time will be inspected for flood related damage as well as other conditions that may be dangerous to live, health or property Delete This is performed by Building Inspections on a case- by-case basis, as needed. City of Roxboro P-1 At next land Use Plan Update, incorporate a stand-alone element for hazard mitigation and involve citizens in comprehensive planning activities that identify and mitigate hazards. Deleted This action remains incomplete and there is a lack of public and political interest in this item. P-5 Use GIS to map 50' riparian buffers as required by the State within watersheds. Completed P-6 Identify at risk-populations that may be exceptionally vulnerable in the event of long-term power outages. Deleted Contacted relevant departments regarding this action item, but no progress toward implementation was reported. P-7 Organize outreach to vulnerable populations during long-term power outage events Deleted Contacted relevant departments regarding this action item, but no progress toward implementation was reported. P-8 Public Services receive training on erosion and sedimentation control and assists property owners and developers with issues. Deleted This action is ongoing, but it is a requirement for the job duties of various staff. P-10 Enforce impervious surface calculation/ limitation for residential and non-residential development. Deleted This action is ongoing, but it is a requirement for the job duties of various staff. PP-1 Enforce minimum housing standards ordinance Deleted This action is ongoing, but it is a requirement for the job duties of various staff. PP-3 Enforce Stormwater Ordinance for new and redevelopment on residential and commercial properties. Deleted This action is ongoing, but it is a requirement for the job duties of various staff. NRP-1 Establish Enhanced Voluntary Ag District (EVAD) Ordinance Deleted This does not need to be a City of Roxboro task as we have no Voluntary Ag Districts or appropriate land areas to pursue such. Remains a County action. NRP-2 Develop a conservation easement program Deleted This is not something the City plans to pursue. Remains a County action. NRP-3 Encourage participation in State & Federal Cost Share programs Deleted This is not something the City plans to pursue. Remains a County action. NRP-4 Conduct landowner/farmer workshops on conservation practices Deleted This is not something the City plans to pursue. Remains a County action. 72 SECTION 2: PLANNING PROCESS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 26 2020 Action # Description 2025 Status Status Comments/Explanation SP-4 Any and all portions of the buildings that have been submerged for any length of time will be inspected for flood related damage as well as other conditions that may be dangerous to live, health or property Deleted This action is a requirement for the job duties of various staff. ES-1 Ensure adequate evacuation warning in case of major hazard event. Deleted This is a regular duty of Person County Emergency Services. ES-3 Review program to maintain continuity of government operations. Deleted Continuity of operations planning in done by Person County Emergency Services ES-4 Identify alternate/new Emergency Operations Center locations. Deleted The EOC is a County agency. This action will continue to be addressed by Person County. ES-5 Update and maintain Emergency Plan. Review and update EOP every four years. Deleted This action will continue to be addressed by Person County. OEM reviews the EOP annually and updates as needed. The EOP is re-adopted every four years. ES-6 Track drainage, erosion, and flooding problems within the City planning jurisdiction. Deleted This action is already addressed by another carried forward action. ES-7 Continue to maintain a debris removal program for problem sites. Deleted This action is a regular job function of various staff. PEA-1 The Emergency Services Department will periodically make various hazard education items available through various media outlets including websites, newspaper, radio Deleted This action will continue to be addressed by Person County. PEA-2 The Emergency Services Department will establish an annual hazard awareness week in coordination with the media to promote hazard awareness. Deleted This action will continue to be addressed by Person County. PEA-4 Post warning signage at local parks and outdoor venues with information about severe weather. Deleted This action is incomplete and there is not support to implement it. PEA-5 Ensure school officials are aware of the best area of refuge in school buildings during orientation. Deleted This action will continue to be addressed by Person County. 73 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 27 3 PLANNING AREA PROFILE This section provides a general overview of the current conditions in the Eno-Haw region and its participating municipalities. It consists of the following subsections: 3.1 Geography and Environment 3.2 Population and Demographics 3.3 Historic Properties 3.4 Housing 3.5 Infrastructure 3.6 Current and Future Land Use 3.7 Employment and Industry 3.1 GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT The Eno-Haw region, which contains Alamance, Durham, Orange, and Person Counties, is located in north central North Carolina in the piedmont. A location map is provided in Figure 3.1. The planning area comprises a total land area of approximately 1,499 square miles, the sum of the total area of each participating county. Note that several jurisdictions extend into neighboring counties that are not participants of this plan. The full extent of these jurisdictions is including in the planning area and scope of this plan. The total land area of each participating jurisdiction is listed in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 – Total Land Area of Participating Jurisdictions Jurisdiction Total Area (sq. mi.) Alamance County 423.5 City of Burlington* 30.1 City of Graham 9.5 City of Mebane* 10.4 Town of Elon 4.1 Town of Green Level 1.4 Town of Haw River 2.9 Town of Ossipee 0.6 Town of Swepsonville 1.5 Village of Alamance 0.8 Durham County 286.5 City of Durham* 112.8 Orange County 397.6 Town of Carrboro 6.5 Town of Chapel Hill* 21.6 Town of Hillsborough 5.7 Person County 392.3 City of Roxboro 7.03 Region Total 1,499.9 Source: US Census Bureau, www.data.census.gov *These jurisdictions extend into neighboring counties 74 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 28 Figure 3.1 – Eno-Haw Region Location Map Source: U.S. Census Bureau 75 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 29 According to the Köppen climate classification system, the Eno-Haw region has a humid subtropical climate characterized by mild winters and hot humid summers with significant precipitation even during the driest month. The region experiences an average annual high temperature of 68.7°F and an average annual low of 47.9°F. Average annual rainfall is approximately 48.57 inches and average annual snowfall is 1.8 inches. Figure 3.2 shows the average monthly precipitation for the Durham weather station, which approximates temperature and precipitation of the region. Figure 3.2 – Average Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Source: Northeast RCC CLIMOD 2. As shown in the map of HUC-8 watersheds in Figure 3.3, the majority of the Eno Haw region is split between the Haw River Basin, the Upper Neuse River Basin, and the Lower Dan River Basin. WETLANDS According to data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s National Wetlands Inventory, there are approximately 49,478 acres of wetlands in the region. These estimates do not include deepwater areas, ponds, lakes, or riverine areas. Wetland areas are shown in Figure 3.4. Natural and Beneficial Wetland Functions: The benefits of wetlands are hard to overestimate. They provide critical habitat for many plant and animal species that could not survive in other habitats. They are also critical for water management as they absorb and store vast quantities of storm water, helping reduce floods and recharge aquifers. Not only do wetlands store water like sponges, they also filter and clean water as well, absorbing toxins and other pollutants. PARKS, PRESERVE, AND CONSERVATION The Eno Haw region is home to many parks, preserves, and other natural areas including three state parks: Eno River State Park in Durham and Orange Counties, Falls Lake State Recreation Area located partially in Durham County, and Occoneechee Mountain State Park in Orange County. The Mountains-to- Sea State Trail also runs through Alamance, Orange, and Durham Counties. 76 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 30 Several other natural areas can be found within the four-county region and are detailed in Table 3.2 below. Table 3.2 – Natural Areas, Eno-Haw Region County Name Alamance Cedarock Park Great Bend Park Shallowford Natural Area Saxapahaw Island Park Swepsonville River Park Cane Creek Mountains Natural Area Durham County Hollow Rock Park* New Hope Preserve Little River Regional Park* Little River County Preserve Bottomland Trail Orange County Cedar Grove Park Efland-Cheeks Park Fairview Park Seven Mile Creek Natural Area Person County Mayo Park and Lake *Partnership between Durham and Orange Counties 77 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 31 Figure 3.3 – HUC-8 Drainage Basins 78 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 32 Figure 3.4 – Wetland Areas by Type 79 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 33 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service maintains a regular listing of threatened species, endangered species, species of concern, and candidate species for counties across the United States. Table 3.3 below lists the species identified as threatened, endangered, or other classification and which county they are found in. Table 3.3 – Threatened and Endangered Species, Eno-Haw Region Group Common Name Scientific Name Federal Status County Amphibians Neuse River waterdog Necturus lewisi Threatened D, O, P Birds Red-cockaded woodpecker Dryobates borealis Threatened D, O Clams Dwarf wedgemussel Alasmidonta heterodon Endangered D, O, P Clams Green floater Lasmigona subviridis Proposed Threatened A, D, O, P Clams Atlantic pigtoe Fusconaia masoni Threatened A, D, O, P Clams Yellow lance Elliptio lanceolata Threatened P Fishes Cape Fear shiner Notropis mekistocholas Endangered A, O Fishes Carolina madtom Noturus furiosus Endangered D, O, P Flowering Plants Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum Endangered D, O, P Flowering Plants Smooth coneflower Echinacea laevigata Threatened D, O, P Flowering Plants Michaux's sumac Rhus michauxii Endangered D, O Flowering Plants Small whorled pogonia Isotria medeoloides Threatened A Flowering Plants Schweinitz's sunflower Helianthus schweinitzii Endangered A Insects Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus Proposed Threatened A, D, O, P Mammals Little brown bat Myotis lucifugus Under Review A, D, O, P Mammals Tricolored bat Perimyotis subflavus Proposed Threatened A, D, O, P Mammals Northern Long-Eared Bat Myotis septentrionalis Endangered D, O, P Source: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (https://www.fws.gov/endangered/) Key: A = Alamance County; D = Durham County; O = Orange County; P = Person County 3.2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS The Eno-Haw region has experienced significant population growth over the last several decades. According to U.S. Census data from the Decennial Census and the American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, from 2000 to 2023, the region’s total population increased by nearly 22 percent, which equates to an average annual growth rate of just under 1 percent. Overall population density in the region increased from approximately 378.6 persons per square mile in 2010 to 460.2 persons per square mile in 2023. Table 3.4 provides population counts from 2000, 2010, and 2023 for each of the participating counties. Population statistics for participating jurisdictions are included in each jurisdiction’s annex. 80 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 34 Figure 3.5 on the following page shows 2023 population density by census tract in persons per square mile. Table 3.4 – Eno-Haw Region Population Counts Jurisdiction 2000 Census Population 2010 Census Population 2023 ACS Population Estimate Total Change 2010-2023 % Change 2010- 2023 Alamance County 130,800 146,902 174,286 27,384 18.6% Durham County 223,314 257,466 329,405 71,939 27.9% Orange County 118,227 124,244 147,292 23,048 18.6% Person County 35,623 39,022 39,275 253 0.6% Region Total 507,964 567,634 690,258 122,624 21.6% Source: US Census Bureau Decennial Census 2000, Decennial Census 2010; American Community Survey 2023 5-Year Estimates 81 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 35 Figure 3.5 – Population Density, 2023 82 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 36 Table 3.5 details demographic and social characteristics of each of the participating counties compared to the State of North Carolina overall according to the 2023 ACS 5-Year Estimates. Per this data, Alamance County and Person Counties have older populations than the state average, and a greater proportion of individuals with disabilities. Alamance, Durham, and Orange Counties have a greater percentage of individuals who speak English less than very well. Educational attainment is higher than the state average in Durham and Orange Counties but lower in Alamance and Person Counties. Table 3.5 – Eno Haw Region Demographic Summary, 2023 Demographic & Social Characteristics Alamance County Durham County Orange County Person County North Carolina Median Age 38.7 35.8 36.7 43.9 39.1 % of Population Under 5 years old 5.7% 6.0% 4.2% 5.3% 5.7% % of population Over 65 years old 16.9% 14.0% 15.7% 21.0% 16.8% % of Population Over 25 with high school diploma or higher 88.5% 90.7% 93.2% 89.1% 89.7% % of Population Over 25 with bachelor’s degree or higher 27.7% 53.5% 61.8% 19.8% 34.7% % with Disability 12.4% 9.9% 8.6% 18.9% 13.4% % Speak English less than "very well" 5.8% 7.9% 5.4% 2.1% 4.9% Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates The racial characteristics of the participating counties, compared to the state average, are presented in Table 3.6. Alamance, Orange, and Person Counties are a majority White, while Durham County has no racial majority, with a greater proportion of Hispanic and African American individuals. Compared to the state average, Alamance and Durham Counties have larger Hispanic populations, Durham and Person Counties have larger African American populations, and Durham and Orange Counties have larger Asian populations. Table 3.6 – Eno-Haw Region Racial Demographics, 2023 Demographics Alamance County Durham County Orange County Person County North Carolina Total Population 174,286 329,405 147,292 39,275 10,584,340 White, not Hispanic 59.9% 41.9% 66.8% 64.8% 60.6% Hispanic or Latino 14.8% 15.3% 10.6% 5.9% 10.9% Black or African American 19.6% 32.8% 10.2% 25.5% 20.3% Asian 1.7% 5.1% 7.9% 0.4% 3.1% American Indian and Alaska Native 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.8% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% Some other race 0.6% 0.4% 0.4% 0.1% 0.4% Two or more races 3.2% 3.5% 3.3% 3.1% 3.1% Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates 3.3 HISTORIC PROPERTIES As of March 21, 2025, the Eno-Haw region had 224 listings on the National Register of Historic Places including 70 in Alamance County, 85 in Durham County, 57 in Orange County, and 12 in Person County, detailed in Table 3.7. Of the 224 total listings in the region, 65 listings are Historic Districts. Listing on 83 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 37 the National Register signifies that these structures and districts have been determined to be worthy of preservation for their historical or cultural values. Table 3.7 – National Register of Historic Places Listings in the Eno-Haw Region Ref# Property Name Status Date City Category Alamance County 70000435 Alamance Battleground State Historic Site 2/26/1970 Alamance Site 79001655 Alamance County Courthouse, 5/10/1979 Graham Building 84001906 Alamance Hotel 5/31/1984 Burlington Building 07000821 Alamance Mill Village Historic District 8/16/2007 Alamance Building 70000436 Allen House 2/26/1970 Burlington Building 84000301 Altamahaw Mill Office 11/20/1984 Altamahaw Building 84001909 Atlantic Bank and Trust Company Building 5/31/1984 Burlington Building 100007592 Aurora Cotton Mills Finishing Plant-Baker- Cammack Hosiery Mills Plant 4/15/2022 Burlington Building 87001099 Bellemont Mill Village Historic District 7/1/1987 Bellemont District 09000599 Beverly Hills Historic District 8/5/2009 Burlington District 93001193 Braxton, Hiram, House 11/22/1993 Snow Camp Building 01001025 Cates, Charles F. and Howard, Farm 9/24/2001 Mebane District 86003455 Cedarock Park Historic District 12/4/1986 Graham District 93001194 Cook, William, House 11/22/1993 Mebane Building 86003451 Cooper School 12/15/1986 Mebane Building 84001912 Cross Roads Presbyterian Church and Cemetery and Stainback Store 5/22/1984 Mebane Building 90001320 Downtown Burlington Historic District 9/6/1990 Burlington District 10001054 Durham Hosiery Mill No. 15 12/27/2010 Mebane Building 00000393 East Davis Street Historic District 4/20/2000 Burlington District 84001914 Efird Building 5/31/1984 Burlington Building 88000166 Elon College Historic District 3/22/1988 Elon College District 84001917 First Baptist Church 5/31/1984 Burlington Building 84001919 First Christian Church of Burlington 5/31/1984 Burlington Building 93001197 Fogleman, Polly, House 11/22/1993 Burlington Building 87000456 Friends Spring Meeting House 3/19/1987 Snow Camp Building 79001654 Glencoe Mill Village Historic District 2/16/1979 Glencoe District 10001055 Glencoe School 12/27/2010 Glencoe Building 83001834 Graham Historic District 4/7/1983 Graham District 100001627 Granite Mill 9/21/2017 Haw River Building 100005195 Granite-Cora-Holt Mills Historic District 4/24/2020 Haw River District 83001835 Griffis-Patton House 3/17/1983 Mebane Building 93001195 Guy, Thomas, House 11/22/1993 Mebane Building 78001926 Hawfields Presbyterian Church 12/15/1978 Mebane Building 87000411 Henderson Scott Farm Historic District 9/16/1987 Mebane District 82003421 Holt, Charles T., House 6/1/1982 Haw River Building 77000988 Holt, L. Banks, House 4/18/1977 Alamance Building 84001920 Holt-Frost House 5/31/1984 Burlington Building 84001921 Horner Houses 5/31/1984 Burlington Building 94000130 Johnston Hall 3/7/1994 Elon College Building 84 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 38 Ref# Property Name Status Date City Category 87000454 Kernodle-Pickett House 3/23/1987 Bellemont Building 85003083 Kerr-Patton House 12/5/1985 Thompson Building 84001922 Lakeside Mills Historic District 5/31/1984 Burlington District 16000585 May Hosiery Mills Knitting Mill 8/26/2016 Burlington Building 93001196 McBane, Camilus, House 11/22/1993 Snow Camp Building 94000022 McCauley-Watson House 2/4/1994 Union Ridge Building 86003438 McCray School 12/4/1986 Burlington Building 11000952 Mebane Commercial Historic District 12/22/2011 Mebane District 82003420 Menagerie Carousel 1/12/2024 Burlington Structure 84001924 Moore-Holt-White House 5/31/1984 Burlington Building 06000687 Morrow, William P., House 8/9/2006 Graham Building 99000698 North Main Street Historic District 6/10/1999 Graham District 11000953 Old South Mebane Historic District 12/22/2011 Mebane District 13000933 Old South Mebane Historic District (Boundary Increase) 12/16/2013 Mebane District 14000291 Oneida Cotton Mills and Scott-Mebane Manufacturing Company Complex 6/9/2014 Graham District 98000546 Saxapahaw Spinning Mill, Former 5/20/1998 Saxapahaw Building 87001850 Scott, Kerr, Farm 10/31/1987 Haw River Building 89000497 Snow Camp Mutual Telephone Exchange Building 6/9/1989 Snow Camp Building 01001427 South Broad-East Fifth Streets Historic District 12/31/2001 Burlington District 80002800 Southern Railway Passenger Station 5/23/1980 Burlington Building 93001192 Spoon, A. L., House 11/22/1993 Snow Camp Building 79001653 St. Athanasius Episcopal Church and Parish House and the Church of the Holy Comforter 5/29/1979 Burlington Building 84001926 Stagg House 5/31/1984 Burlington Building 87000457 Sunny Side 3/23/1987 Burlington Building 93001198 Thompson, James Monroe, House 11/22/1993 Saxapahaw Building 88001594 US Post Office 9/23/1988 Burlington Building 84000359 West Davis Street-Fountain Place Historic District 11/5/1984 Burlington District 16000219 Western Electric Company-Tarheel Army Missile Plant 5/2/2016 Burlington Building 82003422 White Furniture Company 7/29/1982 Mebane Building 84001930 Windsor Cotton Mills Office 5/31/1984 Burlington Building 91001745 Woodlawn School 11/29/1991 Mebane Building Durham County 00001163 American Tobacco Company Manufacturing Plant 9/29/2000 Durham District 79003330 Bassett House 11/29/1979 Durham Building 70000452 Bennett Place State Historic Site 2/26/1970 Durham Site 12001157 Biddle, Mary Duke, Estate 1/9/2013 Durham Building 90000350 Blacknall, Richard D., House 3/1/1990 Durham Building 99001619 Bright Leaf Historic District 12/30/1999 Durham District 74001346 Bull Durham Tobacco Factory 9/10/1974 Durham Building 82003448 Bullington Warehouse 8/30/1982 Durham Building 10000631 Burch Avenue Historic District 9/3/2010 Durham District 85 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 39 Ref# Property Name Status Date City Category 11000508 Carr, Johm C. and Binford, House 8/5/2011 Durham Building 00000394 City Garage Yard and Fire Drill Tower 5/3/2000 Durham Building 00000991 Clark and Sorrell Garage 8/16/2000 Durham Building 85002438 Cleveland Street District 9/20/1985 Durham District 100003295 College Heights Historic District 1/28/2019 Durham District 79003331 Cranford-Wannamaker House 11/29/1979 Durham Building 79003332 Crowell House 11/29/1979 Durham Building 79003333 Dillard-Gamble Houses 1/19/1979 Durham Building 77000998 Downtown Durham Historic District 11/1/1977 Durham District 66000590 Duke Homestead and Tobacco Factory 11/13/1966 Durham Building 85001781 Duke Memorial United Methodist Church 8/11/1985 Durham Building 85001793 Durham Cotton Mills Village Historic District 8/9/1985 Durham District 78001944 Durham Hosiery Mill 11/14/1978 Durham Building 13001115 Durham Hosiery Mills Dye House 1/22/2014 Durham Building 85003055 Durham Hosiery Mills No. 2-Service Printing Company Building 11/27/1985 Durham Building 04001393 East Durham Historic District 12/23/2004 Durham District 85001775 Emmanuel AME Church 8/9/1985 Durham Building 85001778 Ephphatha Church 8/9/1985 Durham Building 84002724 Erwin Cotton Mills Company Mill No. 1 Headquarters Building 11/20/1984 Durham Building 73001337 Fairntosh Plantation 4/3/1973 Durham Building 05000348 Forbus, Wiley and Elizabeth, House 4/28/2005 Durham Building 05001476 Forest Hills Historic District 12/28/2005 Durham District 13000204 Foster and West Geer Streets Historic District 4/23/2013 Durham District 85001791 Golden Belt Historic District 8/9/1985 Durham District 96000816 Golden Belt Historic District (Boundary Increase) 7/30/1996 Durham Building 82003449 Greystone 6/1/1982 Durham Building 11000955 Hampton-Ellis Farm 12/22/2011 Bahama Building 72000960 Hardscrabble 1/20/1972 Bahama Building 78001945 Hill, John Sprunt, House 1/30/1978 Durham Building 13001026 Hillside Park High School 12/30/2013 Durham Building 85002437 Holloway Street District 9/20/1985 Durham District 09000263 Holloway Street Historic District (Boundary Increase) 4/30/2009 Durham District 08000814 Holloway, Kinchen, House 8/29/2008 Durham Building 09001105 Hope Valley Historic District 12/11/2009 Durham District 78001946 Horton Grove Complex 3/17/1978 Durham Building 03000340 Lakewood Park Historic District 5/1/2003 Durham District 75001257 Leigh Farm 9/5/1975 Chapel Hill Building 08000774 Liberty Warehouse Nos. 1 and 2 8/6/2008 Durham Building 85000118 Little Creek Site (31 DH 351) 1/11/1985 Chapel Hill Site 100000896 Little River High School 4/28/2017 Bahama Building 89000446 Mangum, Bartlett, House 5/25/1989 Durham Building 85001554 Meadowmont 7/11/1985 Chapel Hill District 86 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 40 Ref# Property Name Status Date City Category 85001792 Morehead Hill Historic District 7/13/2017 Durham District 04000567 Morehead Hill Historic District (Boundary Increase) 6/2/2004 Durham District 86000676 North Carolina Central University 3/28/1986 Durham District 75001258 North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company Building 5/15/1975 Durham Building 98001573 North Durham County Prison Camp (Former) 12/31/1998 Durham Building 85001338 North Durham-Duke Park District 6/20/1985 Durham District 85001777 O'Brien, William Thomas, House 8/9/1985 Durham Building 100000866 Pauli Murray Family Home 3/2/2017 Durham - 100000867 Pauli Murray Family Home 3/2/2017 Durham - 85001782 Pearl Mill Village Historic District 8/9/1985 Durham District 79003334 Pegram House 11/29/1979 Durham Building 04001287 Poland, George, House 12/4/2004 Bahama Building 85001780 Powe House 8/9/1985 Durham Building 09000601 Russell School 8/5/2009 Durham Building 85001779 Scarborough House 8/9/1985 Durham Building 12000345 Scott and Roberts Dry Cleaning Plant, Office, and Store 6/20/2012 Durham Building 85002429 Smith Warehouse 9/16/1985 Durham Building 76001319 St. Joseph's African Methodist Episcopal Church 8/11/1976 Durham Building 73001338 Stagville 5/25/1973 Durham Building 10001093 Stokesdale Historic District 12/28/2010 Durham District 99001684 Tilley, Marcus, House 1/14/2000 Bahama Building 86000672 Trinity Historic District 3/26/1986 Durham District 07001372 Trinity Historic District (Boundary Increase II) 1/9/2008 Durham District 04000568 Trinity Historic District (Boundary Increase) 6/4/2004 Durham District 89001418 Umstead, Adolphus W., House 9/14/1989 Bahama Building 14000983 Umstead, D.C., Store and House 12/2/2014 Bahama Building 03000804 Venable Tobacco Company Prizery and Receiving Room 8/21/2003 Durham Building 85001847 Venable Tobacco Company Warehouse 8/9/1985 Durham Building 84002259 Watts and Yuille Warehouses 4/5/1984 Durham Building 80002824 Watts Hospital 4/2/1980 Durham Building 01000427 Watts-Hillandale Historic District 4/25/2001 Durham District 86000680 West Durham Historic District 3/26/1986 Durham District 85001776 West Point on the Eno 8/9/1985 Durham District Orange County 76001332 Alberta Mill Complex 1/19/1976 Carrboro Building 71000606 Ayr Mount 8/26/1971 Hillsborough Building 03000858 Bellevue Manufacturing Company 8/28/2003 Hillsborough Building 05000325 Beta Theta Pi Fraternity House 4/20/2005 Chapel Hill Building 78001969 Bingham School 1/18/1978 Oaks Building 70000465 Burwell School 9/15/1970 Hillsborough Building 99000481 Cabe-Pratt-Harris House 4/22/1999 Hillsborough Building 99000867 Carolina Inn 8/6/1999 Chapel Hill Building 87 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 41 Ref# Property Name Status Date City Category 85001339 Carrboro Commercial Historic District 6/20/1985 Carrboro District 98000389 Cedar Grove Rural Crossroads Historic District 4/23/1998 Cedar Grove District 100005201 Cedar Grove School 4/24/2020 Cedar Grove Building 71000604 Chapel Hill Historic District 12/16/1971 Chapel Hill District 15000165 Chapel Hill Historic District (Boundary Increase and Additional Documentation) 4/16/2015 Chapel Hill District 90000364 Chapel Hill Town Hall 3/20/1990 Chapel Hill Building 72000980 Chapel of the Cross 2/1/1972 Chapel Hill Building 72000981 Commandant's House 11/9/1972 Hillsborough Building 71000607 Eagle Lodge 4/16/1971 Hillsborough Building 11000622 Eno Cotton Mill 9/1/2011 Hillsborough Building 88001175 Faucett Mill and House 8/4/1988 Hillsborough District 99001391 Faucette, David, House 11/22/1999 Efland Building 93000807 Gimghoul Neighborhood Historic District 8/5/1993 Chapel Hill District 71000608 Hazel-Nash House 3/31/1971 Hillsborough Building 73001362 Heartsease 4/11/1973 Hillsborough Building 73001363 Hillsborough Historic District 10/15/1973 Hillsborough District 96000186 Hogan, Alexander, Plantation 3/4/1996 Chapel Hill Site 01000016 Hogan, Thomas and Mary, House 1/26/2001 Carrboro Building 02000436 Holden-Roberts Farm 5/2/2002 Hillsborough District 94000184 Jackson, Jacob, Farm 3/17/1994 Hillsborough District 98000995 Jordan, Dr. Arch, House 8/6/1998 Caldwell Building 86001625 Lloyd, Thomas F., Historic District 8/14/1986 Carrboro District 01001187 Montrose 10/28/2001 Hillsborough District 72000982 Moorefields 4/25/1972 Hillsborough Building 09000637 Murphey School 8/20/2009 Hillsborough Building 71000609 Nash Law Office 9/28/1971 Hillsborough Building 100001633 Nash, Arthur C. and Mary S.A., House 10/27/2017 Chapel Hill Building 71000610 Nash-Hooper House 11/11/1971 Hillsborough Building 100009948 Navy Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) Naval Armory at UNC-Chapel Hill 2/9/2024 Chapel Hill Building 100007247 Neville, Jeter and Ethel, House 8/4/2023 Carrboro Building 100002051 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls 1/26/2018 Efland Building 02000435 Occoneechee Speedway 5/2/2002 Hillsborough Site 94000570 Old Chapel Hill Cemetery 6/3/1994 Chapel Hill District 66000596 Old East, University of North Carolina 10/15/1966 Chapel Hill Building 71000611 Old Orange County Courthouse 6/24/1971 Hillsborough Building 79001740 Paisley-Rice Log House 1/31/1979 Mebane Building 71000605 Playmakers Theatre 6/24/1971 Chapel Hill Building 13000206 Pope, Capt. John S., Farm 4/23/2013 Cedar Grove Building 100009620 Ridge Road School 12/15/2023 Hillsborough Building 88002026 Rigsbee's Rock House 10/20/1988 Hillsborough District 89001039 Rocky Ridge Farm Historic District 8/8/1989 Chapel Hill District 07001501 Rocky Ridge Farm Historic District (Boundary Increase) 1/30/2008 Chapel Hill District 88 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 42 Ref# Property Name Status Date City Category 71000612 Ruffin-Roulhac House 8/5/1971 Hillsborough Building 71000613 Sans Souci 8/26/1971 Hillsborough Building 100005203 Schley Grange Hall 4/24/2020 Schley Building 78001968 St. Mary's Chapel 7/12/1978 Hillsborough Building 71000614 St. Matthew's Episcopal Church and Churchyard 6/24/1971 Hillsborough Building 98001528 West Chapel Hill Historic District 12/31/1998 Chapel Hill District 100003930 West Chapel Hill Historic District 5/15/2019 Chapel Hill District Person County 80002893 Burleigh 5/1/1980 Concord Building 83001902 Henry-Vernon House 2/3/1983 Bushy Fork Building 88000698 Holloway-Jones-Day House 6/9/1988 Roxboro Building 82003496 Holloway-Walker Dollarhite House 6/1/1982 Bethel Hill Building 06000229 House on Wagstaff Farm 4/5/2006 Roxboro Building 05000267 Long, James A. and Laura Thompson, House 4/6/2005 Roxboro Building 05001031 Merritt-Winstead House 9/15/2005 Roxboro Building 79001744 Person County Courthouse 5/10/1979 Roxboro Building 84002415 Roxboro Commercial Historic District 3/1/1984 Roxboro District 09000660 Roxboro Cotton Mill 8/27/2009 Roxboro Building 82003497 Roxboro Male Academy and Methodist Parsonage 7/29/1982 Roxboro Building 74001369 Waverly Plantation 10/9/1974 Cunningham Building Source: National Parks Service, National Register of Historic Places, March 2025 3.4 HOUSING According to the 2019-2023 ACS 5-Year Estimates, there are 294,567housing units in the Eno-Haw region, of which approximately 94.9 percent are occupied. Compared to the state, housing occupancy rates are greater in the Eno-Haw region, with Alamance, Durham, and Orange Counties exceeding the state rate. Approximately 44% of housing units are renter-occupied. A high percentage of renters is an indicator of higher pre- and post-disaster vulnerability because, according to Cutter, et al. (2003), renters often do not have the financial resources of homeowners, are more transient, are less likely to have information about or access to recovery aid following a disaster and are more likely to require temporary shelter following a disaster. Higher rates of home ownership in some counties, including Alamance Orange, and Person may indicate that more residents in these areas are able to implement certain types of mitigation in their homes. Compared to the state average, housing growth has been high across the region with growth rates between 12-15 percent with the exception of Person County, where total housing units have increased by 1.6 percent compared to 2010 counts. Nearly 24 percent of householders moved into their current homes since the year 2018, and another 27 percent moved in between 2010 and 2017, which indicates the growth the area has experienced. Due to their relatively new tenancy, many householders may be unfamiliar with some hazard risks of the region. Approximately 52 percent of all housing units in the region were built after 1990, and 14.6 percent were built between 1980 and 1989. While this housing stock is not particularly new, it is not very old, either. Age can indicate the potential vulnerability of a structure to certain hazards. For example, Alamance County first entered the National Flood Insurance Program in 1981, Durham County in 1979, Orange County in 1981, and Person County in 1990. Therefore, based on housing age estimates at least 41.7 89 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 43 percent of housing in Alamance County, 32 percent of housing in Durham County, 33.8 in Orange County, and 57.4 in Person County were built before any floodplain development restrictions were required. The average median home value in the Eno-Haw region is $290,720, which is approximately 34 percent higher than 2010 average and 12 percent higher than the state average. However, this value is slightly skewed high by Durham and Orange Counties. Compared to the state average, median home value is 36 percent higher in Durham County and 65 percent higher in Orange County. Conversely, median home value is 15 percent lower than the state average in Alamance County and 26 percent lower in Person County. Over 65 percent of housing units in the Eno-Haw Region are detached single family homes. Approximately 6.4 percent of units are mobile homes, which can be more vulnerable to certain hazards, such as tornadoes and windstorms, especially if they aren’t secured with tie downs. Across the four counties, an average of 5.2 percent of occupied housing units have no vehicle available to them; these residents may have difficulty in the event of an evacuation. Table 3.8 provides details on housing characteristics in the Eno-Haw Region according to data from the 2023 ACS 5-Year Estimates and the 2010 Census. Table 3.8 – Eno Haw Region Housing Characteristics, 2023 Housing Characteristics Alamance County Durham County Orange County Person County North Carolina Housing Units (2010) 66,576 120,217 55,597 18,193 4,327,528 Housing Units (2023) 75,456 138,502 62,127 18,482 4,815,195 Housing Units Percent Change (2010-2023) 13.0% 15.0% 12.0% 1.6% 11.3% Owner-Occupied, % (2023)1 65.5% 55.0% 64.2% 75.9% 66.4% Vacant Units, % (2023)2 9.3% 7.1% 9.1% 12.3% 13.0% % of Housing Units that are mobile homes 12.0% 1.3% 6.1% 17.9% 11.3% Median Home Value $221,200 $351,700 $428,500 $192,800 $259,400 Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2010 Decennial Census, American Community Survey 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates Owner-Occupied units reported as percent of occupied units; 2) Vacant units reported as a percent of the total number of housing units. 3.5 INFRASTRUCTURE 3.5.1 TRANSPORTATION Major highways located in the Eno-Haw region include: I-40, I-85, I-540/NC 540, US 15, US 70, US 158, US 501, NC 49, NC 54, NC 55, NC 57, NC 62, NC 86, NC 87, NC 98, NC 147, NC 157, and NC 751. Air travel is serviced primarily by Raleigh-Durham International Airport (RDU), 12 miles southeast of Durham, which enplaned over 15.5 million passengers in 2024. RDU is partially owned by the City of Durham and Durham County. Non-stop daily service is provided to 63 destinations in the United States and international service is available to 11 destinations. 90 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 44 Amtrak operates a daily train between Charlotte and New York City (the Carolinian) which stops at the Durham Transit Station in downtown Durham and the Depot in the City of Burlington. The State of North Carolina, in cooperation with Amtrak, operates two additional daily trains between Raleigh and Charlotte which also stop in Durham and Burlington. Amtrak currently does not stop in Orange County, but the Town of Hillsborough is working with the state, North Carolina Railroad and Amtrak to establish passenger rail service. National bus service is provided by Greyhound and Megabus at several stops in Alamance County and the Durham Transit Station in downtown Durham. ALAMANCE COUNTY In addition to RDU, air travel for Alamance County is provided by Piedmont Triad International Airport (PTI), located in Guilford County 34 miles west of Burlington. PTI offers non-stop daily service to 14 destinations. City of Burlington has a municipal bus service with five routes covering several portions of the county. GoTriangle and Piedmont Area Regional Transportation began operating a weekday bus service in the Town of Mebane on Monday, with a stop at the park-and-ride lot at Alamance Regional Medical Center’s MedCenter Mebane location, 3940 Arrowhead Blvd., and at City Hall, 106 E. Washington Street. The City of Graham is also served by GoTriangle and Piedmont Area Regional Transportation which also operates weekday service to citizens of Graham with transportation to Chapel Hill and Greensboro areas. Amtrak lines – the Carolinian and the Piedmont pass through Alamance County. Burlington's Station is located at 101 N. Main Street and is directly across Webb Avenue from LINK's Temporary Transfer Hub. As of 2023, an estimated 80.1 percent of commuters drove alone to work, while 8.4 percent carpooled and only 0.24 percent used public transportation. DURHAM COUNTY Most travel in Durham County is by private vehicle. Important arteries for traffic include NC 147, which connects Duke University, downtown, and Research Triangle Park (RTP), U.S. 15-501 between Durham and Chapel Hill, I-85, connecting Durham to Virginia and western North Carolina cities, and I- 40 running across southern Durham County between RTP and Chapel Hill. The I-40 corridor has been the main site of commercial and residential development in Durham since its opening in the early 1990s. In 2023, an estimated 65.8 percent of commuters drove alone to work, 8.1 percent carpooled, and 3.6 percent used public transportation. The City of Durham maintains an extensive network of bicycle routes and trails and has been recognized with a Bicycle Friendly Community Award. The American Tobacco Trail begins in downtown and continues south through RTP and ends in Wake County. GoTriangle offers scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region's other principal cities of Durham, Cary, and Chapel Hill, as well as to and from RDU, RTP, and several of the region's larger suburban communities. Go Triangle also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers and commuter destinations. GoDurham provides municipal bus service. Duke University also maintains its own transit system, Duke Transit, which operates more than 26 buses with routes throughout the campus and health system. ORANGE COUNTY As of 2023, an estimated 57.7 percent of commuters drove alone to work, 6.7 percent carpooled, another 7.5 percent used public transportation, and 5 percent walked. 91 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 45 GoTriangle provides regional bus service linking the Town of Chapel Hill to Research Triangle Park, Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Duke University, NC State University, and other key regional locations. GoTriangle also contracts with Orange Public Transportation (OPT) to provide service between the Towns of Hillsborough and Chapel Hill. In addition, GoTriangle has a vanpool program for commuters that have a greater than 20-mile round-trip. PERSON COUNTY As of 2023, an estimated 75.9 percent of commuters drove alone to work, while 6.7 percent carpooled and only 0.67 percent walked. Rail transportation is provided by Norfolk and Western. Motor freight coming into and going out of Person-Roxboro has decreased significantly. Motor freight coming into and going out of Person-Roxboro is handled by a number of carriers including Motor Freight Carriers, Walker Transfer Co., Spector, Freight, Branch, Pilot, Estes, Carolina Freight Carriers and UPS. Air transportation is provided locally at the Person-Roxboro Executive Airport located just went off US 501 south of the City of Roxboro. 3.5.2 UTILITIES Electric power for the region is provided by Duke Power. In unincorporated Alamance, Orange, and Person Counties, Piedmont Electric Membership Corporation is the electric provider. Natural gas is provided by Dominion Energy (formerly Public Service of North Carolina) for all areas and by Piedmont Natural Gas for Alamance County. In Alamance County, municipal water service is provided by the Cities of Burlington, Elon, and Graham, the Town of Haw River, the Graham Water System, Mebane Water System, and the Orange-Alamance Water System. The City of Durham provides water, sewer, and stormwater service to City residents. In Orange County, water and sewer services are provided by the Town of Hillsborough and Orange Water and Sewer Authority. In Person County, the City of Roxboro provides water and sewer service. 3.6 CURRENT AND FUTURE LAND USE Alamance, Durham, Orange, and Person Counties as well as several of the towns and cities within the Eno-Haw region have comprehensive land use plans in place. A community’s comprehensive plan and future land use map guide development decisions and indicate where growth can be expected to occur based on land suitability and the community’s overall vision and priorities. This section summarizes current and future land use and growth and development trends in each county. ALAMANCE COUNTY In 2020 Alamance County updated it previous comprehensive plan (2007). The 2020 Land Development Plan and Snow Camp Small Area Plan reviews existing conditions within the county and outlines a vision for future development. The Alamance County Planning Department is responsible for planning and development activities in the County. Alamance County is characterized by substantial divide between rural and urban development. In recent years, the county has experienced increased development in unincorporated areas. I n 2000, Alamance County’s population totaled 130,800. By 2019, the population had increased by 30% to an approximate total of 170,000. As such, there was an influx of new housing – 18,000 new units between 2000 and 2019. Around 30% of this population growth (10,700 people) and 5,000 of the new residential units were located in the unincorporated county. Unincorporated areas that experienced growth include the NC-49 corridor between Burlington and Liberty, north and south of Mebane, and the Swepsonville area. 92 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 46 Agricultural uses make up almost 40 percent of total land use. Over 30 percent of the land area is designated as residential – 22 percent rural residential, 8 percent single family, and 1 percent multi - family/townhouse. More intense uses, including multi -family, commercial, industrial, and institutional land uses are concentrated in municipalities. Figure 3.6 displays a map of the county’s existing land use. FUTURE LAND USE The future land use map is categorized by character areas that outline allowable uses, design characteristics, and density recommendations. The overall vision for future land use in the county includes focused growth near municipalities, defined opportunit ies for commercial and employment land uses, protection of rural character in less developed areas, and a decrease in development pressure in agricultural areas. Figure 3.7 displays the future land use map with the following land use categories: — Municipal Growth — Suburban Transition — Rural Residential — Agricultural — Open Space and Parks — Rural Center — Mill Village — Employment Centers 93 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 47 Figure 3.6 – Alamance County Existing Land Use Map, 2020 94 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 48 Figure 3.7 - Alamance County Future Land Use Map, 2020 95 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 49 VILLAGE OF ALAMANCE The Village of Alamance 2024 Land Use Plan conveys a vision of the community for the next 15 to 20 years. Based on the previous land use analysis completed in 2005, the planning area covers a total land area of 6,417 acres. The ETJ area contains 1,319 acres and the village contains 458 acres. The remaining acreage is located in the area beyond the ETJ. Slightly more than 76 percent of the land in the ETJ was undeveloped, and in the village 36.08 percent of the land was undeveloped. Around 51 percent of the entire planning area was characterized as vacant and 25 percent single-family residential, however, single-family residential designates over 53 percent of the land uses within the village boundary. Figure 3.8 shows the existing land use map. Figure 3.8 – Village of Alamance Existing Land Use Map, 2024 FUTURE LAND USE The future land use map is broken down into land classification categories. Each classification is defined by established criteria for type, intensity, and location of land uses and public improvements that should occur in the planning area. The land classifications area as follows: — Resource Conservation Overlay — Public Reserve Areas — Rural Conservation Areas — Medium Density Residential — Traditional Neighborhood Area — The Village Center — Community Commercial Areas — Light Employment Center A future land use map for the village is show in Figure 3.9. 96 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 50 Figure 3.9 – Village of Alamance Future Land Use Map, 2024 CITY OF BURLINGTON Based on the city’s current comprehensive plan, 2015, there has been a growth pattern outward from the center – new development has for decades trended towards the south and west sides of the city and near the airport. Neighborhoods surrounding the core transitioned from mixed-use, typically mill-centric villages to primarily residential neighborhoods. However, Downtown and the city’s major corridors throughout the city have remained commercial in nature. There are some remaining pockets of industry within, but those are concentrated in small districts throughout the city and its south side. Figure 3.10 displays the existing land use map. 97 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 51 Figure 3.10 – City of Burlington Existing Land Use Map, 2015 FUTURE LAND USE Burlington has room to grow on its fringe within its existing corporate limits but also has the opportunity to expand within its ETJ into the adjacent agricultural and rural lands. Based on its future land use goals, Burlington has a desire to focus on the redevelopment and revitalization of portions of the city that have suffered from little investment in infrastructure or buildings in decades. Particularly the east side of the city needs considerable attention from a development perspective and land use and zoning will need to support opportunities to revitalize that area of the city. A future land use map can be found in the City of Burlington Comprehensive Plan: Destination Burlington, 2015. TOWN OF ELON The Envision Elon 2040 Comprehensive Land Use Plan was adopted in 2019. Development is overseen by the Planning and Zoning and Development Services department. Elon is intertwined with the college and has seen a noticeable increase in population of 9% from 2010 to 2017. Around 32.5 percent of the land area in the Elon is developed. The university is located in the southern portion of the Town and is surrounded by commercial and residential land uses. An existing land use map is shown in Figure 3.11. 98 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 52 Figure 3.11 – Town of Elon Existing Land Use Map, 2019 FUTURE LAND USE The town’s future land use map is shown in Figure 3.12. Based on the town’s vision and goals, they aim to concentrate future development in the “core” around Elon University and downtown to help foster walkability for those that live and work in the town. The town aims to integrate cultural and recreational 99 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 53 opportunities into the development pattern, fostering social connections. Also, by directing future development to the center of Elon, existing infrastructure capacity can be utilized, which is another goal. The community is also committed to conserving valuable natural resources. The map delineates areas where such assets exist and should therefore be the subject of future conservation efforts. The map supports policies for lower density development near such assets and the use of conservation design to ensure minimal impacts to such resources. The future land use classifications area as follows: — Commercial — Employment — Mixed-Use — Multi-Family Living — Neighborhood Living — Low-Density Residential — Rural Living — Institutional — Parks and Open Space — Conservation Figure 3.12 – Town of Elon Future Land Use Map, 2019 100 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 54 CITY OF GRAHAM The Graham 2035 Comprehensive Plan was adopted in 2015. Based on the existing land use analysis described in this plan, existing land use development has remained consistent with previous spatial policies with the majority of the city zoned for residential uses. FUTURE LAND USE Graham will focus compact development in well-defined areas in order to increase the viability of regional transit, preserve open space, rural areas, and environmentally sensitive lands, efficiently provide public services and infrastructure, and promote infill development and redevelopment. Compact growth areas include a number of communitywide activity destinations, including downtown and future mixed- use activity centers that will serve as focal points and centers of activity. A future land use map is show in Figure 3.13. Future land use areas are categorized by the following classes: — Downtown District — Mixed Use Commercial — Education District — Employment District — Industrial — Downtown Regional Node — Interchange Regional Node — Community Activity Center — Neighborhood Activity Center — Potential Activity Center — Mixed Use Residential — Downtown Residential — Suburban Residential — Commercial Corridor — Rural Residential 101 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 55 Figure 3.13 – City of Graham Future Land Use Map, 2015 102 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 56 TOWN OF GREEN LEVEL Existing land uses were mapped and analyzed in the Town of Green Level Land Development Plan, 2018. The town has experienced limited land use changes over the past two decades. Changes that have occurred over the years have been attributed to forested lands being cleared for timber, loss of farmland to housing development, and some residential development throughout the town. Table 3.9 below shows the acreage and percent of land area for each land use. Over 43 of the Town’s land area is single-family residential and around 41 percent is farmland. A map of existing land use is in Figure 3.14. Table 3.9 – Green Level Existing Land Use Categories and Acreage Existing Land Use Acres Percent Farmland 1,453.5 41.2% Single-Family* 1,530.1 43.4% Vacant 216.6 6.1% Industrial 173.8 4.9% Commercial/Office 58.6 1.7% Institutional/Governmental 44.9 1.3% Multi-family and Mobile Home Parks 42.3 1.2% Recreation/Open Space 5.5 0.2% *includes mobile homes Source: Green Level Land Development Plan, 2018 FUTURE LAND USE The town has experienced limited land use changes over the past two decades, however, it expects an increase in growth and development over the new few years. The future land use plan aims to mange growth to align with the overall vision and goals of Green Level. The town’s future land use plan is shown in Figure 3.15. The future land use classes are as follows: — Developed — City Core — Transition — Town Activity Center — Rural — Conservation Overlay 103 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 57 Figure 3.14 – Town of Green Level Existing Land Use Map, 2018 Figure 3.15 – Town of Green Level Future Land Use Map, 2018 104 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 58 TOWN OF HAW RIVER The Town of Haw River created the Town Plan 2040, a Comprehensive Plan Use and Master Plan which was adopted in 2020. The town’s main street is larger than any other commercial/industrial area of the Town and as such, includes the greatest number of employees. The majority of the remainder of the property includes low density neighborhoods, an elementary school, restaurants, a grocery store, civic/public service buildings, gas stations, places of worship and a few textile manufacturers and businesses developed somewhat in isolation from other buildings. FUTURE LAND USE For the most part, the future land use map has been developed to focus redevelopment and new development of sufficient densities in areas where utilities already exist or are already programed to be extended. Several areas of town have been identified and designated on the future land use map for mixed use and commercial land uses as these areas should be encouraged to be redeveloped or enhanced as vacant or underperforming properties are replaced. The future land use map is shown in Figure 3.16 and the designation categories area as follows: — Civic — Commercial — Employment/Manufacturing — Mixed Use — Rural — Single Family Neighborhood — Transitional Neighborhood 105 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 59 Figure 3.16 – Town of Haw River Future Land Use Map, 2020 106 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 60 CITY OF MEBANE Mebane’s land uses were mapped in the City of Mebane Comprehensive Land Development Plan, 2017. The city’s existing land use map is shown in Figure 3.17. Table 3.10 below shows the acreage totals for each major category of land use within the city limits, the city’s ETJ, and the remaining study area, as shown on the following map. The City of Mebane has seen steady growth since the last land development plan, completed in 2001. Recent growth has occurred across sectors: manufacturing, distribution, commercial and residential. It has been particularly concentrated along I-40/85 in close proximity to interchanges. Around 31 percent of the city is single-family homes. Only 3.5 percent of the land area is occupied by multi-family homes, however, these units make up 65 percent of new residential units within Mebane. Within the Mebane city limits, 25% of the land (1,409 acres) is undeveloped, scattered in various locations. About 204 acres of the Mill Creek subdivision remain undeveloped, comprising nearly 15% of the City’s total undeveloped acreage. In the City’s ETJ, 32% of the land (2,364 acres) is undeveloped. Table 3.10 – Mebane Existing Land Use Acreage, 2017 Source: Mebane Comprehensive Land Development Plan FUTURE LAND USE Three community building principles were used in developing the City of Mebane’s growth strategy and to define the geography of its primary growth strategy areas. Principle one focuses on incorporating a mix of land uses to achieve a classic village feel and function. This will prioritized in the at the NC-119 Bypass/US-70 confluence and the Cameron Lane areas. Principle two aims to expand the road network to avoid “unconnected roads”. The aim is to develop a network that will disperse traffic, making roads safer for cyclists and pedestrians, and less congested at rush hours. Principle three focuses on the expansion of conservation development. The primary purpose of conservation development is to optimize the efficiency of development projects, protecting areas of open space within each development and connecting them together for a shared green infrastructure that benefits the larger community. A growth strategy map is displayed in Figure 3.18. 107 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 61 Figure 3.17 – Mebane Existing Land Use Map, 2017 Figure 3.18 – Mebane Growth Strategy Areas Map, 2017 108 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 62 TOWN OF SWEPSONVILLE The Town’s corporate limits encompass approximately 1.4 square miles of land. The Town’s population has increased steadily over the past 20 years and is projected to continue increasing slowly over the next decade. According to the Town of Swepsonville’s 2040 Comprehensive Land Use and Master Plan (2022), the majority of the town’s existing land uses is comprised of single-family residences. Along NC Highway 54 and Highway 119 is the Honda Power Equipment Manufacturing Plant, the largest manufacturing operation in the community. The town’s historic “Main Street” area is an untapped resource with potential for development. Additionally, the parcel, across from the Swepsonville Farmers Market, has frontage on the Haw River and has a lot of redevelopment potential from both a local economic and cultural perspective. FUTURE LAND USE The future land use map in Figure 3.19 depicts a pattern of development to accommodate a combination of residential, non-residential and mixed-use growth and redevelopment. One of the recommendations detailed in the 2022 comprehensive plan, is the development of a ‘town campus’ housing government operations (i.e. administration, police, etc.) and community recreational amenities as well as expanding commercial development/redevelopment along the Swepsonville-Saxapahaw Road corridor as a means of establishing a downtown commercial area within the community. The Town has also designated several parcels along the NC Highway 54 corridor as viable for redevelopment into Commercial/Mixed Use land uses. The Town envisions phasing out several existing residential land uses within the corridor in support of additional non-residential development. 109 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 63 Figure 3.19 – Swepsonville Future Land Use Map, 2022 110 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 64 DURHAM COUNTY & CITY Durham City-County Planning Department is responsible for planning activities throughout the City and County. Durham has a Comprehensive Plan adopted in 2023.The plan guides where and how private development should occur as well as how the City and County should provide public facilities and services to support future growth. The plan is long range in scope, focusing on the next 30 years. Based on the zoning map in Figure 3.20, a large portion of Durham County is zoned for residential uses while the city has a range of uses including residential, commercial, and industrial with varying levels of intensity. Since the previous comprehensive plan (2008), Durham has seen a rapid increase in growth that has resulted in a higher cost of living and disproportionately impacted residents. The overall growth strategy aims to manage growth to provide equitable access to services, transportation, housing and mitigate negative impacts of potential displacement. Figure 3.20 – Durham City-County Zoning Map, 2023 111 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 65 FUTURE LAND USE Outlined in the 2023 comprehensive plan, Durham created a growth management strategy that outlines how the City of Durham and County of Durham make decisions about where to direct new development, what infrastructure to invest in, and what kind of development to approve. Areas of future growth are shown in Figure 3.21. Future Growth Areas have been identified as parts of Durham within the Urban Growth Boundary that are currently undeveloped or sparsely developed and need critical infrastructure upgrades (like water, sewer, or fire service) to serve new development. In conjunction with the growth management strategy, Durham created Place Types which show where, geographically different types of land uses (ex. houses, businesses, farmland etc.) should be in the future. The Place Type Map, shown in Figure 3.22, is also where you can see how the growth management strategy functions geographically. The map shows the Urban Growth Boundary, Future Growth Areas, and all the Place Types that work together to guide how Durham develops. Additionally, different Place Type designations work together on the Place Type Map to move Durham towards a 15- minute community, part of Durham’s Growth Management Strategy. As new developments are proposed in Zoning Map Change applications and Annexation applications, Planning staff, City Council, County Commissioners, Planning Commission, and residents will use the Place Types, Place Type Map, and Policies to evaluate whether or not the development proposal meets the community’s vision. The place types are as follows: — Apartment & Townhouse Neighborhood — Community Institution — Downtown — Employment Campus — Established Residential — General Industrial — Highway Commercial — Institutional Campus — Mixed Employment — Mixed Residential Neighborhood — Mixed Use Neighborhood — Neighborhood Services — Planned Suburban Neighborhood — Rural & Agricultural Reserve — Rural Commercial — Resource Extraction — Recreation & Open Space — Suburban Commercial — Transit Opportunity Area — Utility & Public Works Facilities — Urban Growth Boundary — Future Growth Areas 112 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 66 Figure 3.21 – Durham Urban Growth Boundary and Future Growth Areas 113 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 67 Figure 3.22 – Durham Place Type Map 114 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 68 ORANGE COUNTY The Orange County Comprehensive Plan (2008) is an official public document that provides the framework for long range decision making in the community. The Plan serves to guide the County’s growth and development through the year 2030 by addressing the multitude of issues facing the county. In 2023 the county began updating the comprehensive plan and developing the Orange County Land Use Plan 2050. This plan will serve to guide the County's growth and conservation efforts through the year 2050. The Land Use Plan will consider a variety of topics related to physical planning in the community, including: — Community Equity — Community Resiliency and Climate Change — Economic Development — Farmland Protection — Housing — Natural and Cultural Systems — New development and redevelopment — Parks and Recreation — Services (Utilities) and Community Facilities — Transportation In preparation for the 2050 plan, Orange County developed a New Issues and Opportunities report to reflect on changes since the development of the previous plan in 2008. The report notes that county has experienced modest population growth with a difference of about 23% between 2005 (population of 121,991) and 2022 (150,477). From 2010 to 2020, the greatest increase in population numbers in Orange County was in the unincorporated areas. Within the context of these population changes, Orange County has experienced shifts in four key topic areas related to land use planning: agriculture, natural and water resources, housing, and climate action. Currently, nearly 75% of Orange County consists of prime farmland soil. However, farmland conversion—the change of farmland to non-agricultural uses, such as low-density residential uses— continues to be a threat to Orange County’s working lands. Based on the zoning map in Figure X, the county is primarily zoned for residential and agricultural uses. FUTURE LAND USE Orange County’s Future Land Use Map is shown in Figure 3.24 on the following page. Orange County identifies 10-year and 20-year transition areas for growth but also has a significant area in the southeastern quadrant of the county around the Towns of Chapel Hill and Carrboro designated as rural buffer area. The county is currently updating its future land use map, however, the new plan will follow four overarching themes that will guide future development and policies: — Protecting Critical Watershed Areas and Open Spaces and Preserving Agricultural Lands — Advancing Attainability of Equitable Housing and Upward Mobility — Supporting Climate Responsive Transportation Systems and Economic Development Initiatives — Cultivating Sustainable Development 115 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 69 Figure 3.23 – Orange County Zoning Map 116 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 70 Figure 3.24 – Orange County Future Land Use Map, 2008 117 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 71 TOWN OF CARRBORO The Town of Carrboro developed its first comprehensive plan in 2022, the Carrboro Connects Comprehensive Plan. The plan looks 20 years into the future and is focused around themes of race and equity and climate action, which are integral across every aspect of the plan. Based on the existing land use map in Figure 3.25, Carrboro’s largest land use consists of residential areas with a mix of housing types and a concentration of multi-family housing in the southeastern side of the town. There are several areas designated for parks, open space, and conservation easements scattered throughout the town. A mix of business, commercial, and government uses are clustered in the southeastern part of Carrboro. FUTURE LAND USE The future land use map in Figure 3.26 shows existing and proposed land uses throughout the town, Northern Study Area, and ETJ. Proposed changes are shown hatch lines on the map. Strategies and projects outlined in this plan call for establishing greater density near transit and key nodes, and more land available for affordable housing, commercial and light industrial development, and parkland. The plan also outlines specific changes and development for four corridor projects that include redevelopment of business districts, increasing affordable housing, transportation upgrades, new recreation areas, and new commercial and mixed-used development. Details and maps of the proposed projects can be found in the comprehensive plan. The focus areas are as follows: — Jones Ferry Road Corridor and Downtown — NC 54 — Rogers, Homestead and Old NC 86 — Estes and N. Greensboro 118 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 72 Figure 3.25 – Town of Carrboro Existing Land Use, 2022 119 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 73 Figure 3.26 – Town of Carrboro Future Land Use Map, 2022 120 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 74 TOWN OF CHAPEL HILL Chapel Hill adopted a comprehensive plan in 2012 called Chapel Hill 2020. In 2017 the Town developed a complimentary plan update, Chapel Hill, Charting our Future, A Land Use Charter, which provides and update to the town’s future land use plan. Based on the existing land use map in Figure 3.28, a large portion of the Town is designated for residential uses, particularly low residential comprising of 1-4 units, however medium (408 units) and high (8+ units) residential uses are located throughout the town. Several areas of parks/open space are consistently spaced throughout Chapel Hill. The university occupies a significant portion of land use as well. Commercial uses are concentrated along Fordham Rd and Frankling St. FUTURE LAND USE The future land use map is organized into two components – a focus area map, Figure 3.30, that reflect six areas of opportunity, and a overall map, Figure 3.29, that depicts the desired land use for all parcels in town outside of the focus areas. The focus areas represent the portions of Chapel Hill most likely to change in the future due to the existence of vacant land; underdeveloped sites; and their locations along transportation and transit corridors. Each focus area is mapped separately and includes a vision for the area, a matrix of the preferred and discouraged land uses and desirable building heights, a description of the desired form of development, and a set of focus area principles tailored to the unique circumstances of the area. The areas are as follows: — North Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard — South Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard — North 15-501 Corridor — Downtown — NC 54 Corridor — South Columbia Gateway For the general future land use map, each parcel is labeled with a land use that indicates its desired future land use. The desired future land uses include residential; commercial; mixed use; industrial; and open space. The land use categories are summarized in Figure 3.27 below. Figure 3.27 – Chapel Hill Future Land Use Categories 121 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 75 Figure 3.28 - Chapel Hill Existing Land Use Map, 2018 122 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 76 Figure 3.29 - Chapel Hill Future Land Use Map 123 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 77 Figure 3.30 – Chapel Hill Focus Area Map HILLSBOROUGH The Town of Hillsborough outlines their existing and future land use in the Comprehensive Sustainability Plan adopted in 2023. Located on the Eno River in Orange County, Hillsborough is situated within one of the fastest growing corridors in North Carolina. Hillsborough has experienced growth similar to the Triangle counties over the last decade. Growth is expected to continue as new residents and businesses move to the area. 124 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 78 Based on the zoning map shown in Figure 3.32, the majority of the town is zoned for residential uses. Agricultural uses are clustered in the center of the town with office institutional in the northern portion. FUTURE LAND USE The future land use plan for the town considers the existing zoning and land use and demonstrates what uses are projected or desired in the future for specific locations. The future land uses within the town are defined by classification and show in Figure 3.31. Residential land uses account for approximately 60 percent of the future land use in the town, varying from rural living to small lot and mixed residential neighborhoods. Commercial uses represent approximately 20 percent of land use, and natural resources represent approximately 12 percent of land uses. The town has a small amount (approximately 4.5 percent) of light industrial uses identified as future land use. The figure below shows acreage and percentage of land within each future land use class. The comprehensive plan discusses the importance of focusing development in key areas, particularly those already accommodated by water and sewer infrastructure to encourage smart growth in Hillsborough. Based on the water and sewer capacity constraints, growth should be focused in the southern part of town in the Elizabeth Brady Basin. Some growth is also anticipated in the northern portion of the town (in the Eno River Basin). A potential growth areas map is shown in Figure 3.33. Figure 3.31 – Town of Hillsborough Future Land Use Classifications 125 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 79 Figure 3.32 – Town of Hillsborough Zoning Map 126 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 80 Figure 3.33 - Town of Hillsborough Growth Areas Map 127 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 81 PERSON COUNTY Person County and the City Roxboro adopted a joint comprehensive plan in 2021 that aims to guide future development for both communities in a coordinated and strategic manner. Roxboro and Person County have historically centered around agricultural and manufacturing industries, however, the area has experienced new residential growth in recent years, particularly in the southern portion of the County. Person County has grown by a rate of around 2% to 3% in the last decade but remains gradual compared to the rapid growth experienced in neighboring Durham-Chapel Hill metro area. Growth of the County has been hindered by a lack of available housing. While the current demand for housing does not appear to be driving a large increase in housing construction, it is possible that larger-scale housing development in southern Person County could increase the County’s population growth, as residents from Raleigh- Durham seek to live in more rural, and more affordable locations. The primary land use, over 90 percent, within the County is rural/agriculture/undeveloped with the remaining land mostly designated for residential uses. A summary of the existing land use is show in Table 3.11 and an existing land use map is shown in Figure 3.34. Table 3.11 – Person County Land Use Percentage Land Use Percent of County Rural/ Agriculture/ Undeveloped 90.5% Residential 7.3% Government /Exempt 1.2% Commercial 0.8% Industrial 0.2% Source: Person County and City of Roxboro Joint Comprehensive Plan, 2021 CITY OF ROXBORO The City of Roxboro is almost eight miles long and is located in central Person County. Roxboro is the hub of commercial development and an area where industrial, retail, and residential properties intermingle to serve the citizens of the area. Over the last decade, the City of Roxboro’s population has actually decreased by almost 3%. Like the County, the city’s primary land use, around 40 percent is classified as rural / agriculture / undeveloped. However, a larger portion of the city is dedicated to residential uses, around 26 percent. A sizable portions of the land is dedicated to commercial uses and government uses. Table 3.12 provides and existing land use summary and a map of existing uses is shown in Figure 3.35. Table 3.12 – City of Roxboro Land Use Percentage Land Use Percent of County Rural/ Agriculture/ Undeveloped 39.6% Residential 25.9% Government /Exempt 12.0% Commercial 15.6% Industrial 6.9% Source: Person County and City of Roxboro Joint Comprehensive Plan, 2021 128 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 82 Figure 3.34 – Person County Existing Land Use Map, 2021 129 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 83 Figure 3.35 – City of Roxboro Existing Land Use Map, 2021 130 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 84 FUTURE LAND USE (CITY AND COUNTY) The 2021 comprehensive plan outlines that the overall future development in the area seeks to preserve the general existing development patterns, particularly in residential areas, restricted water supply watershed areas, prime agricultural lands, and established commercial areas. It also seeks to provide opportunities for growth in commercial uses in the City of Roxboro, as well as denser residential growth in and around the city, directing growth where necessary infrastructure is available to support it. This focus on growth in and around the city aims to help preserve prime agricultural lands and rural communities. Based on the future land use map, rural land uses are the most dominant classification. Land classified as growth areas surrounds the City of Roxboro with pockets of residential neighborhoods established around the city. The city has a more diverse set of future land use classifications with growth areas designated around the perimeter and commercial uses placed along major roads in the center of the city. Residential neighborhoods occupy the northern portion of the city with some industrial uses in the southern end. A table of the future land use classifications and acreage for both the city and county are summarized in Figure 3.36 and future land use maps for Person and Roxboro are displayed in Figure 3.37 and Figure 3.38 respectively. Figure 3.36 – Person County and City of Roxboro Future Land Use Designations Source: Person County and City of Roxboro Joint Comprehensive Plan, 2021 131 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 85 Figure 3.37 – Person County Future Land Use Map, 2021 132 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 86 Figure 3.38 – City of Roxboro Future Land Use Map, 2021 133 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 87 3.7 EMPLOYMENT AND INDUSTRY The counties and communities in the Eno-Haw region have several of the state’s major colleges, universities, and hospitals. The area is home to thousands of students and educators that define the industry and economy of the region. Additionally, Durham County contains the majority of Research Triangle Park. WAGES AND EMPLOYMENT Per the 2019-2023 ACS 5-Year Estimates, the average median household income for the Eno-Haw region was $74,357, which exceeds the state’s median household income ($69,904). However, by county median household income is lower than the state average in Alamance and Person Counties and higher in Durham and Orange Counties. Per capita income statistics mirror this pattern. Compared to the state, a greater proportion of the population is living below the poverty level in Alamance and Person Counties and more of the population lacks health insurance coverage in Alamance and Durham Counties, however, the population in both counties have a larger proportion of coverage compared to the state. Table 3.13 shows economic statistics and Table 3.14 shows employment statistics for all counties in the region. Economic statistics by participating jurisdiction can be found in each jurisdiction’s annex. Table 3.13 – Employment Statistics for Eno-Haw Region, 2023 Jurisdiction Population in Labor Force Percent Employed* (%) Unemployment Rate (%) Median Household Income Alamance County 88,133 60.0% 4.9% $64,445 Alamance 618 62.6% 0.2% $88,438 Burlington 28,815 59.4% 5.9% $54,941 Elon 4,625 43.3% 2.8% $82,717 Graham 9,087 58.5% 7.9% $54,783 Green Level 1,342 55.9% 3.0% $54,020 Haw River 1,479 67.1% 2.3% $67,366 Mebane 10,136 66.7% 3.4% $84,312 Ossipee 366 55.6% 16.9% $59,076 Swepsonville 1,375 69.1% 3.1% $94,028 Durham County 181,367 64.5% 4.2% $79,501 City of Durham 163,004 66.2% 4.2% $79,234 Orange County 76,010 59.7% 3.6% $88,553 Carrboro 12,461 69.3% 3.9% $85,927 Chapel Hill 29,993 54.9% 4.6% $85,825 Hillsborough 5,055 61.9% 4.8% $98,467 Person County 19,832 59.1% 3.9% $64,927 Roxboro 3,475 49.9% 5.3% $39,283 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Note: This table reports only the civilian labor force. The labor force in armed services accounted for 0.2% of the population 16 and over across the region. Population employed, population unemployed, and population not in labor force are reported as a percent of the total population aged 16 years and older. 134 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 88 Table 3.14 – Eno-Haw Region Employment by Industry, 2023 Industry Alamance County Durham County Orange County Person County Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining 0.5% 0.4% 0.6% 1.6% Construction 7.7% 6.4% 5.0% 7.6% Manufacturing 13.6% 7.1% 5.7% 14.5% Wholesale trade 2.3% 1.4% 1.1% 2.4% Retail trade 12.9% 7.9% 8.0% 11.3% Transportation and warehousing, and utilities 4.6% 3.0% 2.1% 5.2% Information 1.0% 1.7% 2.2% 0.6% Finance and insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing 4.9% 5.8% 4.6% 4.5% Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services 9.0% 16.9% 16.2% 8.8% Educational services, and health care and social assistance 26.5% 33.7% 37.9% 24.6% Arts, entertainment, and recreation, and accommodation and food services 8.7% 7.5% 9.1% 9.2% Other services, except public administration 4.7% 4.3% 4.1% 4.3% Public administration 3.5% 3.9% 3.3% 5.4% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Across the region, the largest industry sector in 2023 was “educational services, and health care and social assistance,” comprising between 24.6 and 37.9 percent of employment across the participating counties. In Alamance and Person Counties, the next largest industry by employment was “manufacturing.” In Alamance County, this prominence is due in part to the continued presence of textile manufacturing; however, both counties have a variety of manufacturing. In Durham and Orange Counties, the next largest industry by employment was “professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services.” Durham County contains the majority of Research Triangle Park, a major employment hub for the region, which partially explains the presence of more large employers in Durham County. Table 3.15 summarizes the major employers in each county in the Eno-Haw region from AccessNC as of the 2024 3rd quarter. Table 3.15 – Major Employers, Eno-Haw Region Company Industry Employment range Alamance County Laboratory Corporation of America H Health Care and Social Assistance 1000+ Alamance-Burlington School System Educational Services 1000+ Alamance Regional Medical Center Health Care and Social Assistance 1000+ Elon University Educational Services 1000+ United Parcel Service Inc Transportation and Warehousing 1000+ Wal-Mart Associates Inc Retail Trade 1000+ Alamance County Public Administration 1000+ City Of Burlington Public Administration 500-999 135 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 89 Company Industry Employment range Cedar Crest Staffing LLC Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services 500-999 Amazoncom Services Inc Transportation and Warehousing 500-999 Industrial C&S LLC Manufacturing 500-999 Gkn Driveline North America Inc Manufacturing 500-999 Food Lion Retail Trade 500-999 American Honda Motor Co Inc Manufacturing 500-999 Alamance Community College Educational Services 500-999 Sheetz Distribution Services LLC Transportation and Warehousing 500-999 Glen Raven Inc Manufacturing 250-499 Lutheran Retirement Ministries of A Health Care and Social Assistance 250-499 Kernodle Clinic Inc Health Care and Social Assistance 250-499 Luxor Contracting Inc Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services 250-499 Lowes Home Centers Inc Retail Trade 250-499 Armacell LLC Manufacturing 250-499 Carolina Biological Supply Co Inc Wholesale Trade 250-499 Aramark Food and Support Services G Accommodation and Food Services 250-499 Ice Age Management Inc Accommodation and Food Services 250-499 Durham County Duke University Health Care and Social Assistance 1000+ Fidelity Workplace Investing LLC Finance and Insurance 1000+ Durham Public Schools Board of Ed Educational Services 1000+ Cisco Systems Inc Management of Companies and Enterprises 1000+ Wolfspeed Inc Manufacturing 1000+ Veterans Administration Va Ro318 Health Care and Social Assistance 1000+ Internationl Business Machines Corp Manufacturing 1000+ City of Durham Public Administration 1000+ Research Triangle Institute Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 1000+ Durham County Government Public Administration 1000+ Amazoncom Services Inc Transportation and Warehousing 1000+ Iqvia Rds Inc Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 1000+ Biogen Idec Us Limited Partnership Manufacturing 1000+ N C Central University 18341 Educational Services 1000+ Glaxosmithkline LLC Manufacturing 1000+ Aisin North Carolina Corp Manufacturing 1000+ Intervet Inc Manufacturing 1000+ Laboratory Corporation Of America H Health Care and Social Assistance 1000+ Environmental Protection Agency Public Administration 1000+ Netapp Inc Wholesale Trade 1000+ Alliance Behavioral Healthcare Public Administration 1000+ 136 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 90 Company Industry Employment range KBI Biopharma Inc Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 1000+ Harris Teeter LLC Retail Trade 500-999 Credit Suisse Services Usa LLC Finance and Insurance 500-999 BASF Corporation Manufacturing 500-999 Orange County UNC Chapel Hill Educational Services 1000+ UNC Health Care System Health Care and Social Assistance 1000+ Chapel Hill-Carrboro City Schools Educational Services 1000+ Orange County Public Administration 1000+ Orange County Schools Educational Services 1000+ Sports Endeavor Inc Retail Trade 1000+ Town Of Chapel Hill Inc Public Administration 500-999 Wal-Mart Associates Inc Retail Trade 500-999 Aramark Food and Support Services G Accommodation and Food Services 250-499 Summit Design & Engineering Service Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 250-499 Wegmans Food Markets Inc Retail Trade 250-499 A K G of America Inc Manufacturing 250-499 Harris Teeter LLC Retail Trade 250-499 Hyatt Corporation Accommodation and Food Services 250-499 Chapel Hill Residential Retirement Health Care and Social Assistance 250-499 Rex Healthcare Inc Health Care and Social Assistance 250-499 Food Lion Retail Trade 250-499 Asklepios Biopharmaceutical Inc Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 250-499 P H E Inc Retail Trade 250-499 Residential Services Inc Health Care and Social Assistance 250-499 Weaver Street Market Inc Retail Trade 250-499 Justworks Employment Group LLC Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 250-499 Piedmont Health Services Inc Management of Companies and Enterprises 250-499 Westrock Services LLC Manufacturing 100-249 Open Answer LLC Other Services (except Public Administration) 100-249 Person County Person County Board Of Education Educational Services 500-999 County of Person Public Administration 500-999 Poly Wood LLC Wholesale Trade 250-499 Wal-Mart Associates Inc Retail Trade 250-499 DLP Partner LLC Health Care and Social Assistance 100-249 Spuntech Industries Inc Manufacturing 100-249 Duke Energy Progress LLC Utilities 100-249 137 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 91 Company Industry Employment range Food Lion Retail Trade 100-249 Piedmont Community College Educational Services 100-249 Louisiana-Pacific Corporation Manufacturing 100-249 City Of Roxboro Public Administration 100-249 Accu Reference Medical Lab LLC Health Care and Social Assistance 100-249 Eaton Corporation Manufacturing 100-249 Lowes Home Centers Inc Retail Trade 100-249 Gkn Driveline North America Inc Manufacturing 100-249 Us Flue Cured Tobacco Growers Inc Manufacturing 100-249 Hscgp LLC Formerly Lifepoint Csgp L Health Care and Social Assistance 100-249 Tires Unlimited Inc Retail Trade 50-99 Piedmont Maintenance & Services Inc Construction 50-99 Tri-Arc Food Systems Inc Accommodation and Food Services 50-99 Carolina Qsc Management LLC Accommodation and Food Services 50-99 Old Belt Extracts LLC Manufacturing 50-99 Talbert Building Supply Inc Retail Trade 50-99 United Home Care Inc Health Care and Social Assistance 50-99 Person County Group Homes Inc Health Care and Social Assistance 50-99 Source: ACCESSNC Employer Profile 3.8 SOCIAL VULNERABILITY Social vulnerability refers to a community’s capacity to prepare for and respond to the stress of hazardous events ranging from natural disasters, such as tornadoes or disease outbreaks, to human caused threats, such as toxic chemical spills. That is to say that even if different groups share similar exposure to a hazard, some groups may have a greater capacity to anticipate, cope, and recover from a disaster than others. Social vulnerability often refers to the population characteristics that have historically put certain groups of people at varying risk when they are exposed to the impacts of a hazard event (Cutter, 2003; Berke et al., 2019). Common and determining characteristics include age, gender, income, race, and ethnicity, and language capacity (Cutter et al., 2003; Berke et al., 2015). However, additional characteristics can include social networks, education, cultural knowledge, and political power (Otto et al., 2017). Social vulnerability considerations were included in this plan update to identify areas across the County that might be more vulnerable to hazard impacts based on a number of factors. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed a social vulnerability index (SVI) to measure the resilience of communities when confronted by external stresses such as natural or human- caused disasters or disease outbreaks. The CDC’s SVI indicates the relative vulnerability within census tracts based on 15 social factors: poverty, unemployment, income, education, age, disability, household composition, minority status, language, housing type, and transportation access. Higher social vulnerability is an indicator that a community may be limited in its ability to respond to and recover from hazard events. Therefore, using this SVI information can help the Region and jurisdictions to prioritize pre-disaster aid, allocate emergency preparedness and response resources, and plan for the provision of recovery support. Results are presented via a score ranging from 0 (lowest vulnerability) to 1 (highest vulnerability). The overall SVI scores reported for Orange County is 0.192, which indicates a low overall vulnerability. SVI scores reported for Alamance County and Person County are 0.414 and 0.273, respectively, which 138 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 92 indicates a low to medium overall vulnerability. Durham County has a slightly higher overall SVI score of 0.596, which indicates a high to medium overall vulnerability. When viewed by Census tract, some areas of relatively higher social vulnerability are apparent in north central Alamance County near Burlington and portions of Graham. Areas throughout the City of Durham also have high SVI scores. Census tracts in central Person County right around Roxboro have higher SVI scores as well as areas south west of Hillsborough in Orange County. Figure 3.23 displays CDC SVI data for the Eno-Haw Region by Census tract. 139 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA PROFILE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 93 Figure 3.39 – Social Vulnerability Index by Census Tract, 2022 140 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 94 4 RISK ASSESSMENT 4.1 OVERVIEW This section describes the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment process for the development of the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. It describes how the Region met the following requirements from the 10-step planning process: — Planning Step 4: Assess the Hazard — Planning Step 5: Assess the Problem As defined by FEMA, risk is a combination of hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. “It is the impact that a hazard would have on people, services, facilities, and structures in a community and refers to the likelihood of a hazard event resulting in an adverse condition that causes injury or damage.” This regional hazard risk assessment covers all of Alamance, Durham, Orange, and Person Counties including unincorporated areas and all incorporated jurisdictions participating in this plan. The risk assessment process identifies and profiles relevant hazards and assesses the exposure of lives, property, and infrastructure to these hazards. The process allows for a better understanding of the potential risk to natural hazards in the county and provides a framework for developing and prioritizing mitigation actions to reduce risk from future hazard events. This risk assessment followed the methodology described in the FEMA publication Understanding Your Risks—Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses (FEMA 386-2, 2002), which breaks the assessment down to a four-step process: Requirement §201.6(c)(2): [The plan shall include] A risk assessment that provides the factual basis for activities proposed in the strategy to reduce losses from identified hazards. Local risk assessments must provide sufficient information to enable the jurisdiction to identify and prioritize appropriate mitigation actions to reduce losses from identified hazards. Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(i): [The risk assessment shall include a] description of the type…of all natural hazards that can affect the jurisdiction. Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(i): [The risk assessment shall include a] description of the…location and extent of all natural hazards that can affect the jurisdiction. The plan shall include information on previous occurrences of hazard events and on the probability of future hazard events. 44 CFR Subsection D §201.6(c)(2)(ii): [The risk assessment shall include a] description of the jurisdiction’s vulnerability to the hazards described in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section. This description shall include an overall summary of each hazard and its impact on the community. Plans approved after October 1, 2008 must also address NFIP insured structures that have been repetitively damaged by floods. The plan should describe vulnerability in terms of: A) The types and numbers of existing and future buildings, infrastructure, and critical facilities located in the identified hazard areas; (B): An estimate of the potential dollar losses to vulnerable structures identified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section and a description of the methodology used to prepare the estimate; and (C): Providing a general description of land uses and development trends within the community so that mitigation options can be considered in future land use decisions. 141 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 95 Data collected through this process has been incorporated into the following sections of this plan: — Section 4.2: Hazard Identification identifies the natural and human-caused hazards that threaten the region. — Section 4.3: Risk Assessment Methodology and Assumptions describes how the risk and vulnerability assessment was conducted and presented. — Section 4.4: Asset Inventory details the people, buildings, and critical facilities at risk in the region. — Section 4.5: Hazard Profiles, Analysis, and Vulnerability discusses the threat to the region, describes previous occurrences of hazard events and the likelihood of future occurrences, and assesses the region’s exposure to each hazard profiled; considering assets at risk, critical facilities, and future development trends. — Section 4.6: Conclusions on Hazard Risk summarizes the results of the Priority Risk Index and defines each hazard as a Low, Medium, or High Risk hazard. 4.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION To identify the full range of hazards relevant to the planning area, the HMPC began with a review of the list of hazards identified in the 2023 State Hazard Mitigation Plan and the 2020 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. This review of hazards is summarized in Table 4.1. The HMPC used this process to ensure consistency across hazard mitigation planning efforts. All hazards listed below were evaluated for inclusion in this plan update, and, where appropriate, the hazard list in this plan was updated to be consistent with the State Hazard Mitigation Plan. Table 4.1 – Full Range of Hazards Evaluated Hazard Included in 2023 State HMP? Included in 2020 Eno-Haw HMP? Flooding Yes Yes Hurricanes and Coastal Hazards Yes Yes (Hurricanes) Severe Winter Weather Yes Yes Extreme Heat Yes Yes Earthquakes Yes Yes Wildfire Yes Yes Dam Failures Yes Yes Drought Yes Yes Tornadoes & Thunderstorms Yes Yes (evaluated separately) Geological (Landslides, Sinkholes) Yes Yes (Landslide) Hazardous Substances Yes Yes Radiological Emergency Yes Yes Terrorism/Mass Casualty Yes Yes Infectious Disease Yes Yes Cyber Threat Yes Yes Electromagnetic Pulse Yes No Civil Disturbance Yes Yes Critical Infrastructure Failure No Yes Food Emergency Yes No 1. Identify Hazards 2. Profile Hazard Events 3. Inventory Assets 4. Estimate Losses 142 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 96 The HMPC evaluated the above list of hazards using existing hazard data, past disaster declarations, local knowledge, and information from the 2023 State Plan and the 2020 Eno-Haw Regional Plan to determine the significance of these hazards to the planning area. Significance was measured in general terms and focused on key criteria such as frequency and resulting damage, which includes deaths and injuries, as well as property and economic damage. One significant resource in this effort was the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Center for Environmental Information (NCEI) Storm Events Database, which contains an archive by county of storms and other significant weather phenomena having sufficient intensity to cause loss of life, injuries, significant property damage, and/or disruption to commerce. The database also provides a partial record of other significant meteorological events, such as record maximum or minimum temperatures or precipitation that occurs in connection with another event. The database contains records of tornado events since 1950, thunderstorm wind and hail events since 1955, and all other tracked event types since 1996. NCEI receives storm data from the National Weather Service (NWS), which receives their information from a variety of sources, which include but are not limited to county, state and federal emergency management officials, local law enforcement officials, SkyWarn spotters, NWS damage surveys, newspaper clipping services, the insurance industry and the general public, among others. The NCEI database contains 1,654 records of severe weather events that occurred in the Eno-Haw Region in the 26-year period from 1998 through 2023. Table 4.2 summarizes these events. Table 4.2 – NCEI Severe Weather Reports for Eno-Haw Region Counties, Jan 1998 – Dec 2023 Type # of Events Property Damage Crop Damage Deaths Injuries Blizzard 0 $0 $0 0 0 Cold/Wind Chill 0 $0 $0 0 0 Drought 0 $0 $0 0 0 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill 0 $0 $0 0 0 Excessive Heat 0 $0 $0 0 0 Flash Flood 165 $13,794,000 $0 0 1 Flood 15 $38,520,000 $15,000,000 0 0 Frost/Freeze 0 $0 $0 0 0 Hail 277 $2,117,500 $60,500 0 0 Heat 5 $0 $0 1 0 Heavy Rain 17 $0 $0 0 0 Heavy Snow 4 $0 $0 0 0 High Wind 14 $4,000 $0 0 0 Hurricane 10 $3,000,309,000 $503,000,000 0 0 Ice Storm 9 $3,634,000 $0 0 0 Lightning 28 $3,040,000 $0 4 9 Strong Wind 69 $5,529,150 $24,000 1 3 Thunderstorm Wind 736 $3,579,250 $165,000 3 5 Tornado 24 $6,505,000 $10,000 0 3 Tropical Storm 8 $4,200,000 $25,000 0 0 Wildfire 0 $0 $0 0 0 Winter Storm 127 $3,100,000 $25,000 0 0 Winter Weather 146 $115,000 $0 0 0 Total: 1,654 $3,084,446,900 $518,309,500 9 21 Source: National Center for Environmental Information Events Database, Dec 2024 Note: Losses reflect totals for all impacted areas for each event. The HMPC also researched past events that resulted in a federal and/or state emergency or disaster declaration for the Eno-Haw Region counties in order to identify significant hazards. Federal and/or state disaster declarations may be granted when the Governor certifies that the combined local, county and state resources are insufficient and that the situation is beyond their recovery capabilities. When the local 143 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 97 government’s capacity has been surpassed, a state disaster declaration may be issued, allowing for the provision of state assistance. If the disaster is so severe that both the local and state government capacities are exceeded, a federal emergency or disaster declaration may be issued allowing for the provision of federal assistance. Records of designated counties for FEMA major disaster declarations start in 1964. Since then, Alamance, Durham, Orange, and Person Counties have been designated in 16 different major disaster declarations. Table 4.3 summarizes the count of major disaster declarations per county, and Table 4.4 provides details for these declarations. Table 4.3 – Summary of Disaster Declarations by County County Disaster Declarations Received Alamance 12 Durham 10 Orange 11 Person 12 Source: FEMA Disaster Declarations Summary, updated December 2, 2024 Table 4.4 – FEMA Major Disaster Declarations, Eno-Haw Region County* Disaster # Date Incident Type Event Title A, D, O, P 4487 3/25/2020 Biological COVID-19 Pandemic A, O, P 4412 1/31/2019 Hurricane Tropical Storm Michael A, D, O, P 4393 9/14/2018 Hurricane Hurricane Florence A, O, P 4167 3/31/2014 Severe Ice Storm Severe Winter Storm A 1969 4/19/2011 Severe Storm(s) Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding P 1801 10/8/2008 Severe Storm(s) Tropical Storm Hanna A 1553 9/18/2004 Hurricane Hurricane Ivan D, O, P 1490 9/18/2003 Hurricane Hurricane Isabel A, O, P 1457 3/27/2003 Severe Ice Storm Ice Storm A, D, O, P 1448 12/12/2002 Severe Ice Storm Severe Ice Storm A, D, O, P 1312 1/31/2000 Severe Storm(s) Severe Winter Storm A, D, O, P 1292 9/16/1999 Hurricane Hurricane Floyd Major Disaster Declarations D 1211 3/22/1998 Severe Storm(s) Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding A, D, O, P 1134 9/6/1996 Hurricane Hurricane Fran A, D, O, P 1087 1/13/1996 Snow Blizzard of 96 D 827 5/17/1989 Tornado Tornadoes Source: FEMA Disaster Declarations Summary, December 2, 2024 *County code: A = Alamance, D = Durham, O = Orange, P = Person Using the above information and additional discussion, the HMPC evaluated each hazard’s significance to the planning area in order to decide which hazards to include in this plan update. Some hazard titles have been updated either to better encompass the full scope of a hazard or to assess closely related hazards together. Table 4.5 summaries the determination made for each hazard. 144 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 98 Table 4.5 – Hazard Evaluation Results Hazard Included in this plan update? Explanation for Decision Flooding Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. Multiple disaster declarations for the region are related to flooding. NCEI reports 176 flood-related events. Hurricane and Coastal Hazards Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. Past disaster declarations and NCEI storm reports indicate hurricanes are a significant hazard for the region. Severe Winter Weather Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. Past disaster declarations indicate this is a significant hazard for the region. NCEI reports 287 severe winter weather related events for the region. Excessive Heat Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. NCEI reports 5 heat events for the region. Stakeholder input and climate change data indicate heat risk will increase. Earthquake Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. The region could face minor impacts from the Eastern Tennessee Seismic zone and the Charleston fault. Wildfire Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. Functional Wildland Urban Interface data from the Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment indicates that 23% of the region has direct exposure or property to wildfire risk. Dam Failure Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. There are multiple dams in the region. While the State plan includes levee failure within this hazard, the USACE’s National Levee Database does not identify any USACE or non- USACE levees in the region, so levee failure is not addressed. Drought Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. There is significant agricultural exposure to drought in Alamance, Orange, and Person Counties. Tornadoes & Thunderstorm Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. NCEI reports 24 tornado incidents and 1,041 thunderstorm incidents occurring in the region in the past 25 years. Multiple past disaster declarations indicate this is a significant hazard in the region. Geological (Landslide, Sinkholes) Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed landslides as a hazard. The 2023 State plan also addresses sinkholes, but the Eno Haw region does not have soils susceptible to sinkhole. USGS data indicates the Eno Haw region has moderate susceptibility to landslide, which is included in the plan update. Hazardous Materials Incident Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. The HMPC decided this hazard should be included given the presence of fixed facilities and transportation route that carry hazardous substances. 145 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 99 Hazard Included in this plan update? Explanation for Decision Radiological Emergency Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. Most of the region falls within the IPZ of Harris Nuclear Station, but none of the region is within the EPZ. The HMPC decided this hazard should be included. Terrorism/Mass Casualty Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. The HMPC wants to address this hazard in terms of an active shooter event. Infectious Disease Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. The HMPC wants to address this hazard. Cyber Threat Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. The HMPC wants to address this hazard. Electromagnetic Pulse No The 2023 State plan addressed this threat, but the 2020 Eno- Haw did not. The region considers this threat more appropriately addressed at the State level. Critical Infrastructure Failure Yes The 2023 State plan did not address this hazard, but HMPC representatives feel it is a local issue that should be included. Civil Disturbance Yes The 2020 Eno-Haw plan and 2023 State plan addressed this hazard. HMPC representatives feel it is a local issue that should be included. The final list of hazards included in this plan are as follows: — Dam Failure — Drought — Earthquake — Excessive Heat — Flooding — Landslide — Hurricane & Tropical Storm — Tornadoes & Thunderstorms — Severe Winter Weather — Wildfire — Civil Disturbance — Critical Infrastructure Failure — Cyber Threat — Hazardous Substances — Infectious Disease — Radiological Emergency — Terrorism/Mass Casualty 146 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 100 4.3 RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND ASSUMPTIONS The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires that the HMPC evaluate the risks associated with each of the hazards identified in the planning process. Each hazard was evaluated to determine its probability of future occurrence and potential impact. A vulnerability assessment was conducted for each hazard using either quantitative or qualitative methods depending on the available data, to determine its potential to cause significant human and/or monetary losses. A consequence analysis was also completed for each hazard. Each hazard is profiled in the following format: HAZARD DESCRIPTION This section provides a description of the hazard, including discussion of its speed of onset and duration, as well as any secondary effects followed by details specific to the Eno-Haw region. LOCATION This section includes information on the hazard’s physical extent, with mapped boundaries where applicable. EXTENT This section includes information on the hazard extent in terms of magnitude and describes how the severity of the hazard can be measured. Where available, the most severe event on record used as a frame of reference. HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES This section contains information on historical events, including the location and consequences of all past events on record within or near the Eno-Haw region. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE This section gauges the likelihood of future occurrences based on past events and existing data on current and future trends. The historical frequency is determined by dividing the number of events observed by the number of years on record and multiplying by 100. This provides the percent chance of the event happening in any given year according to historical occurrence (e.g. 10 winter storm events over a 30- year period equates to a 33 percent chance of experiencing a severe winter storm in any given year). CLIMATE CHANGE Where applicable, this section discusses how climate change may or may not influence the risk posed by the hazard on the planning area in the future. Resources on climate change projections and potential impacts include the Fourth National Climate Assessment, the Fifth National Climate Assessment, and the North Carolina State Climate Office. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT This section quantifies, to the extent feasible using best available data, assets at risk to natural hazards and potential loss estimates. People, properties and critical facilities, and environmental assets that are vulnerable to the hazard are identified. Future development is also discussed in this section, including how exposure to the hazard may change in the future or how development may affect hazard risk. 147 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 101 The vulnerability assessments followed the methodology described in the FEMA publication Understanding Your Risks—Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses (August 2001). The vulnerability assessment first describes the total vulnerability and values at risk and then discusses vulnerability by hazard. Data used to support this assessment included the following: — Geographic Information System (GIS) datasets, including building footprints, topography, aerial photography, and transportation layers; — Hazard layer GIS datasets from state and federal agencies; — Written descriptions of inventory and risks provided by the State Hazard Mitigation Plan; and — Written descriptions of inventory and risks provided by the previous Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. — Exposure and vulnerability estimates provided by the NCEM IRISK database. — Crop insurance claims by cause from USDA’s Risk Management Agency Two distinct risk assessment methodologies were used in the formation of the vulnerability assessment: a quantitative analysis that relies upon best available data and technology and a qualitative analysis that relies on local knowledge and rational decision making. Vulnerability can be quantified in those instances where there is a known, identified hazard area, such as a mapped floodplain. In these instances, the numbers and types of buildings subject to the identified hazard can be counted and their values tabulated. Where hazard risk cannot be distinctly quantified and modeled, other information can be collected in regard to the hazard area, such as the location of critical facilities, historic structures, and valued natural resources (e.g., an identified wetland or endangered species habitat). Together, this information conveys the vulnerability of that area to that hazard. The quantitative analysis for this plan update involved the use of NCEM’s IRISK database, which provides modeled damage estimates for earthquake, flood, wind, and wildfire hazards. NCEM’s IRISK database incorporates county building footprint and parcel data. Footprints with an area less than 500 square feet were excluded from the analysis. To determine if a building is in a hazard area, the building footprints were intersected with each of the mapped hazard areas. If a building intersects two or more hazard areas (such as the 1-percent-annual-chance flood zone and the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood zone), it is counted as being in the hazard area of highest risk. The parcel data provided building value and year built. Building value was used to determine the value of buildings at risk. Year built was used to determine if the building was constructed prior to or after the community had joined the NFIP and had an effective FIRM and building codes enforced. Census blocks and Summary File 1 from the 2020 Census were used to determine population at risk. This included the total population, as well as the vulnerable elderly and children age groups. To determine population at risk, the census blocks were intersected with the hazard area. To better determine the actual number of people at risk, the intersecting area of the census block was calculated and divided by the total area of the census block to determine a ratio of area at risk. This ratio was applied to the population of the census block. For example, a census block has a population of 400 people. Five percent of the census block intersects the 1-percent-annual-chance flood hazard area. The ratio estimates that 20 people are then at risk within the 1-percent-annual-chance flood hazard area (5% of the total population for that census block). Certain assumptions are inherent in any risk assessment. For the Eno-Haw Regional HMP, three primary assumptions were discussed by the HMPC from the beginning of the risk assessment process: (1) that the best readily available data would be used, (2) that the hazard data selected for use is reasonably accurate for mitigation planning purposes, and (3) that the risk assessment will be regional in nature with local, municipal-level data provided where appropriate and practical. 148 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 102 Key methodologies and assumptions for specific hazards analysis are described in their respective profiles. PRIORITY RISK INDEX The conclusions drawn from the hazard profiling and vulnerability assessment process can be used to prioritize all potential hazards to the Eno-Haw region. The Priority Risk Index (PRI) was applied for this purpose because it provides a standardized numerical value so that hazards can be compared against one another (the higher the PRI value, the greater the hazard risk). PRI values are obtained by assigning varying degrees of risk to five categories for each hazard (probability, impact, spatial extent, warning time, and duration). Each degree of risk was assigned a value (1 to 4) and a weighting factor as summarized in Table 4.6. The sum of all five risk assessment categories equals the final PRI value, demonstrated in the equation below (the highest possible PRI value is 4.0). PRI = [(PROBABILITY x .30) + (IMPACT x .30) + (SPATIAL EXTENT x .20) + (WARNING TIME x .10) + (DURATION x .10)] The purpose of the PRI is to categorize and prioritize all potential hazards for the Eno-Haw region as high, moderate, or low risk. The summary hazard classifications generated through the PRI allows for the prioritization of the high and moderate hazard risks for mitigation planning purposes. The results of the risk assessment and PRI scoring are provided in Section 4.6 Conclusions on Hazard Risk. 149 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 103 Table 4.6 – Priority Risk Index RISK ASSESSMENT CATEGORY LEVEL DEGREE OF RISK CRITERIA INDEX WEIGHT PROBABILITY What is the likelihood of a hazard event occurring in a given year? UNLIKELY LESS THAN 1% ANNUAL PROBABILITY 1 30% POSSIBLE BETWEEN 1 & 10% ANNUAL PROBABILITY 2 LIKELY BETWEEN 10 &100% ANNUAL PROBABILITY 3 HIGHLY LIKELY 100% ANNUAL PROBABILTY 4 IMPACT In terms of injuries, damage, or death, would you anticipate impacts to be minor, limited, critical, or catastrophic when a significant hazard event occurs? MINOR VERY FEW INJURIES, IF ANY. ONLY MINOR PROPERTY DAMAGE & MINIMAL DISRUPTION ON QUALITY OF LIFE. TEMPORARY SHUTDOWN OF CRITICAL FACILITIES. 1 30% LIMITED MINOR INJURIES ONLY. MORE THAN 10% OF PROPERTY IN AFFECTED AREA DAMAGED OR DESTROYED. COMPLETE SHUTDOWN OF CRITICAL FACILITIES FOR > 1 DAY 2 CRITICAL MULTIPLE DEATHS/INJURIES POSSIBLE. MORE THAN 25% OF PROPERTY IN AFFECTED AREA DAMAGED OR DESTROYED. COMPLETE SHUTDOWN OF CRITICAL FACILITIES FOR > 1 WEEK. 3 CATASTROPHIC HIGH NUMBER OF DEATHS/INJURIES POSSIBLE. MORE THAN 50% OF PROPERTY IN AFFECTED AREA DAMAGED OR DESTROYED. COMPLETE SHUTDOWN OF CRITICAL FACILITIES > 30 DAYS. 4 SPATIAL EXTENT How large of an area could be impacted by a hazard event? Are impacts localized or regional? NEGLIGIBLE LESS THAN 1% OF AREA AFFECTED 1 20% SMALL BETWEEN 1 & 10% OF AREA AFFECTED 2 MODERATE BETWEEN 10 & 50% OF AREA AFFECTED 3 LARGE BETWEEN 50 & 100% OF AREA AFFECTED 4 WARNING TIME Is there usually some lead time associated with the hazard event? Have warning measures been implem ented? MORE THAN 24 HRS SELF DEFINED 1 10% 12 TO 24 HRS SELF DEFINED 2 6 TO 12 HRS SELF DEFINED 3 LESS THAN 6 HRS SELF DEFINED 4 DURATION How long does the hazard event usually last? LESS THAN 6 HRS SELF DEFINED 1 10% LESS THAN 24 HRS SELF DEFINED 2 LESS THAN 1 WEEK SELF DEFINED 3 MORE THAN 1 WEEK SELF DEFINED 4 150 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 104 4.4 ASSET INVENTORY 4.4.1 POPULATION NCEM’s IRISK database provided the asset inventory used for this vulnerability assessment. Population data in IRISK is derived from the 2020 Census and includes a breakdown of population into two subpopulations considered to be at greater risk than the general population, the elderly and children. Table 4.7 details the population counts by jurisdiction used for the vulnerability assessment. Note that more current population estimates are provided in Section 3 Planning Area Profile but are not integrated into the risk assessment, which relies on IRISK. Table 4.7 – Population Counts by Jurisdiction, 2020 Jurisdiction 2020 Census Population Elderly (Age 65 and Over) Children (Age 5 and Under) Alamance City of Burlington 63,032 10,440 3,975 City of Graham 18,650 3,356 1,288 City of Mebane 17,079 2,206 977 Town of Elon 9,355 1,524 331 Town of Green Level 1,541 273 104 Town of Haw River 5,843 979 395 Town of Ossipee 434 64 23 Town of Swepsonville 558 102 38 Village of Alamance 704 143 25 Unincorporated Alamance County 57,799 9,835 3,308 Subtotal Alamance 174,995 28,922 10,464 Durham City of Durham 235,187 27,521 15,501 Unincorporated Durham County 92,917 15,332 5,294 Subtotal Durham 328,104 42,853 20,795 Orange Town of Carrboro 18,405 2,281 671 Town of Chapel Hill 63,329 7,428 2,477 Town of Hillsborough 6,252 1,118 406 Unincorporated Orange County 61,819 10,806 3,164 Subtotal Orange 149,805 21,633 6,718 Person City of Roxboro 10,172 2,211 447 Unincorporated Person County 29,696 5,674 1,641 Subtotal Person 39,868 7,885 2,088 Region Total 692,772 101,293 40,065 Source: NCEM IRISK Database; 2020 Decennial Census Note: The population counts in IRISK are compiled from a census tract level and are estimated for incorporated jurisdictions based on a State dataset of extra-territorial jurisdiction boundaries. As a result, the population estimates for some jurisdictions skew large due to the inclusion of unincorporated areas. In the case of the City of Roxboro, which 151 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 105 does not have an official extra-territorial jurisdiction, the state’s estimate skews the City’s population to 56% greater than the actual population by including parts of unincorporated Person County in the City of Roxboro estimates. The HMPC raised concerns about the errors in these estimates in order for corrections to be made in any future updates to IRISK. 4.4.2 PROPERTY Building counts were also provided by the IRISK database and are detailed in Table 4.8. These values were generated using locally-provided building footprint and parcel data as well as data generated by NCEM. The methodology for generating the building asset inventory is described in greater detail in Section 4.3. The IRISK building inventory reflects a less than 1% decrease in total building count and in total exposed building value since the development of the 2020 plan. The Planning Area Profile in Section 3 describes recent growth and development and provides context for understanding the degree to which exposure and vulnerability may have increased. Table 4.8 – Building Counts and Values by Jurisdiction Jurisdiction Building Count Building Value Alamance City of Burlington 24,403 $5,515,560,224 City of Graham 7,269 $1,316,164,837 City of Mebane 5,835 $1,292,288,024 Town of Elon 2,760 $719,062,825 Town of Green Level 1,177 $113,426,782 Town of Haw River 2,352 $409,669,987 Town of Ossipee 330 $135,545,050 Town of Swepsonville 573 $110,607,193 Village of Alamance 798 $111,618,918 Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 $3,375,672,801 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 $13,099,616,641 Durham City of Durham 75,586 $18,138,906,233 Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 $3,613,460,037 Subtotal Durham 96,623 $21,752,366,270 Orange Town of Carrboro 5,782 $1,446,024,246 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 $5,302,835,624 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 $704,636,732 Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 $3,203,843,233 Subtotal Orange 49,306 $10,657,339,835 Person City of Roxboro 6,617 $918,466,278 Unincorporated Person County 17,714 $1,424,187,837 Subtotal Person 24,331 $2,342,654,115 Total 245,407 $47,851,976,861 Source: NCEM IRISK Database To supplement the asset inventory and provide a clearer picture of the current asset exposure in the Eno- Haw region, current parcel data was evaluated to identify recent development since NCEM’s IRISK 152 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 106 database was last updated. The building footprint layer from IRISK was compared to current parcel data; any parcels with an improved value that did not already have a building in IRISK were appended the property inventory. This information is not incorporated into the risk assessment, which was prepared using IRISK. However, this summary of recent development provides some context to understand the degree to which the IRISK exposure and vulnerability numbers differ from current conditions. Table 4.9 provides a summary of estimated property exposure by occupancy type. Table 4.9 - Current Improved Parcels, as of November 2024 Occupancy Type Improved Parcel Count Total Improved Value Agriculture 11,128 $1,226,864,017 Commercial 12,385 $11,542,364,842 Education 1,282 $3,753,105,186 Government 1,686 $1,897,734,037 Industrial 3,467 $4,320,481,163 Religious 1,856 $1,019,237,035 Residential 256,268 $51,445,809,691 Regional Total 288,072 $75,205,595,971 Source: County parcel data, retrieved November 2024; IRISK database building footprints 4.4.3 CRITICAL FACILITIES The IRISK database also identifies Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR) buildings as well as High Potential Loss Properties. These properties are detailed in Table 4.10 and Table 4.11, respectively. Table 4.10 – Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources by Type and Jurisdiction Jurisdiction Food and Agriculture Banking and Finance Chemical & Hazardous Commercial Communications Critical Manufacturing Defense Government Facilities Healthcare National Monuments and Icons Nuclear Reactors, Materials and Waste Postal and Shipping Transportation Systems Energy Emergency Services Water Total Alamance Unincorporated Alamance County 2,325 0 0 783 0 273 0 89 14 0 0 0 211 6 12 25 3,738 Burlington 45 43 0 1,453 2 448 1 119 112 0 2 0 486 23 5 40 2,779 Graham 27 13 0 331 0 92 1 99 18 0 2 0 102 2 1 7 695 Mebane 32 10 0 265 0 108 1 15 14 0 0 0 76 2 4 2 529 Elon 4 1 0 75 0 14 0 152 62 0 0 0 13 1 1 1 324 153 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 107 Jurisdiction Food and Agriculture Banking and Finance Chemical & Hazardous Commercial Communications Critical Manufacturing Defense Government Facilities Healthcare National Monuments and Icons Nuclear Reactors, Materials and Waste Postal and Shipping Transportation Systems Energy Emergency Services Water Total Green Level 15 0 0 76 0 16 0 5 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 120 Haw River 22 0 0 104 1 60 0 5 1 0 0 0 6 3 1 10 213 Ossipee 0 0 0 21 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 31 Swepsonville 2 0 0 13 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 1 30 Alamance 33 0 0 18 0 15 0 12 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 84 Durham Unincorporated Durham County 1,230 353 0 765 1 542 0 91 41 0 0 0 0 1 6 17 3,047 Durham 88 1,464 0 3,527 11 1,212 0 996 362 0 0 0 0 1 16 117 7,794 Orange Unincorporated Orange County 1,790 0 0 567 0 269 0 58 31 0 0 0 170 5 10 5 2,905 Carrboro 45 5 0 145 0 34 0 23 21 0 0 0 30 8 2 9 322 Chapel Hill 17 37 0 419 11 39 0 326 113 0 0 1 64 112 6 26 1,171 Hillsborough 9 53 0 234 1 59 0 56 15 0 0 0 25 10 4 6 472 Person Unincorporated Person County 2,279 1 0 306 0 86 0 46 9 0 0 0 46 52 1 0 2,826 Roxboro 118 14 0 448 0 104 0 74 45 0 0 0 48 4 1 5 863 Total 8,081 1,994 0 9,550 27 3,380 3 2,170 859 0 4 1 1,295 234 71 272 27,941 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool Table 4.11 – High Potential Loss Properties by Use and Jurisdiction Jurisdiction Residential Commercial Industrial Government Agricultural Religious Utilities Total Alamance Unincorporated Alamance 6 58 28 25 0 28 20 165 Burlington 72 288 144 42 0 54 42 642 Graham 14 55 39 28 0 12 8 156 Mebane 35 42 31 7 0 9 2 126 Elon 12 44 5 51 0 9 1 122 154 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 108 Jurisdiction Residential Commercial Industrial Government Agricultural Religious Utilities Total Green Level 0 1 4 1 0 0 1 7 Haw River 0 5 13 1 0 5 6 30 Ossipee 0 1 2 0 0 1 3 7 Swepsonville 0 5 3 2 0 0 0 10 Village of Alamance 0 1 4 2 0 3 0 10 Subtotal Alamance 139 500 273 159 0 121 83 1,275 Durham Unincorporated Durham County 25 75 87 19 0 5 18 229 Durham 467 680 137 246 0 57 51 1,638 Subtotal Durham 492 755 224 265 0 62 69 1,867 Orange Unincorporated Orange County 37 6 4 0 0 8 4 59 Carrboro 47 15 1 1 0 0 9 73 Chapel Hill 378 123 3 10 0 16 32 562 Hillsborough 18 24 2 2 0 1 6 53 Subtotal Orange 480 168 10 13 0 25 51 747 Person Unincorporated Person County 2 10 2 6 0 6 0 26 Roxboro 3 28 8 11 0 3 9 62 Subtotal Person 5 38 10 17 0 9 9 88 Total 1,116 1,461 517 454 0 217 212 3,977 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool Using the existing CIKR inventory and local data, the HMPC and community staff refined and supplemented the IRISK asset inventory with a current list of critical facilities. These assets are considered community lifelines, which are defined by FEMA as the buildings and infrastructure that enable the continuous operation of critical business and government functions and are essential to human health and safety or economic security. Lifelines are the most fundamental services in the community that, when stabilized, enable all other aspects of society to function. These critical facilities are a priority for mitigation planning and were examined against known hazard areas, where possible, in this risk assessment. Critical facilities are summarized in Table 4.12 and shown by County in Figure 4.1 through Figure 4.4. More details on critical facilities are provided in the jurisdictional annexes. 155 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 109 Table 4.12 – Critical Facilities Jurisdiction FEMA Lifeline Type Total Communications Energy Food, Hydration, Shelter Hazardous Materials Health and Medical Safety and Security Transportation Water Systems Alamance County Total 5 4 167 0 4 37 1 101 319 Unincorporated Alamance 0 1 40 0 0 12 0 28 81 Burlington 1 1 21 0 4 8 1 26 62 Graham 0 0 11 0 0 2 0 7 20 Mebane 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 24 32 Elon 3 1 88 0 0 8 0 12 112 Green Level 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Haw River 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 3 Ossipee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swepsonville 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 3 Alamance 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 6 Durham County Total 0 2 57 0 10 44 0 93 206 Unincorporated Durham 0 1 1 0 0 10 0 17 29 Durham 0 1 56 0 10 34 0 76 177 Orange County Total 4 16 128 0 12 39 1 4 204 Unincorporated Orange 2 7 30 0 3 13 0 1 56 Carrboro 0 1 10 0 3 4 0 1 19 Chapel Hill 1 8 82 0 2 13 1 1 108 Hillsborough 1 0 6 0 4 9 0 1 21 Person County Total 3 6 3 0 4 23 1 6 46 Unincorporated Person 0 5 1 0 1 11 1 3 22 Roxboro 3 1 2 0 3 12 0 3 24 Region Total 12 28 355 0 30 143 3 204 775 Source: NCEM IRISK Database; GIS analysis Note: Mebane has seven critical facilities located in unincorporated Orange County. 156 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 110 Figure 4.1 – Critical Facilities, Alamance County 157 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 111 Figure 4.2 – Critical Facilities, Durham County 158 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 112 Figure 4.3 – Critical Facilities, Orange County 159 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 113 Figure 4.4 – Critical Facilities, Person County 160 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 114 4.4.4 AGRICULTURE The agricultural industry is also highly vulnerable to natural hazards, which can cause both crop and livestock losses. The exposure of agriculture in the region was measured using the USDA’s 2022 Census of Agriculture. Table 4.13 below summarizes the agricultural exposure in the Region by county. Table 4.13 – Summary of Agriculture Exposure by County County Number of Farms Acreage in Farms Proportion of Total Land Area in Farms Acreage with Crop Insurance Estimated Market Value of Land & Buildings Alamance County 724 68,769 25.4% 4,637 (6.7%) $565,101,000 Durham County 212 16,166 8.8% 997 (6.2%) $147,689,000 Orange County 687 53,068 20.9% 7,442 (14.0%) $463,912,000 Person County 364 88,571 35.3% 28,442 (32.1%) $439,075,000 Source: USDA 2022 Census of Agriculture 161 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 115 4.5 HAZARD PROFILES, ANALYSIS, AND VULNERABILITY 4.5.1 DAM FAILURE HAZARD BACKGROUND A dam is a barrier constructed across a watercourse that stores, controls, or diverts water. Dams are usually constructed of earth, rock, concrete, or mine tailings. The water impounded behind a dam is referred to as the reservoir and is measured in acre-feet. One acre-foot is the volume of water that covers one acre of land to a depth of one foot. Dams can benefit farmland, provide recreation areas, generate electrical power, and help control erosion and flooding issues. A dam failure is the collapse or br each of a dam that causes downstream flooding. Dam failures may be caused by natural events, manmade events, or a combination. Due to the lack of advance warning, failures resulting from natural events, such as earthquakes or landslides, may be particularly severe. Prolonged rainfall and subsequent flooding is the most common cause of dam failure. Dam failures usually occur when the spillway capacity is inadequate and water overtops the dam or when internal erosion in dam foundation occurs (also known as piping). If internal erosion or overtopping causes a full structural breach, a high-velocity, debris-laden wall of water is released and rushes downstream, damaging or destroying anything in its path. Overtopping is the primary cause of earthen dam failure in the United States. Dam failures can also result from any one or a combination of the following: — Prolonged periods of rainfall and flooding; — Inadequate spillway capacity, resulting in excess overtopping flows; — Internal erosion caused by embankment or foundation leakage or piping; — Improper maintenance, including failure to remove trees, repair internal seepage problems, replace lost material from the cross-section of the dam and abutments, or maintain gates, valves, and other operational components; — Improper design, including the use of improper construction materials and construction practices; — Negligent operation, including the failure to remove or open gates or valves during high flow periods; — Failure of upstream dams on the same waterway; or — High winds, which can cause significant wave action and result in substantial erosion. Water released by a failed dam generates tremendous energy and can cause a flood that is catastrophic to life and property. Dam failures are generally catastrophic if the structure is breached or significantly damaged. A catastrophic dam failure could challenge local response capabilities and require evacuations to save lives. Impacts to life safety will depend on the warning time and the resources available to notify and evacuate the public. Major casualties and loss of life could result, as well as water quality and health issues. Potentially catastrophic effects to roads, bridges, and homes are also of major concern. Associated water quality and health concerns could also be issues. Factors that influence the potential severity of a full or partial dam failure are the amount of water impounded; the density, type, and value of development and infrastructure located downstream; and the speed of failure. Dam failure can occur with little warning. Intense storms may produce a flood in a few hours or even minutes for upstream locations. Flash floods occur within six hours of the beginning of heavy rainfall, and dam failure may occur within hours of the first signs of breaching. Other failures and breaches can 162 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 116 take much longer to occur, from days to weeks, as a result of debris jams or the accumulation of melting snow. Dam failures are of particular concern because the failure of a large dam has the potential to cause more death and destruction than the failure of any other manmade structure. This is because of the destructive power of the flood wave that would be released by the sudden collapse of a large dam. Dams are innately hazardous structures. Failure or poor operation can result in the release of the reservoir contents—this can include water, mine wastes, or agricultural refuse–causing negative impacts upstream or downstream or at locations far from the dam. Negative impacts of primary concern are loss of human life, property damage, lifeline disruption, and environmental damage. Warning Time: 4 – Less than 6 hours Duration: 3 – Less than 1 week LOCATION The North Carolina Dam Inventory, maintained by North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, provides a detailed inventory of all dams in the state. As of November 2024, there are 398 dams in the Eno-Haw region, 158 in Alamance County, 118 in Durham County, 76 in Orange County, and 46 in Person County. Of the 398, 287 are rated low hazard, 25 are rated intermediate hazard, and 86 are rated high hazard. Figure 4.5 through Figure 4.8 show the location of all dams in the Eno-Haw Region by county. Table 4.14 through Table 4.17 list all dams with high hazard potential in the region by county. Data on the inundation area for each of the identified high hazard dams in the region was not available. It is assumed that the area that would be impacted by the failure of any individual dam in the region is negligible relative to the planning area. Spatial Extent: 1 – Negligible 163 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 117 Figure 4.5 – Dam Locations in Alamance County Source: North Carolina Dam Inventory, November 2024 164 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 118 Figure 4.6 – Dam Locations in Durham County Source: North Carolina Dam Inventory, November 2024 165 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 119 Figure 4.7 – Dam Location in Orange County Source: North Carolina Dam Inventory, November 2024 166 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 120 Figure 4.8 – Dam Location in Person County Source: North Carolina Dam Inventory, November 2024 167 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 121 Table 4.14 – High Hazard Dams in Alamance County Dam Name NID ID Condition as of Last Inspection Max Capacity (Ac-Ft) Nearest Town Back Creek Reservoir Dam NC04873 Fair 10645 Haw River Forest Lake Dam NC00748 Fair 235 Mebane Hudgins Dam NC05541 Not Rated 10 Lake Cammack Dam NC00739 Fair 36000 Burlington Lake Mackintosh Dam NC04954 Fair 30825 Alamance McEwen Estate Dam NC01734 Fair 142 Alamance Meadowood Lake Dam NC06834 Fair 60 Melville Mill Creek Subdivision Dam NC05718 Fair 7 Mebane Old Stoney Creek Dam NC00762 Fair 3600 Hopedale Somerton Lake Dam NC05203 Fair 47 Burlington Tate Dam NC01737 Fair 56 Burlington Timber Ridge Lake Dam NC00742 Fair 288 Saxapahaw Source: North Carolina Dam Inventory, November 2024 Table 4.15 – High Hazard Dams in Durham County Dam Name NID ID Condition as of Last Inspection Max Capacity (Ac-Ft) Nearest Town Bailey Lake Dam NC01032 Fair 80 Falls Bay Meadows Lake Dam NC01046 Fair 96 Farrington Boles Lake Dam NC05046 Satisfactory 60 Chamberlynne Dam #4 NC06444 Satisfactory Chamberlynne Subdivision Dam #3 NC06443 Satisfactory Cole Lake Dam NC01049 Fair 81 Durham Colvard Farms Dam NC06613 Crystal Lake Dam NC01021 Satisfactory 100 Durham Dairy Pond Dam NC02270 Satisfactory 31 Discovery Lake Dam NC01666 Satisfactory 336 Haywood Duke Water Harvesting Pond Dam NC06146 Satisfactory 70 Eden Lake Dam NC01043 Poor 140 Falls Forest at Duke Dam NC06117 Satisfactory Gentz Dam NC07014 Georgiade Dam NC02273 Satisfactory 12 Durham Grove Park Dam NC02323 Fair 302 Hock Dam NC05112 Satisfactory 8 Braggtown Lake Elton Dam NC01037 Fair 155 Parkwood Lake Michie Dam NC01027 Satisfactory 18660 Redwood Lake Swannanoa Dam NC06420 Fair Lake Vista Dam NC01051 Satisfactory 69 Durham Lakehurst SD Dam NC01039 Satisfactory 145 Farrington Little River Dam NC05143 Satisfactory 18000 Falls N. Durham Quarry East Dam NC05165 Satisfactory 134 Braggtown 168 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 122 Dam Name NID ID Condition as of Last Inspection Max Capacity (Ac-Ft) Nearest Town N. Durham Quarry West Dam NC05166 Satisfactory 83 Braggtown Newcomb Lake Dam NC01023 Satisfactory 94 Durham Oxford Commons Dam NC02324 Satisfactory 24 Braggtown Parkwood Lake Dam NC01038 Satisfactory 318 Patterson Place Dam NC05819 Satisfactory 82 Poe Dam NC06934 Ridgefield Subdivision SWDP Dam #14 NC05629 Satisfactory 6 Sykes Lake Dam NC01028 Fair 100 Durham Tcheng Dam NC06964 Fair The Streets at Southpoint Mall Dam NC05653 Satisfactory 51 Thompson Lake Dam NC01047 Fair 60 Farrington Twin Lake Dam #2 NC05216 Fair 78 Oak Grove Williams Terminal Reservoir Dam NC06139 Satisfactory Willowhaven Lake Dam #2 NC01050 Fair 58 Durham Source: North Carolina Dam Inventory, November 2024 Table 4.16 – High Hazard Dams in Orange County Dam Name NID ID Condition as of Last Inspection Max Capacity (Ac-Ft) Nearest Town Blackburn Lake Dam NC00776 Fair 55 Hillsborough Cane Creek Resevoir Dam NC00779 Satisfactory 19079 Colony Lake Dam NC03671 Fair 48 Eastwood Lake Dam NC00781 Fair 330 Flint Ridge Dam NC03663 Fair 22 Haithcock Heirs Dam NC06505 Poor Hillsborough Water Supply Dam NC05793 Satisfactory 24061 Hillsborough Hines Pond Dam NC03666 Fair Hogan Farms Dam NC00770 Satisfactory 160 Chapel Hill Lake Ellen Dam NC01537 Fair 81 Lake Michael Dam NC00771 Fair 1100 Haw River Lake Orange Dam NC00773 Satisfactory 1640 Hillsborough Meadowlands Dam NC03669 Fair 45 Occoneechee Lower Dam NC05777 Satisfactory 5 Occoneechee Upper Dam NC05776 Satisfactory Randy Fox Dam NC05715 Satisfactory 68 Hillsborough Spring Valley Dam NC04994 Poor 22 Strayhorn Dam #2 NC04999 Fair 98 Strayhorn Farm Dam NC03670 Fair 80 Eno University Lake Dam NC00782 Fair 4836 Carrboro Wilkins Dam NC06504 Fair Source: North Carolina Dam Inventory, November 2024 169 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 123 Table 4.17 – High Hazard Dams in Person County Dam Name NID ID Condition as of Last Inspection Max Capacity (Ac-Ft) Nearest Town Jimmie Bowes Dam #2 NC06983 Jimmie Bowes Transmission Line Dam NC06016 Fair Lake Hyco Dam NC00656 Fair 160000 McGehees Mill Mayo Active Ash Basin Dam NC06003 Fair 1921 Mayo FGD Settling Basin Dam NC06207 Satisfactory 52 Mayo Lake Dam NC06002 Satisfactory 142000 Mayo Retention Basin Dam NC06208 Satisfactory 86 Roxboro Afterbay Dam NC00666 Fair 27000 Denniston Roxboro East Ash Basin Dam NC05973 Satisfactory 3468 Roxboro Holding Basin Dam NC06205 Satisfactory 35 Roxboro Municipal Lake Dam NC00658 Fair 4125 Olive Hill Roxboro Retention Basin Dam NC06206 Satisfactory 128 Roxboro West Ash Basin Dam NC06006 Fair 5567 Roxboro West Ash Basin Rock Filter Dam NC06007 Fair 5567 South Hyco Lake Dam NC03689 Fair 9400 Source: North Carolina Dam Inventory, November 2024 EXTENT Each state has definitions and methods to determine the hazard potential of a dam. In North Carolina, dams are regulated by the state if they are 25 feet or more in height and impound 50 acre-feet or more. Dams and impoundments smaller than that may fall under state regulation if it is determined that failure of the dam could result in loss of human life or significant damage to property. The height of a dam is from the highest point on the crest of the dam to the lowest point on the downstream toe, and the storage capacity is the volume impounded at the elevation of the highest point on the crest of the dam. Dam Safety Program engineers determine the "hazard potential" of a dam, meaning the probable damage that would occur if the structure failed, in terms of loss of human life and economic loss or environmental damage. Dams are assigned one of three classes based on the nature of their hazard potential: — Class A (Low Hazard) includes dams located where failure may damage uninhabited low value non- residential buildings, agricultural land, or low volume roads. — Class B (Intermediate Hazard) includes dams located where failure may damage highways or secondary railroads, cause interruption of use or service of public utilities, cause minor damage to isolated homes, or cause minor damage to commercial and industrial buildings. Damage to these structures will be considered minor only when they are located in backwater areas not subjected to the direct path of the breach flood wave; and they will experience no more than 1.5 feet of flood rise due to breaching above the lowest ground elevation adjacent to the outside foundation walls or no more than 1.5 feet of flood rise due to breaching above the lowest floor elevation of the structure. — Class C (High Hazard) includes dams located where failure will likely cause loss of life or serious damage to homes, industrial and commercial buildings, important public utilities, primary highways, or major railroads. 170 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 124 Table 4.18 – Dam Hazard Classifications Hazard Classification Description Quantitative Guidelines Low Interruption of road service, low volume roads Less than 25 vehicles per day Economic damage Less than $30,000 Intermediate Damage to highways, interruption of service 25 to less than 250 vehicles per day Economic damage $30,000 to less than $200,000 High Economic damage More than $200,000 Loss of human life* Probable loss of 1 or more human lives Damage to highways, interruption of service 250 or more vehicles per day *Probable loss of human life due to breached roadway or bridge on or below the dam Source: NCDEQ Based on classification criteria, a high hazard dam failure could cause death and/or injury as well as severe property damage and economic impacts within the affected area. Therefore, though the affected area would be negligible in size relative to the entire planning area, the potential impact of a high hazard dam failure is critical. Impact: 3 – Critical HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES The previous Eno-Haw plan, the 2023 North Carolina State Hazard Mitigation Plan, FEMA records, and recent news reports were reviewed, but no records of historical dam failures occurrences in or affecting the planning area were found. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE Given the significant presence of high hazard dams in the Eno-Haw Region, failure of a dam is possible. Dam failure has not occurred in the region, however historical events alone do not provide an adequate estimate of potential future occurrence. With heavy rain events becoming more frequent and intense, conditions conducive to dam failure may occur more frequently as well. Probability: 2 – Possible CLIMATE CHANGE Studies have been conducted to investigate the impact of climate change scenarios on dam safety. The safety of dams for the future climate can be based on an evaluation of changes in design floods and the freeboard available to accommodate an increase in flood levels. The results from the studies indicate that the design floods with the corresponding outflow floods and flood water levels will increase in the future, and this increase will affect the safety of the dams in the future. Studies concluded that the total hydrological failure probability of a dam will increase in the future climate and that the extent and depth of flood waters will increase by the future dam break scenario. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES AND ASSUMPTIONS Dam inundation areas were not available for the identified dams; therefore, a quantitative vulnerability assessment could not be completed. Vulnerability discussed below is based on anecdotal evidence and theoretical understanding of potential risks. 171 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 125 PEOPLE A person’s immediate vulnerability to a dam failure is directly associated with the person’s distance downstream of the dam as well as proximity to the stream carrying the floodwater from the failure. For dams that have an Emergency Action Plan (EAP), the vulnerability of loss of life for persons in their homes or on their property may be mitigated by following the EAP evacuation procedures; however, the displaced persons may still incur sheltering costs. For persons located on the river (e.g. for recreation) the vulnerability of loss of life is significant. People are also vulnerable to the loss of the uses of the lake upstream of a dam following failure. Several uses are minor, such as aesthetics or recreational use. However, some lakes serve as drinking water supplies and their loss could disrupt the drinking water supply and present a public health problem. PROPERTY Vulnerability of the built environment includes damage to the dam itself and any man-made feature located within the inundation area caused by the dam failure. Downstream of the dam, vulnerability includes potential damage to homes, personal property, commercial buildings and property, and government owned buildings and property; destruction of bridge or culvert crossings; weakening of bridge supports through scour; and damage or destruction of public or private infrastructure that cross the stream such as water and sewer lines, gas lines and power lines. Water dependent structures on the lake upstream of the dam, such as docks/piers, floating structures or water intake structures, may be damaged by the rapid reduction in water level during the failure. ENVIRONMENT Aquatic species within the lake will either be displaced or destroyed. The velocity of the flood wave will likely destroy riparian and instream vegetation and destroy wetland function. The flood wave will likely cause erosion within and adjacent to the stream. Deposition of eroded deposits may choke instream habitat or disrupt riparian areas. Sediments within the lake bottom and any low oxygen water from within the lake will be dispersed, potentially causing fish kills or releasing heavy metals found in the lake sediment layers. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.19 summarizes the potential negative consequences of dam failure. Table 4.19 – Consequence Analysis – Dam Failure Category Consequences Public Localized impact expected to be severe for inundation area and moderate to light for other adversely affected areas. Responders Localized impact expected to limit damage to personnel in the inundation area at the time of the incident. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Damage to facilities/personnel in the area of the incident may require temporary relocation of some operations. Localized disruption of roads and/or utilities may postpone delivery of some services. Regulatory waivers may be needed locally. Fulfillment of some contracts may be difficult. Impact may reduce deliveries. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Localized impact to facilities and infrastructure in the inundation area of the incident. Some severe damage possible. 172 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 126 Category Consequences Environment Localized impact expected to be severe for inundation area and moderate to light for other adversely affected areas. Consequences include erosion, water quality degradation, wildlife displacement or destruction, and habitat destruction. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Local economy and finances adversely affected, possibly for an extended period of time, depending on damage and length of investigation. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Localized impact expected to primarily adversely affect only the dam owner and local entities. HAZARD SUMMARY BY JURISDICTION The following table summarizes dam failure hazard risk by jurisdiction. Warning time and duration are inherent to the hazard and remain constant across jurisdictions. Spatial extent of any dam failure will be negligible relative to the planning area. Jurisdictions that have high hazard dams within their boundaries or are the nearest downstream location to a high hazard dam were assigned a probability rating of possible and an impact score of critical. Jurisdictions with no high hazard dams or upstream threats were assigned a probability rating of unlikely and an impact rating of limited. Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority Alamance County 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Burlington 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Graham 1 2 1 4 3 1.8 L Mebane 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Elon 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Green Level 1 2 1 4 3 1.8 L Haw River 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Ossipee 1 2 1 4 3 1.8 L Swepsonville 1 2 1 4 3 1.8 L Alamance 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Durham County 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Durham 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Orange County 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Carrboro 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Chapel Hill 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Hillsborough 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Person County 2 3 1 4 3 2.4 M Roxboro 1 2 1 4 3 1.8 L 173 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 127 4.5.2 DROUGHT HAZARD BACKGROUND Drought is a deficiency in precipitation over an extended period. It is a normal, recurrent feature of climate that occurs in virtually all climate zones. The duration of a drought varies widely. There are cases when drought develops relatively quickly and lasts a very short period of time, exacerbated by extreme heat and/or wind, and there are other cases when drought spans multiple years, or even decades. Studying the paleoclimate record is often helpful in identifying when long-lasting droughts have occurred. Common types of drought are detailed below in Table 4.20. Table 4.20 – Types of Drought Type Details Meteorological Drought Meteorological Drought is based on the degree of dryness (rainfall deficit) and the length of the dry period. Agricultural Drought Agricultural Drought is based on the impacts to agriculture by factors such as rainfall deficits, soil water deficits, reduced ground water, or reservoir levels needed for irrigation. Hydrological Drought Hydrological Drought is based on the impact of rainfall deficits on the water supply such as stream flow, reservoir and lake levels, and ground water table decline. Socioeconomic Drought Socioeconomic drought is based on the impact of drought conditions (meteorological, agricultural, or hydrological drought) on supply and demand of some economic goods. Socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for an economic good exceeds supply as a result of a weather- related deficit in water supply. The wide variety of disciplines affected by drought, its diverse geographical and temporal distribution, and the many scales drought operates on make it difficult to develop both a definition to describe drought and an index to measure it. Many quantitative measures of drought have been developed in the United States, depending on the discipline affected, the region being considered, and the particular application. Several indices developed by Wayne Palmer, as well as the Standardized Precipitation Index, are useful for describing the many scales of drought. The U.S. Drought Monitor provides a summary of drought conditions across the United States and Puerto Rico. Often described as a blend of art and science, the Drought Monitor map is updated weekly by combining a variety of data-based drought indices and indicators and local expert input into a single composite drought indicator. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) devised in 1965, was the first drought indicator to assess moisture status comprehensively. It uses temperature and precipitation data to calculate water supply and demand, incorporates soil moisture, and is considered most effective for unirrigated cropland. It primarily reflects long-term drought and has been used extensively to initiate drought relief. It is more complex than the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Drought Monitor. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a way of measuring drought that is different from the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Like the PDSI, this index is negative for drought, and positive for wet conditions. But the SPI is a probability index that considers only precipitation, while Palmer's indices are water balance indices that consider water supply (precipitation), demand (evapotranspiration) and loss (runoff). 174 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 128 The State of North Carolina has a Drought Assessment and Response Plan as an Annex to its Emergency Operations Plan. This plan provides the framework to coordinate statewide response to a drought incident. Warning Time: 1 – More than 24 hours Duration: 4 – More than one week LOCATION Drought is a regional hazard that can cover the entire planning area, and in some cases the entire state. Figure 4.9 below notes the U.S. Drought Monitor’s drought ratings for North Carolina as of October 22, 2024; as of that date, the Eno-Haw region was experiencing no impacts of drought. Figure 4.9 – US Drought Monitor for Week of October 22, 2024 Source: U.S. Drought Monitor of North Carolina Spatial Extent: 4 – Large EXTENT Drought extent can be defined in terms of intensity, using the U.S. Drought Monitor scale. The Drought Monitor Scale measures drought episodes with input from the Palmer Drought Severity Index, the Standardized Precipitation Index, the Keetch-Byram Drought Index, soil moisture indicators, and other inputs as well as information on how drought is affecting people. Table 4.21 details the classifications used by the U.S. Drought Monitor. A category of D2 (severe) or higher on the U.S. Drought Monitor Scale can typically result in crop or pasture losses, water shortages, and the need to institute water restrictions. 175 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 129 Table 4.21 – US Drought Monitor Classifications Source: US Drought Monitor From late 2007 through mid-2008, North Carolina experienced the worst drought in state history. During this time, portions of all four Eno-Haw Region counties experienced exceptional drought conditions. Impact: 2 – Limited HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES U.S. Drought Monitor records drought intensity weekly throughout the country. The North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) Division of Water Resources maintains records of Drought Monitor data for the state as far back as January 2000. Table 4.22 presents the number of weeks that each county in the region spent in drought by intensity over the period from 2000 through 2023, for which the Drought Monitor has records for 1,252 weeks. Table 4.22 – Weeks in Drought, 2000-2023 Weeks in Drought % of time in Severe Drought or Worse County Total D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 Alamance 628 311 185 73 26 33 10.5% Durham 596 312 168 61 24 31 9.3% Orange 622 325 176 63 26 32 9.7% Person 612 309 180 68 26 29 9.8% Source: NCDEQ Division of Water Resources, Drought Monitor History Error! Reference source not found. through Figure 4.13 – US Drought Monitor Historical Trends – Person County 2000-2024 shows the historical periods where each county was considered in some level of drought condition. The color key shown in Table 4.21 indicates the intensity of the drought. ALAMANCE COUNTY Between 2000 and 2023, Alamance County was in some level of drought 50% of the time. 176 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 130 Figure 4.10 – US Drought Monitor Historical Trends – Alamance County 2000-2024 Source: U.S. Drought Monitor DURHAM COUNTY Between 2000 and 2023, Durham County was in some level of drought 48% of the time. Figure 4.11 – US Drought Monitor Historical Trends – Durham County 2000-2024 Source: U.S. Drought Monitor ORANGE COUNTY Between 2000 and 2023, Orange County was in some level of drought 50% of the time. Figure 4.12 – US Drought Monitor Historical Trends – Orange County 2000-2024 Source: U.S. Drought Monitor 177 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 131 PERSON COUNTY Between 2000 and 2018, Person County was in some level of drought 49% of the time. Figure 4.13 – US Drought Monitor Historical Trends – Person County 2000-2024 Source: U.S. Drought Monitor The National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC), located at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, provides a clearinghouse for information on the effects of drought, based on reports from media, observers, impact records, and other sources. According to the National Drought Mitigation Center’s Drought Impact Reporter, during the 10-year period from January 2009 through December 2023, 377 drought impacts were noted for the State of North Carolina, of which 23 were reported to affect the Eno-Haw region. Table 4.23 summarizes the number of impacts reported by category and the years impacts were reported for each category. Note that the Drought Impact Reporter assigns multiple categories to each impact. Table 4.23 – Drought Impacts Reported for Eno-Haw Counties, January 2009 through December 2023 Category Impacts Years Reported Agriculture 2 2010, 2012 Fire 6 2011, 2019, 2021 Plants & Wildlife 9 2014, 2017 Relief, Response & Restrictions 11 2010, 2011, 2012, 2017, 2019, 2021 Water Supply & Quality 8 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017 Source: Drought Impact Reporter, http://droughtreporter.unl.edu PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE Over the 24-year (1,252 week) period from 2000 through 2023, the Eno-Haw Region averaged 614.5 weeks of drought conditions ranging from abnormally dry to exceptional drought. This equates to a 49 percent chance of drought in any given week. Of this time, an average of approximately 123 weeks were categorized as a severe (D2) drought or greater; which equates to a 10 percent chance of severe drought in any given week. Probability: 3 – Likely CLIMATE CHANGE Research shows that average temperatures will continue to rise in the Southeast United States and globally, directly affecting the region. Per the Fourth National Climate Assessment, “climate change is expected to intensify the hydrologic cycle and increase the frequency and severity of extreme events like 178 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 132 drought and heavy rainfall.”1 Rising temperatures may exacerbate this trend, and extreme temperatures are projected to increase even more than average temperatures. The number of days over 95°F is expected to increase by between 20 and 30 days annually, as shown in Figure 4.14. Figure 4.14 – Projected Change in Number of Days Over 95°F Source: NOAA NCDC from 2014 National Climate Assessment The Fifth National Climate Assessment upholds the climate trends reported in the Fourth Assessment and presents additional patterns in the Southeast that exacerbate climate risk and impacts. These patterns include population growth, high proportion of the population with health issues or underlying health conditions, and a large, climate-dependent agricultural sector.2 The Triangle Regional Resilience Assessment notes that the number of days with extreme temperatures has been increasing in the Triangle, climbing from an average of 18 days over 92°F per year from 1948 to 2012 to a peak of 48 days over 92°F in 2010. The region overall is expected to see longer, more intense periods of drought. 1 https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/19/ 2 https://nca2023.globalchange.gov/chapter/22/ 179 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 133 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES AND ASSUMPTIONS Vulnerability to drought in the Eno-Haw region is based on historical occurrences of drought in the region and generalized concerns regarding potential drought consequences. Agricultural vulnerability was estimated using data from the 2022 Census of Agriculture and a review of past claims related to drought. PEOPLE Drought can affect people’s physical and mental health. For those economically dependent on a reliable water supply, drought may cause anxiety or depression about economic losses, reduced incomes, and other employment impacts. Conflicts may arise over water shortages. People may be forced to pay more for water, food, and utilities affected by increased water costs. Drought may also cause health problems due to poorer water quality from lower water levels. If accompanied by extreme heat, drought can cause higher incidents of heat stroke and loss of human life. PROPERTY Drought is unlikely to cause damages to the built environment. However, in areas with shrinking and expansive soils, drought may lead to structural damages. Drought may cause severe property loss for the agricultural industry in terms of crop and livestock losses. The USDA’s Risk Management Agency (RMA) maintains a database of all paid crop insurance claims. Between 2007-2023, the sum of claims paid for crop damage as a result of drought in the Eno-Haw region was $29,411,545, over 62 percent of these losses were paid out in Person County. The region averaged $1,730,090 in losses every year. Losses were greatest in 2007 for all counties except for Alamance, where losses were greatest in 2011. Table 4.24 – Crop Losses Resulting from Drought, 2007-2023, Alamance County Year Indemnity Amount Alamance County Durham County Orange County Person County 2007 $793,653 $160,081 $654,315.00 $2,395,778 2008 $273,753 $151,673 $189,012.00 $1,837,537 2009 $561,311 $25,294 $126,118.00 $1,045,095 2010 $636,395 $67,285 $340,313.00 $1,621,155 2011 $1,028,993 $155,180 $339,680.00 $1,262,455 2012 $179,029 $52,974 $266,205.00 $669,129 2013 - - - $50,604 2014 $296,622 $17,874 $129,503.35 $389,822 2015 $507,006 $34,739 $89,972.40 $1,181,568 2016 $384,782 $24,683 $82,729.71 $1,712,168 2018 $121,092 $3,494 $21,524 $60,635 2019 $505,219 $153,442 $571,467 $2,353,847 2020 $63,161 $30,823 $120,076 $658,917 2021 $220,837 $38,638 $47,730 $1,425,099 2022 $729,034 $34,191 $89,661 $615,510 2023 $450,684 $17,704 $231,880 $1,112,393 Total $6,751,571 $968,075 $3,300,186 $18,391,713 Source: USDA Risk Management Agency 180 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 134 ENVIRONMENT Drought can affect local wildlife by shrinking food supplies and damaging habitats. Sometimes this damage is only temporary, and other times it is irreversible. Wildlife may face increased disease rates due to limited access to food and water. Increased stress on endangered species could cause extinction. Drought conditions can also provide a substantial increase in wildfire risk. As plants and trees die from a lack of precipitation, increased insect infestations, and diseases—all of which are associated with drought—they become fuel for wildfire. Long periods of drought can result in more intense wildfires, which bring additional consequences for the economy, the environment, and society. Drought may also increase likelihood of wind and water erosion of soils. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.25 summarizes the potential negative consequences of drought. Table 4.25 – Consequence Analysis - Drought Category Consequences Public Can cause anxiety or depression about economic losses, conflicts over water shortages, reduced incomes, fewer recreational activities, higher incidents of heat stroke, and fatality. Responders Impacts to responders are unlikely. Exceptional drought conditions may impact the amount of water immediately available to respond to wildfires. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Drought would have minimal impacts on continuity of operations due to the relatively long warning time that would allow for plans to be made to maintain continuity of operations. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Drought has the potential to affect water supply for residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, and government-owned areas. Drought can reduce water supply in wells and reservoirs. Utilities may be forced to increase rates. Environment Environmental impacts include strain on local plant and wildlife; increased probability of erosion and wildfire. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Farmers may face crop losses or increased livestock costs. Businesses that depend on farming may experience secondary impacts. Extreme drought has the potential to impact local businesses in landscaping, recreation and tourism, and public utilities. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance When drought conditions persist with no relief, local or State governments must often institute water restrictions, which may impact public confidence. HAZARD SUMMARY BY JURISDICTION The following table summarizes drought hazard risk by jurisdiction. Drought risk is uniform across the planning area. Warning time, duration, and spatial extent are inherent to the hazard and remain constant across jurisdictions. The majority of damages that result from drought are to crops and other agriculture- related activities as well as water-dependent recreation industries. The magnitude of the impacts is typically greater in unincorporated areas due to greater exposure of agriculture. Alamance, Orange, and Person Counties were assigned an impact rating of “critical” because each has over a quarter of their land area in agriculture, as detailed in Section 4.4.4, so these areas may experience more hardship from water usage limitations and more severe economic impact related to drought. In developed areas, the magnitude 181 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 135 of drought is generally less severe, with lawns and local gardens affected and potential impacts on local water supplies during severe, prolonged drought. Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority Alamance County 3 3 4 1 4 3.1 H Burlington 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Graham 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Mebane 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Elon 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Green Level 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Haw River 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Ossipee 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Swepsonville 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Alamance 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Durham County 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Durham 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Orange County 3 3 4 1 4 3.1 H Carrboro 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Chapel Hill 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Hillsborough 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M Person County 3 3 4 1 4 3.1 H Roxboro 3 2 4 1 4 2.8 M 182 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 136 4.5.3 EARTHQUAKE HAZARD BACKGROUND An earthquake is a movement or shaking of the ground. Most earthquakes are caused by the release of stresses accumulated as a result of the rupture of rocks along opposing fault planes in the Earth’s outer crust. These fault planes are typically found along borders of the Earth's 10 tectonic plates. The areas of greatest tectonic instability occur at the perimeters of the slowly moving plates, as these locations are subjected to the greatest strains from plates traveling in opposite directions and at different speeds. Deformation along plate boundaries causes strain in the rock and the consequent buildup of stored energy. When the built-up stress exceeds the rocks' strength a rupture occurs. The rock on both sides of the fracture is snapped, releasing the stored energy and producing seismic waves, generating an earthquake. Warning Time: 4 – Less than 6 hours Duration: 1 – Less than 6 hours LOCATION Figure 4.15 shows the Quaternary faults that could present an earthquake hazard for the Eno-Haw region based on data from the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. All of North Carolina is subject to earthquakes, with the western and southern region most vulnerable to a damaging earthquake. The Charleston Fault in South Carolina and New Madrid Fault in Tennessee affect the state. Both faults have generated earthquakes measuring greater than 8.0 on the Richter Scale during the last 200 years. In addition, there are several smaller fault lines in eastern Tennessee and throughout North Carolina that could produce less severe shaking. Spatial Extent: 4 – Large 183 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 137 Figure 4.15 – US Quaternary Faults Source: USGS Earthquake Hazards Program 184 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 138 EXTENT Earthquakes are measured in terms of their magnitude and intensity. Magnitude is measured using the Richter Scale, an open-ended logarithmic scale that describes the energy release of an earthquake through a measure of shock wave amplitude. A detailed description of the Richter Scale is given in Table 4.26. Although the Richter scale is used by the news media when reporting the intensity of earthquakes and is the scale most familiar to the public, the scale currently used by the scientific community in the United States is called the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale. The MMI scale is an arbitrary ranking based on observed effects. Source: 2023 North Carolina State Hazard Mitigation Plan Table 4.27 shows descriptions for levels of earthquake intensity on the MMI scale compared to the Richter scale. Seismic shaking is typically the greatest cause of losses to structures during earthquakes. Table 4.26 – Richter Scale Magnitude Effects Less than 3.5 Generally not felt, but recorded. 3.5 – 5.4 Often felt, but rarely causes damage. 5.4 – 6.0 At most slight damage to well-designed buildings. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. 6.1 – 6.9 Can be destructive in areas up to 100 kilometers across where people live. 7.0 – 7.9 Major earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. 8.0 or greater Great earthquake. Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred kilometers across. Source: 2023 North Carolina State Hazard Mitigation Plan Table 4.27 – Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale MMI Shaking Description/Damage I Not felt Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. II Weak Felt by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. III Weak Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. IV Light Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. V Moderate Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. VI Strong Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. VII Very strong Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. VII Severe Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. 185 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 139 MMI Shaking Description/Damage IX Violent Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. X Extreme Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. Source: USGS Earthquake Hazards Program As reported in the 2020 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan, the largest earthquake to occur within 30 miles of Durham was a 2.7 magnitude in 1978. Impact: 1 – Minor HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program maintains a database of all historical earthquakes of a magnitude 2.5 and greater. These events are illustrated in Figure 4.16, which shows historical earthquakes by magnitude in relation to North Carolina and the Quaternary Faults identified by USGS. This includes events from 1973 to 2023. This map documents all earthquakes that have occurred within North Carolina; however, given the long distances across which earthquake impacts can be felt, these events do not encompass all earthquakes that have affected North Carolina. The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program compiles data on a variety of earthquake metrics, including felt impact. According to USGS records, there has been one earthquake with a felt impact in the Eno Haw Region since 1973. This event was a 5.1 magnitude earthquake in August 2020 that occurred in Sparta, North Carolina, and a weak to light shaking was felt in Alamance, Durham, and Orange Counties with an estimated MMI of II to III. No counties in the planning region reported any impacts. The HMPC also indicated that despite not being reported in the USGS database of felt impact, the August 2011 5.8 magnitude earthquake in Virginia was also felt as weak shaking in the Eno Haw Region. 186 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 140 Figure 4.16 – Historical Earthquakes by Magnitude, 1973-2023 Source: USGS Earthquakes Hazard Program 187 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 141 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE Ground motion is the movement of the earth’s surface due to earthquakes or explosions. It is produced by waves generated by a sudden slip on a fault or sudden pressure at the explosive source and travels through the earth and along its surface. Ground motion is amplified when surface waves of unconsolidated materials bounce off of or are refracted by adjacent solid bedrock. The probability of ground motion is depicted in USGS earthquake hazard maps by showing, via contour values, the earthquake ground motions (of a particular frequency) that have a common given probability of being exceeded in 50 years. Figure 4.17 reflects the seismic hazard for the Eno-Haw Region based on the national USGS map of peak acceleration with two percent probability of exceedance in 50 years, which USGS simplifies into risk ratings from “very low” to “highest”. To produce these estimates, the ground motions being considered at a given location are those from all future possible earthquake magnitudes at all possible distances from that location. The ground motion coming from a particular magnitude and distance is assigned an annual probability equal to the annual probability of occurrence of the causative magnitude and distance. The method assumes a reasonable future catalog of earthquakes, based upon historical earthquake locations and geological information on the recurrence rate of fault ruptures. When all the possible earthquakes and magnitudes have been considered, a ground motion value is determined such that the annual rate of its being exceeded has a certain value. Therefore, for the given probability of exceedance, two percent, the locations shaken more frequently will have larger ground motions. As shown in the map below, the majority of the Eno-Haw Region is located within the medium green zones which represent “very low” seismic hazard risk. The southwest corner of Alamance County is the only location that is within the lighter green zone which represents “low” seismic hazard risk. Based on this data, it can be reasonably assumed that an earthquake event affecting the Eno-Haw Region is unlikely. Probability: 1 – Unlikely 188 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 142 Figure 4.17 – Seismic Hazard Information for North Carolina Source: USGS Earthquake Hazards Program 189 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 143 CLIMATE CHANGE Scientists are beginning to believe there may be a connection between climate change and earthquakes. Changing ice caps and sea-level redistribute weight over fault lines, which could potentially have an influence on earthquake occurrences. However, currently no studies quantify the relationship to a high level of detail, so recent earthquakes should not be linked with climate change. While not conclusive, early research suggest that more intense earthquakes and tsunamis may eventually be added to the adverse consequences that are caused by climate change. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PEOPLE Earthquake events in the Eno-Haw Region are unlikely to produce more than mild ground shaking; therefore, injury or death is unlikely. Objects falling from shelves generally pose the greatest threat to safety. Table 4.28 details the population estimated to be at risk from a 250-year earthquake, according to the NCEM IRISK database. 190 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 144 Table 4.28 – Estimated Population Impacted by 250-Year Earthquake Jurisdiction Total Population Total Population at Risk All Elderly Population Elderly Population at Risk All Children Population Children at Risk Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 57,799 34,957 60% 9,835 5,948 60% 3,308 2,001 60% City of Burlington 63,032 29,996 48% 10,440 4,968 48% 3,975 1,892 48% City of Graham 18,650 8,669 46% 3,356 1,560 46% 1,288 599 47% City of Mebane 17,079 6,425 38% 2,206 830 38% 977 368 38% Town of Elon 9,355 5,078 54% 1,524 827 54% 331 180 54% Town of Green Level 1,541 913 59% 273 162 59% 104 62 60% Town of Haw River 5,843 3,150 54% 979 528 54% 395 213 54% Town of Ossipee 434 139 32% 64 21 33% 23 7 30% Town of Swepsonville 558 264 47% 102 48 47% 38 18 47% Village of Alamance 704 399 57% 143 81 57% 25 14 56% Subtotal Alamance 174,995 89,990 51% 28,922 14973 52% 10,464 5,354 51% Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 92,917 12,310 13% 15,332 2,031 13% 5,294 701 13% City of Durham 235,187 22,688 10% 27,521 2,655 10% 15,501 1,495 10% Subtotal Durham 328,104 34,998 11% 42,853 4,686 11% 20,795 2,196 11% Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 61,819 17,130 28% 10,806 2,994 28% 3,164 877 28% Town of Carrboro 18,405 2,637 14% 2,281 327 14% 671 96 14% Town of Chapel Hill 63,329 8,416 13% 7,428 987 13% 2,477 329 13% Town of Hillsborough 6,252 966 15% 1,118 173 15% 406 63 16% Subtotal Orange 149,805 29,149 19% 21,633 4,481 21% 6,718 1,365 20% 191 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 145 Jurisdiction Total Population Total Population at Risk All Elderly Population Elderly Population at Risk All Children Population Children at Risk Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Person County Unincorporated Person County 29,696 9,449 32% 5,674 1,805 32% 1,641 522 32% City of Roxboro 10,172 2,431 24% 2,211 528 24% 447 107 24% Subtotal Person 39,868 11,880 30% 7,885 2,333 30% 2,088 629 30% Total 692,772 166,017 24% 101,293 26,473 26% 40,065 9,544 24% Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 192 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 146 PROPERTY In a severe earthquake event, buildings can be damaged by the shaking itself or by the ground beneath them settling to a different level than it was before the earthquake (subsidence). Buildings can even sink into the ground if soil liquefaction occurs. If a structure (a building, road, etc.) is built across a fault, the ground displacement during an earthquake could seriously damage that structure. Earthquakes can also cause damages to infrastructure, resulting in secondary hazards. Damages to dams or levees could cause failures and subsequent flooding. Fires can be started by broken gas lines and power lines. Fires can be a serious problem, especially if the water lines that feed the fire hydrants have been damaged as well. The Eno-Haw Region has not been impacted by an earthquake with more than a moderate intensity, so damage to the built environment is unlikely. Table 4.29 and Table 4.30 detail the estimated buildings impacted from a 250-year earthquake event and a 500-year earthquake event, respectively. 193 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 147 Table 4.29 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by 250-Year Earthquake Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 15,675 53% $81,369 3,408 11% $72,933 154 1% $14,963 19,237 65% $169,265 City of Burlington 24,403 10,281 42% $88,047 2,373 10% $401,369 208 1% $31,455 12,862 53% $520,871 City of Graham 7,269 3,056 42% $22,658 525 7% $63,096 131 2% $15,077 3,712 51% $100,830 City of Mebane 5,835 1,996 34% $14,336 458 8% $110,301 38 1% $7,626 2,492 43% $132,263 Town of Elon 2,760 1,321 48% $15,155 142 5% $19,588 160 6% $18,005 1,623 59% $52,748 Town of Green Level 1,177 626 53% $2,188 109 9% $3,923 9 1% $231 744 63% $6,342 Town of Haw River 2,352 1,153 49% $4,899 167 7% $18,756 18 1% $1,864 1,338 57% $25,519 Town of Ossipee 330 96 29% $446 21 6% $1,134 4 1% $357 121 37% $1,938 Town of Swepsonville 573 257 45% $1,912 24 4% $8,573 4 1% $482 285 50% $10,967 Village of Alamance 798 405 51% $3,650 66 8% $4,202 16 2% $1,600 487 61% $9,452 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 34,866 46% $234,660 7,293 10% $703,875 742 1% $91,660 42,901 57% $1,030,195 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 75,585 6,343 8% $163,195 5,902 8% $772,831 1,541 2% $220,927 13,786 18% $1,156,953 City of Durham 21,037 2,350 11% $29,799 2,798 13% $289,131 209 1% $36,429 5,357 25% $355,358 Subtotal Durham 96,622 8,693 9% $192,994 8,700 9% $1,061,962 1,750 2% 257,356 19,143 20% $1,512,311 194 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 148 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 5,981 24% $42,913 2,592 11% $92,811 211 1% $39,310 8,784 36% $175,034 Town of Carrboro 5,782 782 14% $25,423 257 4% $26,444 42 1% $8,758 1,081 19% $60,625 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 1,817 12% $75,264 558 4% $135,488 500 3% $101,672 2,875 19% $312,424 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 518 13% $6,208 352 9% $46,427 105 3% $16,571 975 25% $69,206 Subtotal Orange 49,306 9,098 18% $149,808 3,759 8% $301,170 858 2% $166,311 13,715 28% $617,289 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 4,736 27% $18,274 2,598 15% $40,544 124 1% $22,359 7,458 42% $81,177 City of Roxboro 6,617 1,371 21% $9,591 701 11% $114,968 125 2% $24,517 2,197 33% $149,076 Subtotal Person 24,331 6,107 25% $27,865 3,299 14% $155,512 249 1% $46,876 9,655 40% $230,253 Total 245,406 58,764 24% $605,327 23,051 9% $2,222,519 3,599 1% $562,203 85,414 35% $3,390,048 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 195 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 149 Table 4.30 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by 500-Year Earthquake Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87% $1,487,743 3,425 12% $699,048 283 1% $167,849 29,619 100% $2,354,640 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89% $1,535,403 2,401 10% $3,129,356 320 1% $318,481 24,339 100% $4,983,240 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90% $430,981 530 7% $489,890 155 2% $141,266 7,260 100% $1,062,138 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91% $335,334 465 8% $898,971 64 1% $78,658 5,832 100% $1,312,963 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88% $224,678 147 5% $206,677 174 6% $147,561 2,758 100% $578,917 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90% $44,879 109 9% $30,507 10 1% $2,943 1,176 100% $78,329 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91% $98,913 168 7% $147,559 31 1% $18,450 2,338 99% $264,922 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91% $11,303 21 6% $9,436 7 2% $2,891 327 99% $23,629 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95% $33,133 24 4% $56,274 5 1% $4,672 572 100% $94,079 Village of Alamance 798 714 89% $53,029 66 8% $32,592 17 2% $12,437 797 100% $98,058 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89% $4,255,396 7,356 10% $5,700,310 1,066 1% $895,208 75,018 100% $10,850,915 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,972 85% $695,624 2,818 13% $2,451,095 229 1% $301,951 21,019 100% $3,448,671 City of Durham 75,585 67,750 90% $4,031,329 6,045 8% $7,377,868 1,672 2% $2,076,582 75,467 100% $13,485,779 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89% $4,726,953 8,863 9% $9,828,963 1,901 2% $2,378,533 96,486 100% $16,934,450 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88% $1,262,476 2,657 11% $850,353 246 1% $389,570 24,527 100% $2,502,398 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95% $587,987 261 5% $254,468 46 1% $95,233 5,771 100% $937,689 196 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 150 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92% $1,740,040 615 4% $1,212,434 529 4% $1,020,279 15,067 100% $3,972,753 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88% $166,724 358 9% $414,627 111 3% $186,994 3,877 100% $768,345 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90% $3,757,227 3,891 8% $2,731,882 932 2% $1,692,076 49,242 100% $8,181,185 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84% $509,166 2,613 15% $356,556 156 1% $211,555 17,662 100% $1,077,277 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87% $208,672 710 11% $841,518 144 2% $210,153 6,608 100% $1,260,343 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85% $717,838 3,323 14% $1,198,074 300 1% $421,708 24,270 100% $2,337,620 Total 245,406 217,384 89% $13,457,414 23,433 10% $19,459,229 4,199 2% $5,387,525 245,016 100% $38,304,170 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 197 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 151 ENVIRONMENT An earthquake is unlikely to cause substantial impacts to the natural environment in the Eno-Haw Region. Impacts to the built environment (e.g. ruptured gas line) could damage the surrounding environment. However, this type of damage is unlikely based on historical occurrences. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.31 summarizes the potential negative consequences of earthquake. Table 4.31 – Consequence Analysis - Earthquake Category Consequences Public Impact expected to be severe for people who are unprotected or unable to take shelter; moderate to light impacts are expected for those who are protected. Responders Responders may be required to enter unstable structures or compromised infrastructure. Adverse impacts are expected to be severe for unprotected personnel and moderate to light for protected personnel. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Damage to facilities/personnel in the area of the incident may require relocation of operations and lines of succession execution. Disruption of lines of communication and destruction of facilities may extensively postpone delivery of services. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Damage to facilities and infrastructure in the area of the incident may be extensive for facilities, people, infrastructure, and HazMat. Environment May cause extensive damage, creating denial or delays in the use of some areas. Remediation may be needed. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Local economy and finances expected to be adversely affected, possibly for an extended period of time. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Ability to respond and recover may be questioned and challenged if planning, response, and recovery are not timely and effective. HAZARD SUMMARY BY JURISDICTION The following table summarizes earthquake hazard risk by jurisdiction. Earthquake risk is uniform across the planning area; there is no variation in risk by jurisdiction. Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority All Jurisdictions 1 1 4 4 1 1.9 L 198 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 152 4.5.4 EXCESSIVE HEAT HAZARD BACKGROUND Per information provided by Ready.gov, in most of the United States extreme heat is defined as a long period (2 to 3 days) of high heat and humidity with temperatures above 90 degrees. As temperatures rise, our bodies naturally cool down by sweating. In extreme heat, the body must work extra hard to maintain a normal temperature and sweating might not be enough to cool down. When this happens, a person's body temperature rises faster than it can cool itself. Additionally, when the humidity is high, as is common during extreme heat events in North Carolina, evaporative cooling through sweating becomes less effective. Heat-related illnesses occur when the body overheats from exposure to high temperatures and in severe cases can cause damage to the brain and other vital organs3. Heat-related illnesses can also arise from moderate to vigorous physical activity in hot situations. Extreme heat often results in the highest annual number of deaths among all weather-related disasters. On average, the number of extreme heat days has been increasing each year, putting residents at a higher risk of heat-related illnesses. In 2023, more people in the United States died of heat-related illness than any year on record4. Per Ready.gov, older adults, children, and people with certain illnesses and chronic conditions are at greater risk from extreme heat; and humidity increases the feeling of heat. The National Weather Service (NWS) uses the heat index, also known as apparent temperature, to determine when to issue health alerts. The heat index is a measure of how hot it really feels when the relative humidity is considered along with the actual air temperature. In most areas of the country, the NWS generally issues alerts “when the heat index is expected to exceed 105°F -110°F for at least two consecutive days,” but they also work with local partners to determine the most appropriate conditions for a specific geography5,6. In North Carolina, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) uses regional temperature thresholds to activate its Heat Health Alert System. The regional thresholds recognize that an area’s typical climate conditions and relevant local factors, such as the proportion of the population engaged in outdoor work, can impact how heat affects the local population. DHHS sends heat alerts to county health departments and Heat Health Alert System subscribers when the daily maximum heat index is forecasted to meet or exceed the heat index threshold for their region. In the Eno-Haw Region, the heat index threshold is 100°F, as shown in Figure 4.18. 3 www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/heat_guide.html. 4 https://apnews.com/article/record-heat-deadly-climate-change-humidity-south-11de21a526e1cbe7e306c47c2f12438d 5 https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-index 6 https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-ww 199 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 153 Figure 4.18 – North Carolina Heat Index Thresholds Source: https://climate.ncsu.edu/heat_toolkit/thresholds/ The most dangerous place to be during an extreme heat incident is in a permanent home, with little or no air conditioning. Those at greatest risk for heat-related illness include people 65 years of age and older, young children, people with chronic health problems such as heart disease, people who are obese, people who are socially isolated, and people who are on certain medications, such as tranquilizers, antidepressants, sleeping pills, or drugs for Parkinson’s disease. However, even young and healthy individuals are susceptible if they participate in strenuous physical activities during hot weather or are not acclimated to hot weather. Table 4.32 lists typical symptoms and health impacts of exposure to heat. Table 4.32 – Typical Health Impacts of Extreme Heat Heat Index (HI) Disorder 80-90° F (HI) Fatigue possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity 90-105° F (HI) Sunstroke, heat cramps, and heat exhaustion possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity 105-130° F (HI) Heatstroke/sunstroke highly likely with continued exposure Source: National Weather Service Heat Index Program, www.weather.gov/os/heat/index.shtml The National Weather Service has a system in place to initiate alert procedures (advisories or warnings) when the Heat Index is expected to have a significant impact on public safety. The expected severity of the heat determines whether advisories or warnings are issued. A common guideline for issuing excessive heat alerts is when the maximum daytime Heat Index is expected to equal or exceed 105 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the night time minimum Heat Index is 75°F or above for two or more consecutive days. A heat advisory is issued when temperatures reach 105 degrees and a warning is issued at 115 degrees. Impacts of extreme heat are not only focused on human health, as prolonged heat exposure can have devastating impacts on infrastructure as well. Prolonged high heat exposure increases the risk of pavement deterioration, as well as railroad warping or buckling. High heat also puts a strain on energy systems and consumption, as air conditioners are run at a higher rate and for longer; extreme heat can also reduce transmission capacity over electric systems. 200 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 154 Warning Time: 1 – More than 24 hours Duration: 3 – Less than one week LOCATION The entire planning area is susceptible to high temperatures and incidents of excessive heat. Spatial Extent: 4 – Large EXTENT The extent of extreme heat can be defined by the maximum apparent temperature reached. Apparent temperature is a function of ambient air temperature and relative humidity and is reported as the heat index. The National Weather Service Forecast Office in Raleigh sets the following criteria for heat advisory and excessive heat warning: — Heat Advisory – Heat Index of 105°F to 109°F for 2 hours or more. Can also be issued for lower values 100°F to 104°F for heat lasting several consecutive days — Excessive Heat Watch – Potential for heat index values of 110°F or hotter within 24 to 48 hours. Also issued during prolonged heat waves when the heat index is near 110°F — Excessive Heat Warning – Heat Index of 110°F or greater for any duration Table 4.33 notes the highest temperature on record for each county in the Eno-Haw Region. Table 4.33 – Highest Temperature by County County Temperature Location Date Alamance 105°F Burlington Fire Station #5 06/27/1954 Durham 107°F Lake Michie 06/30/1959 Orange 107°F Chapel Hill 2W 07/19/1902 Person 104°F Roxboro 7 ESE 07/14/1966 Source: North Carolina Climate Office Impact: 3 – Critical HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2019 was North Carolina’s hottest year on record; that record stretches back to 1895. NCEI records indicate two incidents of heat or excessive heat for the Eno-Haw Region counties. The first event occurred in Alamance, Durham, and Person counties from July 22-23, 1998, and maximum temperatures combined with dew points in the 78- to-80-degree range with little wind to give heat index values around 110 degrees each afternoon. The second occurred in Person County in July 2005 and resulted in the death of a farm worker who had left the farm at 11:30 AM. The heat index was 103°F by 11:00 AM. The HMPC also noted an additional instance of extreme heat on July 20, 2019, when much of the region was under a heat advisory, with heat indexes reaching up to 110°F. In response to this advisory, many outdoor events were cancelled. Orange County extended the hours of cooling centers throughout the weekend and provided transportation to and from these centers. Heat index records maintained by the North Carolina Climate Office indicate that the Region regularly experiences heat index temperatures above 100°F. Table 4.34 counts of heat index values by threshold recorded during a 25-year-period from 1999-2023 at the Raleigh-Durham International Airport weather station (KRDU), used as an indicator for the Eno-Haw Region overall. Counts are provided as the number 201 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 155 of days each year where the heat index reached or exceeded 100°F. According to this data, the Region averages approximately 17.6 days per year with heat index values above 100°F. Table 4.34 – Historical Heat Index Counts Raleigh-Durham Airport (KRDU), 1999-2018 Year Heat Index Value Total 100-104°F 105-109°F 110-114°F ≥115°F 1999 15 9 2 0 26 2000 8 2 0 0 10 2001 3 5 1 0 9 2002 6 6 0 0 18 2003 9 2 0 0 11 2004 4 0 0 0 4 2005 20 3 1 0 24 2006 11 6 0 0 17 2007 15 3 3 0 21 2008 11 0 0 0 11 2009 9 0 0 0 9 2010 20 4 3 0 27 2011 16 5 0 0 21 2012 12 6 4 0 22 2013 2 0 0 0 2 2014 5 0 0 0 5 2015 15 2 0 0 17 2016 20 7 0 0 27 2017 14 5 0 0 19 2018 95 8 0 0 22 2019 14 2 0 0 16 2020 16 4 0 0 20 2021 16 5 0 0 21 2022 18 13 1 0 32 2023 21 4 3 0 28 Sum 395 101 18 0 439 Average 15.8 4 0.7 9 17.6 Source: North Carolina Climate Office, Heat Index Climatology Tool PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE Data was gathered from the North Carolina State Climate Office’s Heat Index Climatology Tool using the Raleigh-Durham International Airport weather station as an approximation for the Eno-Haw Region. Based on 25 years of available data, the Region averages 17.6 days/year with heat index temperatures above 100°F. Probability: 4 – Highly Likely CLIMATE CHANGE Research shows that average temperatures will continue to rise in the Southeast United States and globally, directly affecting the Eno-Haw Region. Per the Fifth National Climate Assessment, “The number of extreme warm days (above 95°F) is expected to continue increasing with every increment of global warming” and that “heatwaves in the Southeast are happening more frequently and are occurring 202 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 156 during a longer heat season, with some cities also showing increasing trends in their duration and intensity.” Additional heat stresses can be attributed to the urban heat island effect which can increase the temperature of those living in urban environments compared to rural areas. The number of days over 95°F in the Eno-Haw Region is expected to increase by between 10 and 30 days annually, as shown in Figure 4.19. Figure 4.19 – Projected Changes in Annual Number of Very Hot Days in North Carolina Source: USGCRP, 2023: Fifth National Climate Assessment Historical data and climate projections provided by the State Climate Office of North Carolina on the North Carolina Resilience Exchange website provide estimates specific to the Eno-Haw Region counties. This data indicates that extreme heat days in the region could more than quadruple, and days with nighttime temperatures above 70°F are expected to more than triple. These projections are summarized in Table 4.35 and Table 4.36 below. Table 4.35 – Extreme Heat Projections, Days per Year with Maximum Temperatures Over 95°F County Historical Best Case Scenario Worst Case Scenario Alamance 10 31 44 Durham 9 32 45 Orange 8 28 41 Person 8 26 38 Source: North Carolina Resilience Exchange Climate Projections and Observations Table 4.36 – Extreme Heat Projections, Nights per Year with Minimum Temperatures Over 70°F County Historical Best Case Scenario Worst Case Scenario Alamance 22 53 70 Durham 22 53 70 Orange 17 47 64 Person 14 38 54 Source: North Carolina Resilience Exchange Climate Projections and Observations 203 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 157 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PEOPLE Extreme heat can cause heat stroke and even loss of human life. The elderly and the very young are most at risk to the effects of heat. People who are isolated are also more vulnerable to extreme heat. Socially vulnerable populations in areas with a high percentage of developed land and a small tree canopy are most vulnerable to negative health effects related to extreme heat, per the Triangle Regional Resilience Assessment. Emergency department visits for heat related illnesses notably increase when heat index temperatures exceed 100°F. Figure 4.20 shows the annual count of emergency department visits for heat-related illness in the Eno-Haw region, using public health syndromic surveillance system data from NC DETECT. The annual count of emergency department visits for heat-related illness in Alamance County ranged from 31 visits in 2021 to 68 visits in 2019. The annual count of emergency department visits for heat-related illness in Durham County ranged from 50 in 2023 to 88 in 2024. The annual count of emergency department visits for heat related illness in Orange County ranged from 17 in 2022 to 34 in 2019. The annual count of emergency department visits for heat related illness in Person County ranged from 7 in 2020 to 21 in 2019. Figure 4.20 – Annual Heat-Related Illness Emergency Department Visits by County Source: North Carolina Disease Event Tracking and Epidemiologic Collection Tool (NC DETECT) PROPERTY Extreme heat is unlikely to cause significant damages to the built environment. However, road surfaces can be damaged as asphalt softens, and concrete sections may buckle under expansion caused by heat. Train rails may also distort or buckle under the stress of head induced expansion. Power transmission lines may sag from expansion and if contact is made with vegetation the line may short out causing power outages. Additional power demand for cooling also increases power line temperature adding to heat impacts. Extreme heat can cause significant agricultural losses. Between 2007-2023, the sum of claims paid for crop damage due to heat in the Eno-Haw Region was $5,260,645 or an average of $309,449 in losses 204 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 158 every year. Table 4.37 summarizes the crop losses due to drought reported in the RMA system by county. Person County accounted for the majority of these claims. Table 4.37– Crop Losses Resulting from Heat, 2007-2023 in Eno-Haw Region Year Alamance County Durham County Orange County Person County Total Indemnity Amount 2007 $180,394.00 $17,846 $97,777 $626,860 $922,877 2008 $46,654.00 $1,595 $0 $16,465 $64,714 2009 $1,394.00 - - - $1,394 2010 $146,589.00 $20,840 $8,778 $587,866 $764,073 2011 $53,110.00 $23,462 $11,799 $72,161 $160,532 2012 $77,791.00 $17,846 $175,374 $444,871 $715,882 2013 - - - - - 2014 - - - $10,022 $10,022 2015 $25,063 - - $1,646 $26,709 2016 $33,828 - - $661,980 $695,808 2017 $33,696 - - $65,386 $99,082 2018 $9,120 - $1,315 $1,632 $12,067 2019 $7,537 $9,856 $27,738 $118,722 $163,853 2020 $1,202 - - $30,266 $30,266 2021 - - $5,124 $98,533 $103,657 2022 $267,757 - $65,804 $290,212 $623,773 2023 $140,986 $3,601 $88,491 $631,656 $864,734 Total $1,025,121 $95,046 $482,200 $3,658,278 $5,260,645 Source: USDA Risk Management Agency ENVIRONMENT Wild animals are vulnerable to heat disorders similar to humans, including mortality. Vegetation growth will be stunted or plants may be killed if temperatures rise above their tolerance extremes. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.38 summarizes the potential negative consequences of extreme heat. Table 4.38 – Consequence Analysis – Extreme Heat Category Consequences Public Extreme heat may cause illness and/or death. Responders Consequences may be greater for responders if their work requires exertion and/or wearing heavy protective gear. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Continuity of operations is not expected to be impacted by extreme heat because warning time for these events is long. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Minor impacts may occur, including possible damages to road surfaces and power lines. Environment Environmental impacts include strain on local plant and wildlife, including potential for illness or death. 205 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 159 Category Consequences Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Farmers may face crop losses or increased livestock costs. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Extreme heat is unlikely to impact public confidence. HAZARD SUMMARY BY JURISDICTION The following table summarizes extreme heat hazard risk by jurisdiction. Extreme heat risk does not vary significantly by jurisdiction. More heavily urbanized areas may experience greater localized temperature extremes due to the urban heat island effect and therefore greater heat risk, but less developed areas may have a greater percentage of individuals working outside and therefore greater exposure to heat. Extreme heat risk is uniform across the planning area; there is no variation in risk by jurisdiction. Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority All Jurisdictions 4 3 4 1 3 3.3 H 206 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 160 4.5.5 FLOODING HAZARD BACKGROUND Flooding is defined by the rising and overflowing of water onto normally dry land. As defined by FEMA, a flood is a general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of two or more acres of normally dry land area or of two or more properties. Flooding can result from an overflow of inland waters or an unusual accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source. Flooding is the most frequent and costly of all natural hazards in the United States and has caused more than 10,000 death(s) since 1900. Approximately 90 percent of presidentially declared disasters result from flood-related natural hazard events. Taken as a whole, more frequent, localized flooding problems that do not meet federal disaster declaration thresholds ultimately cause the majority of damages across the United States. SOURCES AND TYPES OF FLOODING The Eno-Haw Region can experience riverine flooding, flash flooding, and localized stormwater flooding. Each of these types of flooding are described below, based on data from Flood Insurance Study (FIS) reports, Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), NOAA, and the HMPC. RIVERINE FLOODING The primary riverine flooding sources in the Eno-Haw Region are as follows, per each county’s effective Flood Insurance Study: — Alamance County: Cane Creek (South) Tributary, Eastside Creek, Michaels Branch, Steelhouse Branch, Willowbrook Creek — Durham County: The County is more prone to flooding by small streams than flooding by a major river. The principal flood problems occur on the smaller tributaries, where, due to urban development pressures, there has been commercial and residential construction in the floodplains of these tributaries. However, local flooding from the Eno River has also occurred. — Orange County: Eno River, North and South Forks Little River, New Hope Creek, Morgan Creek, Bolin Creek, and other streams. — Person County: Flat River, the North Flat River, the South Flat River, Marlowes Creek and smaller creeks and tributaries. These rivers and their tributaries are susceptible to overflowing their banks during and following excessive precipitation events. Though less common, riverine flood events (such as the “1%-annual- chance flood”) will cause significantly more damage and economic disruption for the area than incidences of localized stormwater flooding. FLASH FLOODING A flash flood occurs when water levels rise at an extremely fast rate as a result of intense rainfall over a brief period, possibly from slow-moving intense thunderstorms and sometimes combined with rapid snowmelt, ice jam release, frozen ground, saturated soil, or impermeable surfaces. Ice jam flooding is a form of flash flooding that occurs when ice breaks up in moving waterways, and then stacks on itself where channels narrow. This creates a natural dam, often causing flooding within minutes of the dam formation. Flash flooding can happen in Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs) as delineated by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and can also happen in areas not associated with floodplains. 207 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 161 Flash flood hazards caused by surface water runoff are most common in urbanized areas, where greater population density generally equates to more impervious surface (e.g., pavement and buildings) which increases the amount of surface water generated. Flash flooding is a dangerous form of flooding which can reach full peak in only a few minutes. Rapid onset allows little or no time for protective measures. Flash flood waters move at very fast speeds and can move boulders, tear out trees, scour channels, and destroy buildings and bridges. Flash flooding can result in higher loss of life, both human and animal, than slower developing river and stream flooding. LOCALIZED STORMWATER FLOODING In certain areas, aging storm sewer systems are not designed to carry the capacity currently needed to handle increased storm runoff. Sewers may back up, yards can be inundated, and homes, businesses and vehicles can be flooded. Drainage and sewer systems not designed to carry the capacity currently needed to handle increased storm runoff can cause water to back into basements and damage mechanical systems. These impacts can create serious public health and safety concerns. Localized flooding may be caused by the following issues: — Inadequate Capacity – An undersized/under capacity pipe system can cause water to back-up behind a structure which can lead to areas of ponded water and/or overtopping of banks. — Clogged Inlets – Debris covering the asphalt apron and the top of grate at catch basin inlets may contribute to an inadequate flow of stormwater into the system. Debris within the basin itself may also reduce the efficiency of the system by reducing the carrying capacity. — Blocked Drainage Outfalls – Debris blockage or structural damage at drainage outfalls may prevent the system from discharging runoff, which may lead to a back-up of stormwater within the system. — Improper Grade – Poorly graded asphalt around catch basin inlets may prevent stormwater from entering the catch basin as designed. Areas of settled asphalt may create low spots within the roadway that allow for areas of ponded water. FLOODING AND FLOODPLAINS A floodplain, as shown in Figure 4.21, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences occasional or periodic flooding. It includes the floodway, which consists of the stream channel and adjacent areas that carry flood flows, and the flood fringe, which are areas covered by the flood, but which do not experience a strong current. Floodplains are made when floodwaters exceed the capacity of the main channel or escape the channel by eroding its banks. When this occurs, sediments (including rocks and debris) are deposited that gradually build up over time to create the floor of the floodplain. Floodplains generally contain unconsolidated sediments, often extending below the bed of the stream. Floodplain boundaries are designated and routinely updated through cooperation between local governments, states and the FEMA. Flood Insurance Study (FIS) findings are shown on Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) and describe various flood hazard zones based on flood height exceedance return periods. Flood hazard zone designations depend on local conditions and map issue dates, but all will show the 100-year or base flood elevation (1-percent annual chance flood), as well as some areas of the 500- year floodplain (0.2-percent annual chance flood). 208 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 162 Figure 4.21 – Characteristics of a Floodplain In its common usage, the floodplain most often refers to that area that is inundated by the “100-year flood,” which is the flood that has a 1% chance in any given year of being equaled or exceeded. The “500-year flood” is the flood that has a 0.2 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. The potential for flooding can change and increase through various land use changes and changes to land surface, which result in a change to the floodplain. A change in environment can create localized flooding problems inside and outside of natural floodplains by altering or confining natural drainage channels. These changes are most often created by human activity. The 1%-annual-chance flood, which is the minimum standard used by most federal and state agencies, is used by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) as the standard for floodplain management and to determine the need for flood insurance. Participation in the NFIP requires adoption and enforcement of a local floodplain management ordinance which is intended to prevent unsafe development in the floodplain, thereby reducing future flood damages. Participation in the NFIP allows for the federal government to make flood insurance available within the community as a financial protection against flood losses. Since floods have an annual probability of occurrence, have a known magnitude, depth and velocity for each event, and in most cases, have a map indicating where they will likely occur, they are in many ways often the most predictable and manageable hazard. Warning Time: 3 – 6 to 12 hour Duration: 3 – Less than 1 week LOCATION Regulated floodplains are illustrated on FIRMs, which are the official maps for a community on which FEMA has delineated both the Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs) and the risk premium zones applicable to the community. SFHAs represent the areas subject to inundation by the 1-percent-annual- chance flood event. Figure 4.22 through Figure 4.25 reflect the effective mapped flood insurance zones for the Eno-Haw Region by county. Less than 10 percent of the region overall falls within the 1% annual chance floodplain. However, flooding can occur anywhere and is not limited to the mapped floodplain. Spatial Extent: 2 – Small 209 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 163 Figure 4.22 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas in Alamance County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM retrieved from North Carolina Flood Risk Information System 210 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 164 Figure 4.23 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas in Durham County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM retrieved from North Carolina Flood Risk Information System 211 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 165 Figure 4.24 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas in Orange County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM retrieved from North Carolina Flood Risk Information System 212 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 166 Figure 4.25 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas in Person County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM retrieved from North Carolina Flood Risk Information System 213 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 167 EXTENT Flood extent can be defined by the amount of land in the floodplain and the potential magnitude of flooding as measured by flood height and velocity. FEMA Flood Insurance Studies define the approximate extent and probability of flooding by flood events of a magnitude which are expected to be equaled or exceeded once on the average during a specific time period, or recurrence interval. Flood prone areas were identified within Eno-Haw Region using the Effective FIRMs, with most recent updates and/or revisions dated November 17, 2017 for Alamance, October 19, 2018 for Orange County, July 19, 2022 for Durham County, and December 6, 2019 for Person County. Table 4.39 summarizes the flood insurance zones identified by the Digital FIRM (DFIRM). Table 4.39 – Mapped Flood Insurance Zones within the Eno-Haw Region Zone Description A Areas with a 1% annual chance of flooding and a 26% chance of flooding over the life of a 30‐year mortgage. Because detailed analyses are not performed for such areas, no depths or base flood elevations are shown within these zones. AE AE Zones, also within the 100-year flood limits, are defined with BFEs that reflect the combined influence of stillwater flood elevations and wave effects less than 3 feet. The AE Zone generally extends from the landward VE zone limit to the limits of the 100-year flood from coastal sources, or until it reaches the confluence with riverine flood sources. The AE Zones also depict the SFHA due to riverine flood sources, but instead of being subdivided into separate zones of differing BFEs with possible wave effects added, they represent the flood profile determined by hydrologic and hydraulic investigations and have no wave effects. The Coastal AE Zone is differentiated from the AE Zone by the Limit of Moderate Wave Action (LiMWA) and includes areas susceptible to wave action between 1.5 to 3 feet. AO Areas subject to inundation by 1-percent-annual-chance shallow flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain) where average depths are between one and three feet. Average flood depths derived from detailed hydraulic analyses are shown in this zone. Manda tory flood insurance purchase requirements and floodplain management standards apply. 0.2% Annual Chance (shaded Zone X) Moderate risk areas within the 0.2-percent-annual-chance floodplain, areas of 1-percent- annual-chance flooding where average depths are less than 1 foot, areas of 1-percent- annual-chance flooding where the contributing drainage area is less than 1 square mile, and areas protected from the 1-percent-annual-chance flood by a levee. No BFEs or base flood depths are shown within these zones. (Zone X (shaded) is used on new and revised maps in place of Zone B.) Zone X (unshaded) Minimal risk areas outside the 1-percent and 0.2-percent-annual-chance floodplains. No BFEs or base flood depths are shown within these zones. Zone X (unshaded) is used on new and revised maps in place of Zone C. Source: FEMA Table 4.40 provides a summary by county of the Region’s total area by flood zone on the effective DFIRM. Only about eight percent of the Region falls within the SFHA. Durham County has the greatest proportion of total area in the SFHA, at just over 14 percent, while Orange County has the smallest relative SFHA at just 4.6 percent of the county’s total area. While the 1-percent-annual-chance flood is the basis for floodplain management under the NFIP, that does not mean that properties outside the SFHA are not at risk of flooding. Floods of other magnitudes may occur. The remainder of the planning areas is subject to moderate and low flood risk. Impact: 3 – Critical 214 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 168 Table 4.40 – Flood Zone Acreage in the Eno-Haw Region Flood Zone Acreage Percent of Total (%) Alamance Zone A -- -- Zone AE 19,155.4 6.9% Zone AO -- -- Zone X (500-year) 1,208.1 0.4% Zone X Unshaded 258,569.6 92.7% Subtotal 278,933.1 100.0% Durham Zone A -- -- Zone AE 27,833.4 14.7% Zone AO 8.2 0.0% Zone X (500-year) 1,567.1 0.8% Zone X Unshaded 159,900.2 84.5% Subtotal 189,308.9 100.0% Orange Zone A -- -- Zone AE 11,625.1 4.6% Zone AO -- -- Zone X (500-year) 871.8 0.3% Zone X Unshaded 242,919.3 95.1% Subtotal 255,416.2 100.0% Person Zone A -- -- Zone AE 15,842.5 6.1% Zone AO -- -- Zone X (500-year) 297.1 0.1% Zone X Unshaded 242,439.8 93.8% Subtotal 258,579.5 100.0% Total 982,237.7 100.0% Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM Figure 4.26 through Figure 4.29 show the depth of flooding estimated to occur from a 1% annual chance flood by county. 215 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 169 Figure 4.26 – Flood Depth, 100-Year Floodplain, Alamance Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 216 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 170 Figure 4.27 – Flood Depth, 100-Year Floodplain, Durham County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 217 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 171 Figure 4.28 – Flood Depth, 100-Year Floodplain, Orange County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 218 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 172 Figure 4.29 – Flood Depth, 100-Year Floodplain, Person County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 219 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 173 HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES According to NCEI Storm Events Database records, 180 flood-related events were reported during the 25- year period from 1999 through 2023, across 89 separate days. These events caused $52,374,500 in property damages, and $15,000,000 in crop damages. Table 4.41 summaries these historical occurrences of flooding by county and event type. It should be noted that only those historical occurrences listed in the NCEI database are shown here and that other, unrecorded or unreported events may have occurred within the planning area during this timeframe. Table 4.41 – NCEI Records of Flooding, 1999-2023 Type Event Count Deaths/ Injuries Reported Property Damage Reported Crop Damage Alamance Flash Flood 33 0/0 $2,110,000 $0 Flood 5 0/0 $1,070,000 $5,000,000 Durham Flash Flood 67 0/0 $440,000 $0 Flood 4 0/0 $11,050,000 $5,000,000 Orange Flash Flood 44 0/0 $10,934,500 $0 Flood 4 0/0 $26,400,000 $5,000,000 Person Flash Flood 18 0/0 $310,000 $0 Flood 1 0/0 $0 $0 Region Total Flash Flood 162 0/0 $13,794,500 $0 Flood 14 0/0 $38,520,000 $15,000,000 Total 176 0/0 $52,314,500 $15,000,000 Source: NCEI Table 4.42 provides a summary of this historical information by location. Many of the events attributed to the county are countywide or cover large portions of the county. Similarly, though some events have associated starting locations identified, the event may have covered a larger area including multiple jurisdictions. Still, this list provides an indication of areas that may be particularly flood prone. Table 4.42 – Summary of Historical Flood Occurrences by Location, 1999-2023 Location Event Count Deaths/Injuries Property Damage Crop Damage Alamance County Altamahaw 2 0/0 $0 $0 Burlington 8 0/0 $0 $0 Countywide 5 0/0 $0 $0 Elon College 4 0/0 $0 $0 Glen Raven 2 0/0 $115,000 $0 Graham 3 0/0 $30,000 $0 Just Xrds 1 0/0 $500,000 $0 Mebane 2 0/0 $1,400,000 $0 Pleasant Grove 1 0/0 $50,000 $0 220 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 174 Location Event Count Deaths/Injuries Property Damage Crop Damage Saxapahaw 2 0/0 $0 $0 Snow Camp 5 0/0 $1,070,000 $5,000,000 Swepsonville 2 0/0 $0 $0 Union Ridge 1 0/0 $15,000 $0 Subtotal Alamance 38 0/0 $3,180,000 $5,000,000 Durham County Bahama 4 0/0 $100,000 $0 Braggtown 3 0/0 $2,500 $0 Countywide 8 0/0 $0 $0 Durham 13 0/0 $40,000 $0 East Durham 1 0/0 $0 $0 Fairntosh 1 0/0 $0 $0 Few 3 0/0 $15,000 $0 Genlee 1 0/0 $11,050,000 $5,000,000 Gorman 3 0/0 $20,000 $0 Hayes 2 0/0 $0 $0 Hope Valley 14 0/0 $112,500 $0 Huckleberry Spring 4 0/0 $100,000 $0 Lowes Grove 1 0/0 $0 $0 Oak Grove 2 0/0 $0 $0 Orange Factory 2 0/0 $0 $0 Quail Roost 3 0/0 $0 $0 Rougemont 2 0/0 $50,000 $0 Weaver 2 0/0 $0 $0 West Durham 2 0/0 $0 $0 Subtotal Durham 71 0/0 $11,490,000 $5,000,000 Orange County Blackwood 2 0/0 $150,000 $0 Buckhorn 1 0/0 $0 $0 Calvander 2 0/0 $3,000 $0 Carr 1 0/0 $0 $0 Carrboro 1 0/0 $10,000 $0 Chapel Hill 13 0/0 $6,905,000 $0 Chapel Hill Williams Area 9 0/0 $3,601,500 $0 Countywide 3 0/0 $0 $0 Efland 2 0/0 $250,000 $0 Glenn 1 0/0 $10,000 $0 Hillsborough 4 0/0 $0 $0 Miles 2 0/0 $0 $0 North Portion 1 0/0 $0 $0 Occoneechee 1 0/0 $0 $0 Teer 4 0/0 $26,400,000 $5,000,000 West Hillsborough 1 0/0 $5,000 $0 Subtotal Orange 48 0/0 $37,334,500 $5,000,000 221 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 175 Location Event Count Deaths/Injuries Property Damage Crop Damage Person County Cavel 1 0/0 $0 $0 Countywide 2 0/0 $0 $0 Cunningham 2 0/0 $0 $0 Dennys Store 1 0/0 $0 $0 Gentrys Store 1 0/0 $0 $0 Gordonton 1 0/0 $50,000 $0 Helena 1 0/0 $0 $0 Hurdle Mills 2 0/0 $0 $0 Longs Store 1 0/0 $250,000 $0 Paynes Tavern 1 0/0 $0 $0 Roxboro 6 0/0 $10,000 $0 Subtotal Person 19 0/0 $310,000 $0 Region Total 176 0/0 $52,314,500 $15,00,000 Source: NCEI The following event narratives are provided in the NCEI Storm Events Database and illustrate the impacts of flood events on the Region: July 23, 2000 – Flooding of streets and buildings was reported countywide, especially in Chapel Hill and Carrboro. The Eastgate Shopping center was damaged, as well as several apartments and homes. A bridge was washed out on Piney Mountain Rd. July 13, 2003 – Extensive flooding caused evacuations. 30 homes and 6 businesses sustained flood damage, and the wastewater treatment plant was damaged. About a dozen cars were underwater. Highways 70 and 119 were closed along with many other roads. June 30, 2013 – Heavy rain (4-5 inches) resulted in extensive flooding in the city of Chapel Hill. The first floor of the Town Hall flooded and may be closed for up to a year for repairs. Franklin Street saw widespread flooding, with water above the windows of cars in several locations and some businesses also being impacted. Several buildings on the University of North Carolina had water in them, including the bottom floor of Granville Tower. Another area of the city that experienced flooding was the East Gate Shopping Center, where water entered several businesses and stranded many cars in the parking lot. One hard hit residential area was along Estes Drive near Highway 15-501, where the Camelot Village Condominiums experienced extensive flooding. In fact, 76 out of 116 units flooded. Another residential area that experienced flooding was the Airport Gardens Public Housing Neighborhood, where 18 out of the 26 units flooded. Due to the flooding, the Orange County qualified for state and federal aid. Several areas of Carrboro experienced flooding, including the Rocky Brook Mobile Home Park on Greensboro Street, where residents had to be evacuated due to high water. In fact, 20 out of 31 homes were eventually condemned. September 17, 2018 – Torrential rainfall of 6 to 10 inches caused widespread flooding across the region, which caused flooding along the Eno and Haw Rivers and other creeks and streams throughout the region. Additionally, water held in Jordan Lake from rainfall in its headwaters resulted in flooding along the lake into far southeast portions of Orange and Durham counties. Flooding damaged approximately 276 structures throughout Orange County, destroying 1 structure and resulting in $26.4 million in property damage. Flooding damaged approximately 638 structures throughout Durham County, destroying 4 structures and resulting in $11.05 million in property damage. Flooding damaged approximately 202 structures throughout Alamance County, resulting in over $1.07 million in property damage. Numerous 222 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 176 roads were closed due to flooding. Numerous homes and businesses were flooded as well. While final losses on crops are not yet tallied, estimates around $5 million or more are possible. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE By definition, SFHAs are those areas that will be inundated by the flood event having a 1-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Properties located in the SFHA have a 26 percent chance of flooding over the life of a 30-year mortgage. The Shaded X Zone indicates areas that are estimated to be inundated by the flood event having a 0.2-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. The SFHA and the Shaded X zone indicate areas of high and moderate risk according to FEMA guidelines; however, this does not mean that flood risk is limited to these areas. There is also potential for other magnitudes of flood events to impact these and other areas in the region. While exposure to flood hazards varies across jurisdictions, all jurisdictions have at least some area of land in FEMA flood hazard areas. Additionally, flash floods and stormwater flooding can occur outside of mapped SFHAs and historical records indicate that these events are very common in the Region, with an average of 6.5 flash flood events reported annually over the last 25 years. Climate change projections suggest flooding will become more likely in the future due to increases in days with heavy rain. The probability of flooding is considered likely regionwide. Based on historical records of flooding coupled with projections for increased heavy rain, probability of flooding is considered highly likely in Durham City and County, Orange County, and Chapel Hill. Probability: 3 – Likely CLIMATE CHANGE Per the Fourth National Climate Assessment, frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events is expected to increase across the country. Additionally, increases in precipitation totals are expected in the Southeast. Therefore, with more rainfall falling in more intense incidents, the region may experience more frequent flash flooding. Increased flooding may also result from more intense tropical cyclone; researchers have noted the occurrence of more intense storms bringing greater rainfall totals, a tr end that is expected to continue as ocean and air temperatures rise. The 2023 North Carolina Hazard Mitigation Plan, changing climate and weather patterns, environmental conditions, and urban and rural development may affect the frequency and intensity of flooding. Historical data and climate projections provided by the State Climate Office of North Carolina on the North Carolina Resilience Exchange website indicate that days with extreme precipitation (2 inches or more of precipitation) are expected to increase in the region. These projections are summarized in Table 4.43 below. Table 4.43 – Heavy Rain Projections, Days per Decade with Precipitation of 2 or More Inches County Historical Best Case Scenario Worst Case Scenario Alamance 12 15 17 Durham 9 13 14 Orange 12 16 18 Person 11 15 17 Source: North Carolina Resilience Exchange Climate Projections and Observations This increased likelihood of extreme precipitation events due to climate change will result in greater risks of flash flooding and impacts from stormwater runoff. 223 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 177 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES AND ASSUMPTIONS Population and property at risk to flooding was estimated using data from the North Carolina Emergency Management (NCEM) IRISK database, which was compiled in NCEM’s Risk Management Tool. As a subset of the building vulnerability analysis, exposure of pre-FIRM structures was also estimated. Table 4.44 below provides the NFIP entry date for each participating jurisdiction, which was used to determine which buildings were constructed pre-FIRM. Pre-FIRM structures are those built prior to the community’s first FIRM and thus before the adoption of flood protection building standards. These structures are therefore assumed to be at greater risk to the flood hazard. To estimate the number of pre-FIRM structures in each community using year-built data, if the NFIP entry date for a given community was between January and June, buildings constructed the same year as the entry date were considered to be post-FIRM (e.g., if the NFIP entry date is 02/01/1991, buildings constructed in 1990 and before were considered pre-FIRM. Buildings constructed from 1991 to the present were counted as post-FIRM.). If the NFIP entry date was between July and December, then the following year was applied for the year-built cut-off (e.g., if the NFIP entry date was 12/18/2007, buildings constructed in the year 2007 and before were counted as pre-FIRM, 2008 and newer were post- FIRM). Table 4.44 – NFIP Entry Dates Jurisdiction NFIP Entry Date Alamance County Alamance County (Unincorporated) 12/1/1981 Alamance 12/17/1987 Burlington 4/1/1981 Elon 6/5/1989 Graham 11/19/1980 Green Level 12/22/1998 Haw River 11/5/1980 Mebane 11/5/1980 Ossipee Non-participating Swepsonville 12/1/1981 Durham County Durham County (Unincorporated) 2/15/1979 Durham 1/3/1979 Orange County Orange County (Unincorporated) 3/6/1981 Carrboro 6/25/1976 Chapel Hill 4/17/1978 Hillsborough 5/15/1980 Person County Person County (Unincorporated) 9/14/1990 Roxboro 3/25/1991 Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency 224 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 178 Effective FEMA DFIRM data was used for the flood hazard areas. Flood zones used in the analysis consist of Zone AE (1-percent-annual-chance flood), Zone AE Floodway, and the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood hazard area. PEOPLE Certain health hazards are common to flood events. While such problems are often not reported, three general types of health hazards accompany floods. The first comes from the water itself. Floodwaters carry anything that was on the ground that the upstream runoff picked up, including dirt, oil, animal waste, and lawn, farm and industrial chemicals. Pastures and areas where farm animals are kept or where their wastes are stored can contribute polluted waters to the receiving streams. Debris also poses a risk both during and after a flood. During a flood, debris carried by floodwaters can cause physical injury from impact. During the recovery process, people may often need to clear debris out of their properties but may encounter dangers such as sharp materials or rusty nails that pose a risk of tetanus. People must be aware of these dangers prior to a flood so that they understand the risks and take necessary precautions before, during, and after a flood. Floodwaters also saturate the ground, which leads to infiltration into sanitary sewer lines. When wastewater treatment plants are flooded, there is nowhere for the sewage to flow. Infiltration and lack of treatment can lead to overloaded sewer lines that can back up into low-lying areas and homes. Even when it is diluted by flood waters, raw sewage can be a breeding ground for bacteria such as E.coli and other disease causing agents. The second type of health problem arises after most of the water has gone. Stagnant pools can become breeding grounds for mosquitoes, and wet areas of a building that have not been properly cleaned breed mold and mildew. A building that is not thoroughly cleaned becomes a health hazard, especially for small children and the elderly. Another health hazard occurs when heating ducts in a forced air system are not properly cleaned after inundation. When the furnace or air conditioner is turned on, the sediments left in the ducts are circulated throughout the building and breathed in by the occupants. If a local water system loses pressure, a boil order may be issued to protect people and animals from contaminated water. The third problem is the long-term psychological impact of having been through a flood and seeing one‘s home damaged and personal belongings destroyed. The cost and labor needed to repair a flood-damaged home puts a severe strain on people, especially the unprepared and uninsured. There is also a long-term problem for those who know that their homes can be flooded again. The resulting stress on floodplain residents takes its toll in the form of aggravated physical and mental health problems. Floods can also result in fatalities. Though there are no deaths or injuries as a result of flood reported for the Region in NCEI records, these impacts can occur. Individuals face particularly high risk when driving through flooded streets. Table 4.45 to Table 4.48 details the population at risk from 25, 50, 100, and 500-year flood events according to data from the NCEM IRISK database. Note that development and population growth have occurred since the original analysis for the IRISK dataset was performed, therefore actual population at risk is likely higher. 225 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 179 Table 4.45 – Population Impacted by 25-Year Flood Event Jurisdiction Total Population Total Population at Risk All Elderly Population Elderly Population at Risk All Children Population Children at Risk Number % Number % Number % Alamance Alamance County (Unincorporated Area) 57,799 76 0 9,835 13 0 3,308 4 0 City Of Burlington 63,032 483 1 10,440 80 1 3,975 30 1 City Of Graham 18,650 144 1 3,356 26 1 1,288 10 1 City Of Mebane 17,079 32 0% 2,206 4 0% 977 2 0% Town Of Elon 9,355 61 1% 1,524 10 1% 331 2 1% Town Of Green Level 1,541 0 0% 273 0 0% 104 0 0% Town Of Haw River 5,843 22 0% 979 4 0% 395 1 0% Town Of Ossipee 434 0 0% 64 0 0% 23 0 0% Town Of Swepsonville 558 0 0% 102 0 0% 38 0 0% Village Of Alamance 704 0 0% 143 0 0% 25 0 0% Subtotal Alamance 174,995 818 0% 28,922 137 0% 10,464 49 0% Durham Durham County (Unincorporated Area) 92,917 671 1% 15,332 111 1% 5,294 38 1% City Of Durham 235,187 1,489 1% 27,521 174 1% 15,501 98 1% Subtotal Durham 328,104 2,160 1% 42,853 285 1% 20,795 136 1% Orange Orange County (Unincorporated Area) 61,819 60 0% 10,806 10 0% 3,164 3 0% Town Of Carrboro 18,405 162 1% 2,281 20 1% 671 6 1% Town Of Hillsborough 6,252 4 0% 1,118 1 0% 406 0 0% Town Of Chapel Hill 63,329 763 1% 7,428 89 1% 2,477 30 1% Subtotal Orange 149,805 989 1% 21,633 120 1% 6,718 39 1% Person Person County (Unincorporated Area) 29,696 8 0% 5,674 2 0% 1,641 0 0% City Of Roxboro 10,172 26 0% 2,211 6 0% 447 1 0% Subtotal Person 39,868 34 0% 7,885 8 0% 2,088 1 0% Region Total 692,772 4,001 1% 101,293 550 1% 40,065 225 1% Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 226 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 180 Table 4.46 – Population Impacted by 50-Year Flood Event Jurisdiction Total Population Total Population at Risk All Elderly Population Elderly Population at Risk All Children Population Children at Risk Number % Number % Number % Alamance Alamance County (Unincorporated Area) 57,799 100 0% 9,835 17 0% 3,308 6 0% City Of Burlington 63,032 535 1% 10,440 89 1% 3,975 34 1% City Of Graham 18,650 195 1% 3,356 35 1% 1,288 13 1% City Of Mebane 17,079 45 0% 2,206 6 0% 977 3 0% Town Of Elon 9,355 69 1% 1,524 11 1% 331 2 1% Town Of Green Level 1,541 0 0% 273 0 0% 104 0 0% Town Of Haw River 5,843 30 1% 979 5 1% 395 2 1% Town Of Ossipee 434 0 0% 64 0 0% 23 0 0% Town Of Swepsonville 558 0 0% 102 0 0% 38 0 0% Village Of Alamance 704 1 0% 143 0 0% 25 0 0% Subtotal Alamance 174,995 975 1% 28,922 163 1% 10,464 60 1% Durham Durham County (Unincorporated Area) 92,917 769 1% 15,332 127 1% 5,294 44 1% City Of Durham 235,187 1,883 1% 27,521 220 1% 15,501 124 1% Subtotal Durham 328,104 2,652 1% 42,853 347 1% 20,795 168 1% Orange Orange County (Unincorporated Area) 61,819 80 0% 10,806 14 0% 3,164 4 0% Town Of Carrboro 18,405 165 1% 2,281 20 1% 671 6 1% Town Of Hillsborough 6,252 5 0% 1,118 1 0% 406 0 0% Town Of Chapel Hill 63,329 862 1% 7,428 101 1% 2,477 34 1% Subtotal Orange 149,805 1,112 1% 21,633 136 1% 6,718 44 1% Person Person County (Unincorporated Area) 29,696 8 0% 5,674 2 0% 1,641 0 0% City Of Roxboro 10,172 28 0% 2,211 6 0% 447 1 0% Subtotal Person 39,868 36 0% 7,885 8 0% 2,088 1 0% Region Total 692,772 4,775 1% 101,293 654 1% 40,065 273 1% Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 227 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 181 Table 4.47 – Population Impacted by 100-Year River Flooding Jurisdiction Total Population Total Population at Risk All Elderly Population Elderly Population at Risk All Children Population Children at Risk Number % Number % Number % Alamance Alamance County (Unincorporated Area) 57,799 123 0% 9,835 21 0% 3,308 7 0% City Of Burlington 63,032 584 1% 10,440 97 1% 3,975 37 1% City Of Graham 18,650 249 1% 3,356 45 1% 1,288 17 1% City Of Mebane 17,079 51 0% 2,206 7 0% 977 3 0% Town Of Elon 9,355 80 1% 1,524 13 1% 331 3 1% Town Of Green Level 1,541 0 0% 273 0 0% 104 0 0% Town Of Haw River 5,843 52 1% 979 9 1% 395 4 1% Town Of Ossipee 434 0 0% 64 0 0% 23 0 0% Town Of Swepsonville 558 0 0% 102 0 0% 38 0 0% Village Of Alamance 704 1 0% 143 0 0% 25 0 0% Subtotal Alamance 174,995 1,140 1% 28,922 192 1% 10,464 71 1% Durham Durham County (Unincorporated Area) 92,917 908 1% 15,332 150 1% 5,294 52 1% City Of Durham 235,187 2,314 1% 27,521 271 1% 15,501 153 1% Subtotal Durham 328,104 3,222 1% 42,853 421 1% 20,795 205 1% Orange Orange County (Unincorporated Area) 61,819 109 0% 10,806 19 0% 3,164 6 0% Town Of Carrboro 18,405 175 1% 2,281 22 1% 671 6 1% Town Of Hillsborough 6,252 7 0% 1,118 1 0% 406 0 0% Town Of Chapel Hill 63,329 957 2% 7,428 112 2% 2,477 37 1% Subtotal Orange 149,805 1,248 1% 21,633 154 1% 6,718 49 1% Person Person County (Unincorporated Area) 29,696 10 0% 5,674 2 0% 1,641 1 0% City Of Roxboro 10,172 32 0% 2,211 7 0% 447 1 0% Subtotal Person 39,868 42 0% 7,885 9 0% 2,088 2 0% Region Total 692,772 5,652 1% 101293 776 1% 40065 327 1% Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 228 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 182 Table 4.48 – Population Impacted by the 500-Year River Flooding Jurisdiction Total Population Total Population at Risk All Elderly Population Elderly Population at Risk All Children Population Children at Risk Number % Number % Number % Alamance Alamance County (Unincorporated Area) 57,799 201 0% 9,835 34 0% 3,308 11 0% City Of Burlington 63,032 712 1% 10,440 118 1% 3,975 45 1% City Of Graham 18,650 399 2% 3,356 72 2% 1,288 28 2% City Of Mebane 17,079 61 0% 2,206 8 0% 977 3 0% Town Of Elon 9,355 95 1% 1,524 16 1% 331 3 1% Town Of Green Level 1,541 0 0% 273 0 0% 104 0 0% Town Of Haw River 5,843 98 2% 979 16 2% 395 7 2% Town Of Ossipee 434 0 0% 64 0 0% 23 0 0% Town Of Swepsonville 558 0 0% 102 0 0% 38 0 0% Village Of Alamance 704 1 0% 143 0 0% 25 0 0% Subtotal Alamance 174,995 1,567 1% 28922 264 1% 10464 97 1% Durham Durham County (Unincorporated Area) 92,917 1,083 1% 15,332 179 1% 5,294 62 1% City Of Durham 235,187 3,240 1% 27,521 379 1% 15,501 214 1% Subtotal Durham 328,104 4,323 1% 42,853 558 1% 20,795 276 1% Orange Orange County (Unincorporated Area) 61,819 129 0% 10,806 22 0% 3,164 7 0% Town Of Carrboro 18,405 212 1% 2,281 26 1% 671 8 1% Town Of Hillsborough 6,252 13 0% 1,118 2 0% 406 1 0% Town Of Chapel Hill 63,329 1,115 2% 7,428 131 2% 2,477 44 2% Subtotal Orange 149,805 1,469 1% 21,633 181 1% 6,718 60 1% Person Person County (Unincorporated Area) 29,696 24 0% 5,674 5 0% 1,641 1 0% City Of Roxboro 10,172 42 0% 2,211 9 0% 447 2 0% Subtotal Person 39,868 66 0% 7885 14 0% 2088 3 0% Region Total 692,772 7,425 1% 101,293 1,017 1% 40,065 436 1% Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 229 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 183 PROPERTY Residential, commercial, and public buildings, as well as critical infrastructure such as transportation, water, energy, and communication systems may be damaged or destroyed by flood waters. The 1% annual chance flood event is estimated to impact over 1,700 structures and caused over $37 million in damages. Structures located within the SFHA have a 26-percent chance of flooding during the life of a standard 30-year mortgage. Mortgage lenders require that owners of properties with federally- backed mortgages located within SFHAs purchase and maintain flood insurance policies on their properties. Consequently, newer and recently purchased properties in the community are typically insured against flooding. Table 4.49 through Table 4.53 detail buildings at risk of damage during different flood return intervals, according to data from the NCEM IRISK database. As with population vulnerability data, actual property at risk is likely higher due to the amount of development that has occurred since the original analysis for the IRISK dataset was performed. 230 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 184 Table 4.49 – Buildings Impacted by the 10-Year Flood Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 10 0 19 0 $21,302 1 0 $1,483 0 0 $0 20 0 $22,784 City of Burlington 24,403 120 0 127 1 $247,394 5 0 $33,811 2 0 $3,053 134 1 $284,258 City of Graham 7,269 10 0 21 0 $57,495 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 21 0 $57,495 City of Mebane 5,835 0 0 8 0 $13,861 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 8 0 $13,861 Town of Elon 2,760 11 0 12 0 $13,982 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 12 0 $13,982 Town of Green Level 1,177 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Town of Haw River 2,352 1 0 4 0 $23,856 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 4 0 $23,856 Town of Ossipee 330 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Town of Swepsonville 573 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Village of Alamance 798 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 152 0 191 0 $377,890 6 0 $35,294 2 0 $3,053 199 0 $416,236 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 83 0 210 1 $1,521,506 17 0 $954,742 1 0 $11,160 228 1 $2,487,408 City of Durham 21,037 49 0 107 1 $265,112 5 0 $43,312 1 0 $9,742 113 1 $318,166 Subtotal Durham 75,585 258 0 341 0 $1,642,373 26 0 $269,032 3 0 $47,197 370 0 $1,958,603 Orange County 231 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 185 Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 2 0 15 0 $28,062 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 15 0 $28,062 Town of Carrboro 5,782 10 0 46 1 $406,940 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 46 1 $406,940 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 135 1 129 1 $6,751,916 21 0 $4,278,496 1 0 $186,046 151 1 $11,216,457 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 1 0 1 0 $1,430 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 1 0 $1,430 Subtotal Orange 49,306 148 0 191 0 $7,188,348 21 0 $4,278,496 1 0 $186,046 213 0 $11,652,889 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 0 0 2 0 $691 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 2 0 $691 City of Roxboro 6,617 12 0 11 0 $19,417 1 0 $3,138 0 0 $0 12 0 $22,555 Subtotal Person 24,331 12 0 13 0 $20,108 1 0 $3,138 0 0 $0 14 0 $23,246 Total 245,406 619 0 843 0 $9,493,831 59 0 $4,629,272 7 0 $246,038 909 0 $14,369,140 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool Table 4.50 – Buildings Impacted by the 25-Year Flood Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County 232 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 186 Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 22 0 34 0 $92,279 1 0 $33,299 0 0 $0 35 0 $125,578 City of Burlington 24,403 158 1 166 1 $422,732 11 0 $99,067 2 0 $13,780 179 1 $535,579 City of Graham 7,269 19 0 51 1 $95,699 1 0 $600 0 0 $0 52 1 $96,299 City of Mebane 5,835 0 0 10 0 $37,338 1 0 $277 0 0 $0 11 0 $37,615 Town of Elon 2,760 15 1 16 1 $30,602 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 16 1 $30,602 Town of Green Level 1,177 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Town of Haw River 2,352 7 0 8 0 $49,325 2 0 $3,913 0 0 $0 10 0 $53,238 Town of Ossipee 330 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Town of Swepsonville 573 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Village of Alamance 798 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 221 0 285 0 $727,975 16 0 $137,156 2 0 $13,780 303 0 $878,911 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 54 0 130 1 $349,289 10 0 $72,855 1 0 $10,482 141 1 $432,626 City of Durham 75,585 330 0 427 1 $3,414,876 38 0 $751,119 5 0 $118,059 470 1 $4,284,054 Subtotal Durham 96,622 384 0 557 1 $3,764,165 48 0 $823,974 6 0 $128,541 611 1 $4,716,680 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 4 0 21 0 $60,672 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 21 0 $60,672 233 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 187 Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Carrboro 5,782 11 0 48 1 $940,430 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 48 1 $940,430 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 180 1 169 1 $8,452,005 29 0 $5,214,180 1 0 $238,637 199 1 $13,904,823 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3 0 2 0 $3,643 1 0 $758 0 0 $0 3 0 $4,401 Subtotal Orange 49,306 198 0 240 0 $9,456,750 30 0 $5,214,938 1 0 $238,637 271 1 $14,910,326 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 0 0 4 0 $1,794 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 4 0 $1,794 City of Roxboro 6,617 20 0 15 0 $32,729 4 0 $82,313 1 0 $14,819 20 0 $129,862 Subtotal Person 24,331 20 0 19 0 $34,523 4 0 $82,313 1 0 $14,819 24 0 $131,656 Total 245,406 823 0 1,101 0 $13,983,413 98 0 $6,258,381 10 0 $395,777 1,209 0 $20,637,573 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool Table 4.51 – Buildings Impacted by the 50-Year Flood Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 30 0 45 0 $195,208 2 0 $45,758 0 0 $0 47 0 $240,966 234 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 188 Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages City of Burlington 24,403 175 1 184 1 $534,137 12 0 $130,375 2 0 $16,358 198 1 $680,870 City of Graham 7,269 24 0 69 1 $133,001 1 0 $945 0 0 $0 70 1 $133,946 City of Mebane 5,835 0 0 14 0 $45,313 1 0 $1,108 0 0 $0 15 0 $46,422 Town of Elon 2,760 17 1 18 1 $35,890 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 18 1 $35,890 Town of Green Level 1,177 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Town of Haw River 2,352 9 0 11 0 $56,841 2 0 $14,702 0 0 $0 13 1 $71,543 Town of Ossipee 330 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Town of Swepsonville 573 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Village of Alamance 798 1 0 1 0 $131 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 1 0 $131 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 256 0 342 0 $1,000,521 18 0 $192,888 2 0 $16,358 362 0 $1,209,768 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 58 0 149 1 $466,829 14 0 $256,748 1 0 $10,817 164 1 $734,394 City of Durham 75,585 408 1 540 1 $5,999,637 48 0 $1,506,953 6 0 $184,703 594 1 $7,691,293 Subtotal Durham 96,622 466 0 689 1 6,466,466 62 0 1,763,701 7 0 195,520 758 1 8,425,687 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 5 0 28 0 $81,536 2 0 $14,979 0 0 $0 30 0 $96,516 Town of Carrboro 5,782 12 0 49 1 $1,146,563 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 49 1 $1,146,563 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 204 1 191 1 $9,967,569 30 0 $5,493,547 1 0 $240,917 222 1 $15,702,033 235 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 189 Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Hillsborough 3,883 4 0 3 0 $4,082 1 0 $5,767 0 0 $0 4 0 $9,849 Subtotal Orange 49,306 225 0 271 1 11,199,750 33 0 5,514,293 1 0 240,917 305 1 16,954,961 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 0 0 4 0 $6,778 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 4 0 $6,778 City of Roxboro 6,617 21 0 16 0 $45,398 4 0 $130,245 1 0 $14,978 21 0 $190,620 Subtotal Person 24,331 21 0 20 0 $52,176 4 0 $130,245 1 0 $14,978 25 0 $197,398 Total 245,406 968 0 1,322 1 $18,718,913 117 0 $7,601,127 11 0 $467,773 1,450 1 $26,787,814 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool Table 4.52 – Buildings Impacted by the 100-Year Flood Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 24,403 192 1% 201 1% $646,943 15 0% $167,698 2 0% $18,193 218 1% $832,834 City of Burlington 7,269 29 0% 88 1% $199,197 1 0% $1,246 0 0% $0 89 1% $200,443 City of Graham 5,835 0 0% 16 0% $53,658 1 0% $1,960 0 0% $0 17 0% $55,618 City of Mebane 2,760 20 1% 21 1% $40,705 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 21 1% $40,705 236 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 190 Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Elon 1,177 0 0% 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 Town of Green Level 2,352 17 1% 19 1% $110,767 3 0% $29,139 0 0% $0 22 1% $139,907 Town of Haw River 330 0 0% 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 Town of Ossipee 573 0 0% 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 Town of Swepsonville 798 1 0% 1 0% $339 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 1 0% $339 Village of Alamance 75,147 297 0% 401 1% $1,415,562 26 0% $430,724 2 0% $18,193 429 1% $1,864,480 Subtotal Alamance 24,403 192 1% 201 1% $646,943 15 0% $167,698 2 0% $18,193 218 1% $832,834 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 75,585 488 1% 664 1% $8,907,700 60 0% $4,991,806 6 0% $234,395 730 1% $14,133,902 City of Durham 21,037 66 0% 176 1% $722,479 15 0% $781,467 1 0% $10,910 192 1% $1,514,856 Subtotal Durham 96,622 554 1% 840 1% 9,630,179 75 0% 5,773,273 7 0% 245,305 922 1% 15,648,758 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 8 0% 38 0% $171,926 2 0% $29,200 0 0% $0 40 0% $201,126 Town of Carrboro 5,782 14 0% 52 1% $1,360,258 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 52 1% $1,360,258 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 228 2% 212 1% $10,727,672 34 0% $6,222,133 1 0% $247,944 247 2% $17,197,748 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 5 0% 4 0% $5,872 1 0% $9,528 0 0% $0 5 0% $15,399 Subtotal Orange 49,306 255 1% 306 1% 12,265,728 37 0% 6,260,861 1 0% 247,944 344 1% 18,774,531 237 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 191 Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Person County Unincorporated Person County 6,617 35 1% 18 0% $50,719 15 0% $701,674 2 0% $18,403 35 1% $770,796 City of Roxboro 17,714 0 0% 5 0% $12,780 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 5 0% $12,780 Subtotal Person 24,331 35 0% 23 0% $63,499 15 0% $701,674 2 0% $18,403 40 0% $783,576 Total 245,406 1,141 0% 1,570 1% $23,374,968 153 0% $13,166,532 12 0% $529,845 1,735 1% $37,071,345 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool Table 4.53 – Buildings Impacted by the 500-Year Flood Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 61 0 90 0 $839,342 12 0 $2,320,024 1 0 $60,089 103 0 $3,219,456 City of Burlington 24,403 229 1 245 1 $1,039,928 24 0 $336,141 2 0 $18,924 271 1 $1,394,992 City of Graham 7,269 44 1 141 2 $758,364 3 0 $693,315 0 0 $0 144 2 $1,451,679 City of Mebane 5,835 1 0 19 0 $74,328 2 0 $25,101 0 0 $0 21 0 $99,429 Town of Elon 2,760 23 1 25 1 $61,430 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 25 1 $61,430 Town of Green Level 1,177 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 238 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 192 Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Haw River 2,352 28 1 36 2 $416,539 6 0 $100,410 0 0 $0 42 2 $516,949 Town of Ossipee 330 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Town of Swepsonville 573 0 0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Village of Alamance 798 1 0 1 0 $12,544 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 1 0 $12,544 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 387 1 557 1 $3,202,475 47 0 $3,474,991 3 0 $79,013 607 1 $6,756,479 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 83 0 210 1 $1,521,506 17 0 $954,742 1 0 $11,160 228 1 $2,487,408 City of Durham 75,585 602 1 930 1 $20,889,947 89 0 $15,795,668 11 0 $638,164 1,030 1 $37,323,779 Subtotal Durham 96,622 685 1 1,140 1 $22,411,453 106 0 $16,750,410 12 0 $649,324 1,258 1 $39,811,187 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 10 0 45 0 $455,176 3 0 $35,554 0 0 $0 48 0 $490,730 Town of Carrboro 5,782 14 0 63 1 $2,036,673 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 63 1 $2,036,673 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 263 2 247 2 $18,524,996 37 0 $7,092,832 1 0 $250,964 285 2 $25,868,792 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 8 0 7 0 $42,100 1 0 $20,701 0 0 $0 8 0 $62,801 Subtotal Orange 49,306 295 1 362 1 $21,058,945 41 0 $7,149,087 1 0 250,964 404 1 $28,458,996 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 5 0 12 0 $87,899 2 0 $1,659 0 0 $0 14 0 $89,557 239 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 193 Jurisdiction All Buildings Number of Pre-FIRM Buildings at Risk Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages City of Roxboro 6,617 41 1 24 0 $66,451 15 0 $889,571 2 0 $20,456 41 1 $976,478 Subtotal Person 24,331 46 0 36 0 $154,350 17 0 $891,230 2 0 $20,456 55 0 $1,066,035 Total 245,406 1,413 1 2,095 1 $46,827,223 211 0 $28,265,718 18 0 $999,757 2,324 1 $76,092,697 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 240 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 194 The damage estimates for the 1% annual chance flood event total $37,071,345, which equates to a loss ratio of less than 1 percent. The loss ratio is the damage estimate divided by the total potential exposure (i.e., total value of all buildings in the planning area), displayed as a percentage of value at risk. FEMA considers loss ratios greater than 10% to be significant and an indicator a community may have more difficulties recovering from an event. Table 4.54 provides building counts and estimated damages for Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR) buildings across all jurisdictions, by sector for the 100-year flood event. Vulnerability of CIKR as well as High Potential Loss Properties, where applicable, can be found by jurisdiction in each community’s annex to this plan. Table 4.54 – Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources Buildings at Risk to 100-Year Flood by Sector Sector Number of Buildings at Risk Estimated Damages Banking and Finance 14 $856,924 Commercial Facilities 101 $6,264,532 Communications 1 $282,992 Critical Manufacturing 24 $3,767,331 Energy 0 $0 Food and Agriculture 9 $55,735 Government Facilities 6 $466,889 Healthcare and Public Health 9 $666,111 Transportation Systems 1 $1,335,864 Water 16 $2,836,396 Total 191 $17,875,675 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool REPETITIVE LOSS ANALYSIS A repetitive loss property is a property for which two or more flood insurance claims of more than $1,000 have been paid by the NFIP within any 10-year period since 1978. An analysis of repetitive loss was completed to examine repetitive losses within the region. According to 2024 NFIP records from the FEMA Community Information System, there are a total of 88 repetitive loss properties within the Eno-Haw region, which have filed a total of 273 claims. There are 15 properties on the list classified as severe repetitive loss properties. A severe repetitive loss property is classified as such if it has four or more separate claim payments of more than $5,000 each (including building and contents payments) or two or more separate claim payments (building only) where the total of the payments exceeds the current value of the property. Table 4.55 summarizes repetitive loss properties by jurisdiction as identified by FEMA through the NFIP. These repetitive loss properties include primarily residential as well as some commercial property types , and these property types are representative of all communities in the plan with repetitive losses. Table 4.55 – Repetitive Loss Properties by Jurisdiction, November 2024 Jurisdiction RL Property Count Occupancy Type Total Losses % Insured SRL Count Residential Commercial Alamance County 4 4 0 11 0% 2 City of Burlington 5 4 1 19 40% 2 City of Graham 2 2 0 4 50% 0 City of Mebane 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 241 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 195 Jurisdiction RL Property Count Occupancy Type Total Losses % Insured SRL Count Residential Commercial Town of Elon 1 1 0 4 100% 0 Town of Green Level 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Town of Haw River 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Town of Ossipee 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Town of Swepsonville 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Village of Alamance 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A City of Durham 35 29 6 88 51% 2 Durham County 3 3 0 11 0% 1 Orange County 1 1 0 2 0% 0 Town of Carrboro 4 4 0 11 75% 0 Town of Chapel Hill 36 33 3 131 69% 8 Town of Hillsborough 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A City of Roxboro 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Person County 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 91 81 10 281 55% 15 Source: OpenFEMA Dataset: NFIP Multiple Loss Properties RL = Repetitive Loss; SRL = Severe Repetitive Loss ENVIRONMENT During a flood event, chemicals and other hazardous substances may end up contaminating local water bodies. Flooding kills animals and in general disrupts the ecosystem. Snakes and insects may also make their way to the flooded areas. Floods can also cause significant erosion, which can alter streambanks and deposit sediment, changing the flow of streams and rivers and potentially reducing the drainage capacity of those waterbodies. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.56 summarizes the potential detrimental consequences of flood. Table 4.56 – Consequence Analysis - Flood Category Consequences Public Localized impact expected to be severe for incident areas and moderate to light for other adversely affected areas. Responders First responders are at risk when attempting to rescue people from their homes. They are subject to the same health hazards as the public. Flood waters may prevent access to areas in need of response or the flood may prevent access to the critical facilities themselves which may prolong response time. Damage to personnel will generally be localized to those in the flood areas at the time of the incident and is expected to be limited. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Floods can severely disrupt normal operations, especially when there is a loss of power. Damage to facilities in the affected area may require temporary relocation of some operations. Localized disruption of roads, facilities, and/or utilities caused by incident may postpone delivery of some services. 242 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 196 Category Consequences Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Buildings and infrastructure, including transportation and utility infrastructure, may be damaged or destroyed. Impacts are expected to be localized to the area of the incident. Severe damage is possible. Environment Chemicals and other hazardous substances may contaminate local water bodies. Wildlife and livestock deaths possible. The localized impact is expected to be severe for incident areas and moderate to light for other areas affected by the flood or HazMat spills. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Local economy and finances will be adversely affected, possibly for an extended period of time. During floods (especially flash floods), roads, bridges, farms, houses and automobiles are destroyed. Additionally, the local government must deploy firemen, police and other emergency response personnel and equipment to help the affected area. It may take years for the affected communities to be re-built and business to return to normal. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Ability to respond and recover may be questioned and challenged if planning, response, and recovery are not timely and effective. HAZARD SUMMARY BY JURISDICTION The following table summarizes flood hazard risk by jurisdiction. Warning time and duration are inherent to the hazard. Spatial extent was assigned according to the amount of area within the SFHA. Probability ratings are based on records of past events. Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority Alamance County 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M Burlington 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M Graham 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M Mebane 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M Elon 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M Green Level 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M Haw River 3 3 3 3 3 3.0 H Ossipee 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M Swepsonville 3 3 3 3 3 3.0 H Alamance 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M Durham County 4 3 3 3 3 3.3 H Durham 4 3 3 3 3 3.3 H Orange County 4 3 2 3 3 3.1 H Carrboro 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M Chapel Hill 4 3 2 3 3 3.1 H Hillsborough 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M Person County 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M Roxboro 3 3 2 3 3 2.8 M 243 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 197 4.5.6 HURRICANE AND TROPICAL STORM HAZARD BACKGROUND Hurricanes and tropical storms are classified as cyclones and defined as any closed circulation developing around a low-pressure center in which the winds rotate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (or clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere) and whose diameter averages 10 to 30 miles across. A tropical cyclone refers to any such circulation that develops over tropical waters. Tropical cyclones act as a “safety-valve,” limiting the continued build-up of heat and energy in tropical regions by maintaining the atmospheric heat and moisture balance between the tropics and the pole-ward latitudes. The primary damaging forces associated with these storms are high-level sustained winds, heavy precipitation, and tornadoes. The key energy source for a tropical cyclone is the release of latent heat from the condensation of warm water. Their formation requires a low-pressure disturbance, warm sea surface temperature, rotational force from the spinning of the earth, and the absence of wind shear in the lowest 50,000 feet of the atmosphere. The majority of hurricanes and tropical storms form in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico during the official Atlantic hurricane season, which encompasses the months of June through November. The peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is in early to mid-September and the average number of storms that reach hurricane intensity per year in the Atlantic basin is about six. As an incipient hurricane develops, barometric pressure (measured in millibars or inches) at its center falls and winds increase. If the atmospheric and oceanic conditions are favorable, it can intensify into a tropical depression. When maximum sustained winds reach or exceed 39 miles per hour, the system is designated a tropical storm, given a name, and is closely monitored by the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida. When sustained winds reach or exceed 74 miles per hour the storm is deemed a hurricane. Warning Time: 1 – More than 24 hours Duration: 2 – Less than 24 hours LOCATION Hurricanes and tropical storms can occur anywhere within the Eno-Haw Region. While coastal areas are most vulnerable to hurricanes, the wind and rain impacts of these storms can be felt hundreds of miles inland. Spatial Extent: 4 – Large EXTENT Hurricane intensity is classified by the Saffir-Simpson Scale (Table 4.57), which rates hurricane intensity on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the most intense. 244 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 198 Table 4.57 – Saffir-Simpson Scale Category Maximum Sustained Wind Speed (MPH) Types of Damage 1 74–95 Very dangerous winds will produce some damage; Well-constructed frame homes could have damage to roof, shingles, vinyl siding and gutters. Large branches of trees will snap and shallowly rooted trees may be toppled. Extensive damage to power lines and poles likely will result in power outages that could last a few to several days. 2 96–110 Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage; Well- constructed frame homes could sustain major roof and siding damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block numerous roads. Near-total power loss is expected with outages that could last from several days to weeks. 3 111–129 Devastating damage will occur; Well-built framed homes may incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends. Many trees will be snapped or uprooted, blocking numerous roads. Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days to weeks after the storm passes. 4 130–156 Catastrophic damage will occur; Well-built framed homes can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure and/or some exterior walls. Most trees will be snapped or uprooted and power poles downed. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months. 5 157 + Catastrophic damage will occur; A high percentage of framed homes will be destroyed, with total roof failure and wall collapse. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last for weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months. Source: National Hurricane Center The Saffir-Simpson Scale categorizes hurricane intensity linearly based upon maximum sustained winds and barometric pressure, which are combined to estimate potential damage. Categories 3, 4, and 5 are classified as “major” hurricanes and, while hurricanes within this range comprise only 20 percent of total tropical cyclone landfalls, they account for over 70 percent of the damage in the United States. Table 4.58 describes the damage that could be expected for each category of hurricane. Damage during hurricanes may also result from spawned tornadoes, storm surge, and inland flooding associated with heavy rainfall that usually accompanies these storms. 245 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 199 Table 4.58 – Hurricane Damage Classifications Storm Category Damage Level Description of Damages Photo Example 1 MINIMAL No real damage to building structures. Damage primarily to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees. Also, some coastal flooding and minor pier damage. 2 MODERATE Some roofing material, door, and window damage. Considerable damage to vegetation, mobile homes, etc. Flooding damages piers and small craft in unprotected moorings may break their moorings. 3 EXTENSIVE Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings, with a minor amount of curtainwall failures. Mobile homes are destroyed. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures, with larger structures damaged by floating debris. Terrain may be flooded well inland. 4 EXTREME More extensive curtainwall failures with some complete roof structure failure on small residences. Major erosion of beach areas. Terrain may be flooded well inland. 5 CATASTROPHIC Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Flooding causes major damage to lower floors of all structures near the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required. Source: National Hurricane Center; Federal Emergency Management Agency Tropical cyclones weaken relatively quickly after making landfall; therefore, the Eno-Haw Region will not typically experience major hurricane force winds, though these occurrences are possible. The strongest storm on record to pass through the region was Hurricane Fran in 1999, which moved through the Region as a Category 1 storm. However, within 50 miles of the Region Fran was a Category 3 storm. Hurricane Hazel in 1954 passed within 50 miles of the Region as a Category 4 storm. Impact: 3 – Critical HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES According to the Office of Coastal Management’s Tropical Cyclone Storm Segments data, which is a subset of the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) dataset, 27 hurricanes and tropical storms passed within 50 miles of the Eno-Haw Region between 1900 and 2022. These storms tracks are shown in Figure 4.30. The date, storm name, storm category, and maximum wind speed of each event are detailed in Table 4.59. 246 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 200 Figure 4.30 – Hurricane and Tropical Storm Tracks within 50 Miles of Eno-Haw Region, 1900-2022 Source: NOAA Office of Coastal Management 247 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 201 Table 4.59 – Hurricane and Tropical Storm Tracks within 50 Miles of Eno-Haw Region, 1900-2023 Date Storm Name Max Storm Category* Max Wind Speed (mph) 6/16/1902 Unnamed Extratropical Storm 46 10/12/1902 Unnamed Extratropical Storm 40 9/14/1904 Unnamed Tropical Storm 69 9/23/1907 Unnamed Extratropical Storm 40 9/3/1913 Unnamed Tropical Storm 46 8/4/1915 Unnamed Tropical Storm 46 9/23/1920 Unnamed Tropical Storm 40 10/2/1929 Unnamed Extratropical Storm 58 9/6/1935 Unnamed Tropical Storm 58 8/2/1944 Unnamed Tropical Storm 69 10/20/1944 Unnamed Extratropical Storm 58 9/18/1945 Unnamed Tropical Storm 58 9/1/1952 Able Tropical Storm 46 10/15/1954 Hazel Category 4 132 8/17/1955 Diane Tropical Storm 63 7/10/1959 Cindy Tropical Storm 40 9/5/1979 David Tropical Storm 52 7/25/1985 Bob Tropical Storm 52 9/6/1996 Fran Category 3 115 9/5/1999 Dennis Tropical Storm 40 9/6/2008 Hanna Tropical Storm 69 6/7/2013 Andrea Tropical Storm 46 10/11/2018 Michael Tropical Storm 47 10/20/2019 Nestor Tropical Storm 40 6/21/2021 Claudette Tropical Storm 40 7/8/2021 Elsa Tropical Storm 45 10/1/2022 Ian Tropical Storm 40 *Reports the most intense category that occurred within 50 miles of the Region, not for the storm event overall. Source: Office of Coastal Management, 2019. https://marinecadastre.gov/data/ The above list of storms is not an exhaustive list of hurricanes that have affected the Region. Several storms, including Hurricane Floyd and Tropical Storm Hermine passed further than 50 miles away from the Region yet had strong enough wind or rain impacts to affect the county. Additionally, several storms have impacted the planning area since 2022. Storms with hurricane and tropical storm force winds that impacted the Eno-Haw Region from 1999 through 2023 are noted in Table 4.60, as identified by NCEI. Table 4.60 – Recorded Winds in Eno-Haw Region, 1999-2023 Date Type Storm Deaths/ Injuries Property Damage Crop Damage 9/4/1999 Hurricane Hurricane Dennis 0/0 $0 $3,000,000 9/15/1999 Hurricane Hurricane Floyd 0/0 $3,000,000,000* $5,000,000,000* 9/18/2003 Hurricane Hurricane Isabel 0/0 $309,000 $0 9/14/2018 Tropical Storm Hurricane Florence 0/0 $0 $25,000 10/11/2018 Tropical Storm Tropical Storm Michael 0/0 $1,700,000 $0 248 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 202 Date Type Storm Deaths/ Injuries Property Damage Crop Damage 9/30/2022 Tropical Storm Hurricane Ian 0/0 $2,500,000 $0 Total 0/0 $3,004,509,000* $5,003,025,000 Source: NCEI *Note: Damage estimates provided by NCEI for Hurricane Floyd are for the entire state; however, counties within the Raleigh warning area were thought to have sustained more than half the state total. Hurricane Dennis (1999) – The Triangle received from 6 to 8 inches of rain with Chapel Hill peaking out at 12 inches. The I-40 corridor of counties also got dumped on with totals in the 6 to 10 inch range. This water caused considerable urban and lowland flooding. Several main stem rivers also went into flood. The winds with the remnants of Dennis were generally not a significant problem. There were many old, larger trees uprooted and widespread limb damage was reported. However, the wind and rain combination caused considerable crop damage. Hurricane Florence (2018) – A ridge of high pressure over eastern North America stalled Florence's forward motion a few miles off the southeast North Carolina coast on September 13th. Hurricane Florence made landfall near Wrightsville Beach early on September 15 and weakened further as it moved slowly inland. Despite making landfall as a weakened Category 1 hurricane, Florence still produced 40 to 70 mph wind gusts, enough wind speed to uproot trees and cause widespread power outages throughout the Carolinas. As the storm moved inland, from September 15 to 17, heavy rain of 10 to 25 inches caused widespread inland flooding, inundating cities such as Fayetteville, Smithfield, Goldsboro, Durham, and Chapel Hill, and causing major river flooding on main-stem rivers such as the Neuse, Cape Fear, and Little River. Most major roads and highways in the area experienced some flooding, with large stretches of I-40 and I-95 remaining impassable for days after the storm had passed. The storm also spawned tornadoes in several places along its path. There were 3 direct and 6 indirect deaths attributed to the storm with in the Raleigh Weather Forecast Office County Warning Area. Tropical Storm Michael (2018) – Tropical Storm Michael moved through North Carolina on Thursday, October 11th. Michael brought heavy rain and strong damaging winds to central North Carolina. While heavy rainfall of 3 to 6 inches produced minor flash flooding across the area, it was high wind gusts of 40 to 60 mph that caused the biggest problems, knocking down score of trees, leading to blocked roadways and thousands without power. In the Eno-Haw Region, tropical storm wind gusts downed numerous trees, caused widespread power outages, and produced a variety of damage to homes and structures. At the peak of the storm, total peak outages were around 33,000 customers in Alamance County, 22,000 in Orange County, and 20,000 in Durham County. Hurricane Ian (2022) - Hurricane Ian made landfall along the South Carolina coast near Georgetown during the early afternoon hours of September 30, 2022. Widespread wind gusts over tropical storm force and heavy rainfall occurred across much of central North Carolina through the afternoon and evening hours. There were numerous reports of wind damage and power outages as a result of the storm. Frequent wind gusts of 40 to 60 mph resulted in scattered to numerous trees and power lines down across the Eno- Haw Region, including some on homes. Numerous customers lost power in the Eno-Haw Region as a result of the tropical storm force wind gusts. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE Probability: 3 – Likely In the 25-year period from 1999 through 2023, six hurricanes and tropical storms have impacted the Eno- Haw Region, which equates to a 25 percent annual probability of hurricane winds impacting the county. This probability does not account for impacts from hurricane rains, which may also be severe. Two additional storms passed within 50 miles of the Region during this period; these storms did not have 249 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 203 significant wind impacts but may have brought heavy rains. Overall, the probability of a hurricane or tropical storm impacting the Region is likely. CLIMATE CHANGE NOAA reports that extremes will likely cause more frequent, stronger storms in the future due to rising surface temperatures. That is to say, NOAA models predict that while there may be less frequent low- category storm events (Tropical Storms, Category 1 Hurricanes), there will be more high-category storm events (Category 5 and 5 Hurricanes) in the future. This means that there may be fewer hurricanes overall in any given year, but when hurricanes do form, it is more likely that they will become larger storms that can create massive damage. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES AND ASSUMPTIONS Property at risk to hurricanes was estimated using data from the North Carolina Emergency Management (NCEM) IRISK database, which was compiled in NCEM’s Risk Management Tool. The vulnerability data displayed below is for wind-related damages. Hurricanes may also cause substantial damages from heavy rains and subsequent flooding, which is addressed in Section 4.5.5 Flood. PEOPLE The very young, the elderly and disabled individuals are more vulnerable to harm from hurricanes, as are those who are unable to evacuate for medical reasons, including special-needs patients and those in hospitals and nursing homes. Many of these patients are either oxygen-dependent, insulin-dependent, or in need of intensive or ongoing treatment. For all affected populations, the stress from disasters such as a hurricane can result in immediate and long-term physical and emotional health problems among victims. People exposed to the elements are also more vulnerable to wind hazards. The availability of sheltered locations, such as buildings constructed using wind-resistant materials and public storm shelters, reduces the exposure of the population. Individuals in mobile home housing are particularly susceptible to wind hazards. According to the 2022 American Community Survey (ACS), 15,817 occupied housing units (5.8%) in the Eno-Haw Region are classified as “mobile homes or other types of housing.” Based on an estimated average of 2.4 persons per household from the 2022 ACS, there are approximately 37,960 people in the Region living in mobile homes. Table 4.61 details the number of mobile home units in each jurisdiction. Table 4.61 – Mobile Home Units in the Eno-Haw Region, 2018-2022 Jurisdiction Occupied Mobile Home Units Total Occupied Housing Units Percent of Occupied Housing Alamance County 7,171 67,370 11% Unincorporated Alamance County 5,093 22,227 23% Alamance (Village) 0 409 0% Burlington 985 23,883 4% Elon 36 2,949 1% Graham 337 7,496 4% Green Level 355 999 36% Haw River 248 981 25% Mebane 31 7,296 0% Ossipee 45 218 21% 250 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 204 Jurisdiction Occupied Mobile Home Units Total Occupied Housing Units Percent of Occupied Housing Swepsonville 41 912 4% Durham County 1,815 135,469 1% Unincorporated Durham County 967 15,083 6% Durham (City) 848 120,386 1% Orange County 3,659 55,534 7% Unincorporated Orange County 2,360 8,382 35% Carrboro 83 9,812 1% Chapel Hill 556 33,982 2% Hillsborough 60 3,988 2% Person County 3,172 16,139 20% Unincorporated Person County 1,989 9,150 22% Roxboro 1,183 6,689 17% Source: American Community Survey 2018-2022 5-Year Estimates Unincorporated area counts are estimated by subtracting incorporated areas from the county total. PROPERTY Hurricanes can cause catastrophic damage to coastlines and several hundred miles inland. Hurricanes can produce winds exceeding 157 mph as well as tornadoes and microbursts. Additionally, hurricanes often bring intense rainfall that can result in flash flooding. Floods and flying debris from the excessive winds are often the deadly and most destructive results of hurricanes. Hurricanes and tropical storms can also cause agricultural damages. For the Eno-Haw Region, USDA RMA reports losses of $3,091,143 from 2007-2023 due to hurricane and cyclone, which equates to an average annual loss of $181,831. It should be noted that over $1.3 million of the reported losses happened in Person County in 2018, likely attributable to Tropical Storm Michael, which comprises a significant portion of the regional total and accounts for the higher average. Table 4.62 summarizes these crop losses reported in the RMA system. Table 4.62 – Crop Losses Resulting from Hurricane and Cyclone, 2007-2023 County Total Indemnity Paid Average Indemnity Amount Alamance $679,405 $39,965 Durham $30,229 $1,778 Orange $277,020 $16,295 Person $2,104,489 $123,793 Region Total $3,091,143 $181,831 Source: USDA Risk Management Agency The damage estimates for the 100-year hurricane wind event total $165,370,228, which equates to a loss ratio of less than 1 percent. These damage estimates account for only wind impacts and actual damages would likely be higher due to flooding. Therefore, the Region would likely experience a higher overall loss ratio from the 100-year hurricane event and face difficulty recovering from such an event. Table 4.63 through Table 4.67 detail the estimated building damages from varying magnitudes of hurricane events. 251 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 205 Table 4.63 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by 25-Year Hurricane Wind Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County - 25,587 86 $1,517,967 3,425 12 $93,888 283 1 $30,176 29,295 99 $1,642,032 City of Burlington 24,403 21,461 88 $1,510,650 2,401 10 $293,499 320 1 $44,561 24,182 99 $1,848,710 City of Graham 7,269 6,512 90 $381,793 530 7 $38,766 155 2 $17,058 7,197 99 $437,617 City of Mebane 5,835 5,194 89 $374,873 465 8 $117,083 64 1 $14,644 5,723 98 $506,600 Town of Elon 2,760 2,432 88 $208,948 147 5 $23,513 174 6 $17,521 2,753 100 $249,981 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,049 89 $54,664 109 9 $5,043 10 1 $414 1,168 99 $60,121 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,121 90 $122,845 168 7 $8,549 31 1 $2,738 2,320 99 $134,131 Town of Ossipee 330 297 90 $17,195 21 6 $1,204 7 2 $448 325 98 $18,847 Town of Swepsonville 573 526 92 $41,834 24 4 $11,554 5 1 $1,142 555 97 $54,530 Village of Alamance 798 711 89 $41,010 66 8 $1,302 17 2 $1,398 794 99 $43,710 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 65,890 88 $4,271,779 7,356 10 $594,401 1,066 1 $130,100 74,312 99 $4,996,279 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,867 85 $1,313,417 2,818 13 $389,716 229 1 $46,795 20,914 99 $1,749,927 City of Durham 75,585 67,011 89 $5,984,982 6,045 8 $1,216,234 1,672 2 $391,960 74,728 99 $7,593,177 Subtotal Durham 96,622 84,878 88 7,298,399 8,863 9 1,605,950 1,901 2 438,755 95,642 99 9,343,104 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,439 87 $1,770,536 2,657 11 $171,290 246 1 $103,055 24,342 99 $2,044,881 252 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 206 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,450 94 $729,711 261 5 $76,279 46 1 $65,644 5,757 100 $871,634 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,886 92 $2,632,544 615 4 $191,880 529 4 $239,784 15,030 99 $3,064,207 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,405 88 $313,667 358 9 $42,195 111 3 $44,105 3,874 100 $399,967 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,180 90 5,446,458 3,891 8 481,644 932 2 452,588 49,003 99 $6,380,689 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,626 83 $1,380,564 2,613 15 $79,184 156 1 $60,127 17,395 98 $1,519,875 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,742 87 $537,648 710 11 $104,442 144 2 $45,812 6,596 100 $687,902 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,368 84 $1,918,212 3,323 14 $183,626 300 1 $105,939 23,991 99 $2,207,777 Total 245,406 215,316 88 $18,934,848 23,433 10 $2,865,621 4,199 2 $1,127,382 242,948 99 $22,927,849 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool Table 4.64 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by 50-Year Hurricane Wind Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,610 86 $1,789,093 3,425 12 $130,010 283 1 $38,710 29,318 99 $1,957,812 City of Burlington 24,403 21,461 88 $1,510,650 2,401 10 $293,499 320 1 $44,561 24,182 99 $1,848,710 City of Graham 7,269 6,512 90 $381,793 530 7 $38,766 155 2 $17,058 7,197 99 $437,617 City of Mebane 5,835 5,194 89 $374,873 465 8 $117,083 64 1 $14,644 5,723 98 $506,600 Town of Elon 2,760 2,432 88 $208,948 147 5 $23,513 174 6 $17,521 2,753 100 $249,981 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,049 89 $54,664 109 9 $5,043 10 1 $414 1,168 99 $60,121 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,121 90 $122,845 168 7 $8,549 31 1 $2,738 2,320 99 $134,131 253 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 207 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Ossipee 330 297 90 $17,195 21 6 $1,204 7 2 $448 325 98 $18,847 Town of Swepsonville 573 526 92 $41,834 24 4 $11,554 5 1 $1,142 555 97 $54,530 Village of Alamance 798 711 89 $41,010 66 8 $1,302 17 2 $1,398 794 99 $43,710 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 65,913 88 $4,542,905 7,356 10 $630,523 1,066 1 $138,634 74,335 99 $5,312,059 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,966 85 $4,490,007 2,818 13 $1,159,113 229 1 $136,609 21,013 100 $5,785,729 City of Durham 75,585 67,750 90 $21,602,174 6,045 8 $4,311,212 1,672 2 $1,369,246 75,467 100 $27,282,632 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,716 89 26,092,181 8,863 9 5,470,325 1,901 2 1,505,855 96,480 100 $33,068,361 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,602 88 $3,884,109 2,657 11 $364,999 246 1 $172,678 24,505 100 $4,421,786 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $2,558,836 261 5 $341,439 46 1 $288,628 5,771 100 $3,188,903 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $8,706,877 615 4 $813,837 529 4 $1,017,989 15,067 100 $10,538,703 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,405 88 $424,422 358 9 $76,275 111 3 $46,923 3,874 100 $547,620 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,394 90 15,574,244 3,891 8 1,596,550 932 2 1,526,218 49,217 100 $18,697,012 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,626 83 $1,380,564 2,613 15 $79,184 156 1 $60,127 17,395 98 $1,519,875 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,742 87 $537,648 710 11 $104,442 144 2 $45,812 6,596 100 $687,902 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,368 84 $1,918,212 3,323 14 $183,626 300 1 $105,939 23,991 99 $2,207,777 Total 245,406 216,391 88 $48,127,542 23,433 10 $7,881,024 4,199 2 $3,276,646 244,023 99 $59,285,209 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 254 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 208 Table 4.65 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by 100-Year Hurricane Wind Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $6,164,945 3,425 12 $649,398 283 1 $165,030 29,619 100 $6,979,372 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $5,554,748 2,401 10 $1,113,498 320 1 $212,347 24,339 100 $6,880,594 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $1,440,228 530 7 $152,129 155 2 $82,037 7,260 100 $1,674,394 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $1,447,690 465 8 $501,876 64 1 $61,488 5,832 100 $2,011,054 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $760,061 147 5 $137,301 174 6 $75,342 2,758 100 $972,705 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $199,307 109 9 $20,684 10 1 $2,574 1,176 100 $222,565 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $443,267 168 7 $28,274 31 1 $13,318 2,338 99 $484,860 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $60,860 21 6 $7,509 7 2 $1,545 327 99 $69,913 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $147,825 24 4 $52,445 5 1 $2,915 572 100 $203,185 Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $162,532 66 8 $7,570 17 2 $5,725 797 100 $175,827 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $16,381,463 7,356 10 $2,670,684 1,066 1 $622,321 75,018 100 $19,674,469 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,972 85 $10,785,986 2,818 13 $3,554,753 229 1 $342,557 21,019 100 $14,683,296 City of Durham 75,585 67,750 90 $54,561,978 6,045 8 $14,339,389 1,672 2 $4,586,786 75,467 100 $73,488,153 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 65,347,964 8,863 9 17,894,142 1,901 2 4,929,343 96,486 100 $88,171,449 255 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 209 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $10,744,116 2,657 11 $1,183,862 246 1 $568,397 24,527 100 $12,496,375 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $6,312,753 261 5 $1,150,600 46 1 $854,587 5,771 100 $8,317,940 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $21,147,062 615 4 $2,991,653 529 4 $3,704,032 15,067 100 $27,842,747 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $1,046,140 358 9 $155,091 111 3 $138,551 3,877 100 $1,339,782 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 39,250,071 3,891 8 5,481,206 932 2 5,265,567 49,242 100 $49,996,844 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $4,680,293 2,613 15 $268,918 156 1 $216,901 17,662 100 $5,166,112 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $1,770,266 710 11 $412,257 144 2 $178,831 6,608 100 $2,361,354 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $6,450,559 3,323 14 $681,175 300 1 $395,732 24,270 100 $7,527,466 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $127,430,057 23,433 10 $26,727,207 4,199 2 $11,212,963 245,016 100 $165,370,228 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool Table 4.66 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by 300-Year Hurricane Wind Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $33,160,510 3,425 12 $6,483,967 283 1 $1,822,163 29,619 100 $41,466,641 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $30,834,890 2,401 10 $12,800,367 320 1 $2,679,425 24,339 100 $46,314,682 256 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 210 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $8,234,848 530 7 $2,200,394 155 2 $1,140,007 7,260 100 $11,575,249 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $8,843,654 465 8 $5,169,882 64 1 $660,516 5,832 100 $14,674,052 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $4,528,752 147 5 $1,698,642 174 6 $998,717 2,758 100 $7,226,111 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $1,044,769 109 9 $210,188 10 1 $40,438 1,176 100 $1,295,394 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $2,728,522 168 7 $350,117 31 1 $153,101 2,338 99 $3,231,741 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $307,230 21 6 $99,388 7 2 $15,674 327 99 $422,292 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $833,748 24 4 $457,462 5 1 $29,685 572 100 $1,320,896 Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $916,534 66 8 $112,489 17 2 $72,462 797 100 $1,101,485 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $91,433,457 7,356 10 $29,582,896 1,066 1 $7,612,188 75,018 100 $128,628,543 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,972 85 $28,690,716 2,818 13 $10,861,573 229 1 $1,079,629 21,019 100 $40,631,918 City of Durham 75,585 67,750 90 $135,919,885 6,045 8 $42,068,159 1,672 2 $13,440,025 75,467 100 $191,428,068 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 164,610,601 8,863 9 52,929,732 1,901 2 14,519,654 96,486 100 $232,059,986 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $36,985,891 2,657 11 $5,170,896 246 1 $2,988,282 24,527 100 $45,145,069 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $16,504,977 261 5 $2,826,506 46 1 $1,705,569 5,771 100 $21,037,051 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $52,757,493 615 4 $9,110,764 529 4 $10,467,501 15,067 100 $72,335,758 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $6,263,186 358 9 $1,860,930 111 3 $989,004 3,877 100 $9,113,119 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 112,511,547 3,891 8 18,969,096 932 2 16,150,356 49,242 100 $147,630,997 257 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 211 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $25,609,387 2,613 15 $2,017,581 156 1 $1,870,455 17,662 100 $29,497,423 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $10,323,182 710 11 $4,616,560 144 2 $1,747,326 6,608 100 $16,687,068 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $35,932,569 3,323 14 $6,634,141 300 1 $3,617,781 24,270 100 $46,184,491 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $404,488,174 23,433 10 $108,115,865 4,199 2 $41,899,979 245,016 100 $554,504,017 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool Table 4.67 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by 700-Year Hurricane Wind Event Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $33,160,510 3,425 12 $6,483,967 283 1 $1,822,163 29,619 100 $41,466,641 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $30,834,890 2,401 10 $12,800,367 320 1 $2,679,425 24,339 100 $46,314,682 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $8,234,848 530 7 $2,200,394 155 2 $1,140,007 7,260 100 $11,575,249 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $8,843,654 465 8 $5,169,882 64 1 $660,516 5,832 100 $14,674,052 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $4,528,752 147 5 $1,698,642 174 6 $998,717 2,758 100 $7,226,111 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $1,044,769 109 9 $210,188 10 1 $40,438 1,176 100 $1,295,394 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $2,728,522 168 7 $350,117 31 1 $153,101 2,338 99 $3,231,741 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $307,230 21 6 $99,388 7 2 $15,674 327 99 $422,292 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $833,748 24 4 $457,462 5 1 $29,685 572 100 $1,320,896 258 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 212 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $916,534 66 8 $112,489 17 2 $72,462 797 100 $1,101,485 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $91,433,457 7,356 10 $29,582,896 1,066 1 $7,612,188 75,018 100 $128,628,543 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,972 85 $28,690,716 2,818 13 $10,861,573 229 1 $1,079,629 21,019 100 $40,631,918 City of Durham 75,585 67,750 90 $135,919,885 6,045 8 $42,068,159 1,672 2 $13,440,025 75,467 100 $191,428,068 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 164,610,601 8,863 9 52,929,732 1,901 2 14,519,654 96,486 100 $232,059,986 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $36,985,891 2,657 11 $5,170,896 246 1 $2,988,282 24,527 100 $45,145,069 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $16,504,977 261 5 $2,826,506 46 1 $1,705,569 5,771 100 $21,037,051 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $52,757,493 615 4 $9,110,764 529 4 $10,467,501 15,067 100 $72,335,758 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $6,263,186 358 9 $1,860,930 111 3 $989,004 3,877 100 $9,113,119 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 112,511,547 3,891 8 18,969,096 932 2 16,150,356 49,242 100 $147,630,997 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $25,609,387 2,613 15 $2,017,581 156 1 $1,870,455 17,662 100 $29,497,423 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $10,323,182 710 11 $4,616,560 144 2 $1,747,326 6,608 100 $16,687,068 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $35,932,569 3,323 14 $6,634,141 300 1 $3,617,781 24,270 100 $46,184,491 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $404,488,174 23,433 10 $108,115,865 4,199 2 $41,899,979 245,016 100 $554,504,017 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 259 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 213 ENVIRONMENT Hurricane winds can cause massive damage to the natural environment, uprooting trees and other debris within the storm’s path. Animals can either be killed directly by the storm or impacted indirectly through changes in habitat and food availability caused by high winds and intense rainfall. Endangered species can be dramatically impacted. Forests can be completely defoliated by strong winds. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.68 summarizes the potential negative consequences of hurricanes and tropical storms. Table 4.68 – Consequence Analysis – Hurricane and Tropical Storm Category Consequences Public Impacts include injury or death, loss of property, outbreak of diseases, mental trauma and loss of livelihoods. Power outages and flooding are likely to displace people from their homes. Water can become polluted such that if consumed, diseases and infection can be easily spread. Residential, commercial, and public buildings, as well as critical infrastructure such as transportation, water, energy, and communication systems may be damaged or destroyed, resulting in cascading impacts on the public. Responders Localized impact expected to limit damage to personnel in the inundation area at the time of the incident. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Damage to facilities/personnel from flooding or wind may require temporary relocation of some operations. Operations may be interrupted by power outages. Disruption of roads and/or utilities may postpone delivery of some services. Regulatory waivers may be needed locally. Fulfillment of some contracts may be difficult. Impact may reduce deliveries. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Structural damage to buildings may occur; loss of glass windows and doors by high winds and debris; loss of roof coverings, partial wall collapses, and other damages requiring significant repairs are possible in a major (category 3 to 5) hurricane. Environment Hurricanes can devastate wooded ecosystems and remove all the foliation from forest canopies, and they can change habitats so drastically that the indigenous animal populations suffer as a result. Specific foods can be taken away as high winds will often strip fruits, seeds and berries from bushes and trees. Secondary impacts may occur; for example, high winds and debris may result in damage to an above-ground fuel tank, resulting in a significant chemical spill. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Local economy and finances adversely affected, possibly for an extended period of time, depending on damages. Intangible impacts also likely, including business interruption and additional living expenses. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Likely to impact public confidence due to possibility of major event requiring substantial response and long-term recovery effort. 260 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 214 HAZARD SUMMARY BY JURISDICTION The following table summarizes hurricane and tropical storm hazard risk by jurisdiction. Most aspects of hurricane risk do not vary substantially by jurisdiction; however, impacts may be greater in more highly developed areas with greater amounts of impervious surface and higher exposure in terms of both property and population density. Additionally, mobile home units are more vulnerable to wind damage. Mobile home units comprise over 10 percent of the occupied housing in unincorporated Alamance County, unincorporated Orange County, unincorporated Person County, Green Level, Haw River, Ossipee, and Roxboro; therefore, these jurisdictions may face more severe impacts from wind. Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority Alamance County 3 4 4 1 2 3.2 H Burlington 3 3 4 1 2 2.9 M Graham 3 3 4 1 2 2.9 M Mebane 3 3 4 1 2 2.9 M Elon 3 3 4 1 2 2.9 M Green Level 3 4 4 1 2 3.2 H Haw River 3 4 4 1 2 3.2 H Ossipee 3 4 4 1 2 3.2 H Swepsonville 3 3 4 1 2 2.9 M Alamance 3 3 4 1 2 2.9 M Durham County 3 3 4 1 2 2.9 M Durham 3 3 4 1 2 2.9 M Orange County 3 4 4 1 2 3.2 H Carrboro 3 3 4 1 2 2.9 M Chapel Hill 3 3 4 1 2 2.9 M Hillsborough 3 3 4 1 2 2.9 M Person County 3 4 4 1 2 3.2 H Roxboro 3 4 4 1 2 3.2 H 261 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 215 4.5.7 LANDSLIDE HAZARD BACKGROUND A landslide is the downhill movement of masses of soil and rock, driven by gravity. Landslides occur when susceptible rock, earth, or debris moves down a slope under the force of gravity and water. They can be triggered by natural changes, such as heavy rains, snow melt, fires, and earthquakes; and human- caused changes, such as slope or drainage modifications. Landslides may be very small or very large and can move at slow to very high speeds. There are several types of landslides: rock falls, rock topple, slides, and flows. Rock falls are rapid movements of bedrock, which result in bouncing or rolling. A topple is a section or block of rock that rotates or tilts before falling to the slope below. Slides are movements of soil or rock along a distinct surface of rupture, which separates the slide material from the more stable underlying material. Mudflows, sometimes referred to as mudslides, mudflows, lahars or debris avalanches, are fast-moving rivers of rock, earth, and other debris saturated with water. They develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground, such as heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt, changing the soil into a flowing river of mud or “slurry.” Slurry can flow rapidly down slopes or through channels and can strike with little or no warning at avalanche speeds. Slurry can travel several miles from its source, growing in size as it picks up trees, cars, and other materials along the way. As the flows reach flatter ground, the mudflow spreads over a broad area where it can accumulate in thick deposits. Landslides are typically associated with periods of heavy rainfall or rapid snow melt and tend to worsen the effects of flooding that often accompany these events. In areas burned by forest and brush fires, a lower threshold of precipitation may initiate landslides. Some landslides move slowly and cause damage gradually, whereas others move so rapidly that they can destroy property and take lives suddenly and unexpectedly. Areas that are generally prone to landslide hazards include previous landslide areas, the bases of steep slopes, the bases of drainage channels, and developed hillsides where leach-field septic systems are used. Areas that are typically considered safe from landslides include areas that have not moved in the past, relatively flat-lying areas away from sudden changes in slope, and areas at the top or along ridges set back from the tops of slopes. Warning Time: 3 – 6 to 12 hours Duration: 1 – Less than 6 hours LOCATION The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has produced landslide susceptibility and incidence mapping of the U.S., as shown in Figure 4.31. The USGS determines susceptibility based on the probable degree of response to cutting or loading of slopes or to anomalously high precipitation. Incidence is measured by the rate of past occurrences. According to the USGS definition and mapping, most of the region faces moderate susceptibility with low to moderate incidence of landslide. Three common types of landslides that affect North Carolina are: debris flows, debris and earth slides, and rockslides. Spatial Extent: 1 – Negligible 262 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 216 Figure 4.31 – Landslide Incidence and Susceptibility Source: USGS EXTENT Two major factors that contribute to an area being prone to landslide are soil slippage potential and slope. In evaluating soils and their capacity for development the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil Survey for Knox County identifies soil types by slippage hazard. Soil slippage hazard is a measure of “the possibility that a mass of soil will slip.” When vegetation is cleared, water saturates the soil and normal construction practices are applied (such as the application of heavy machinery) soil failure is more likely. Soil slippage hazard classes are identified as high (unstable), medium (moderately 263 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 217 unstable) or low (slightly unstable to stable.) Classes are assigned based on observations of slope, mineral characteristics, strike and dip of bedrock geology, surface drainage patterns and occurrences of such features as slip scars and slumps. High slippage hazard soils are found predominately in steeply sloping hillside areas. The Eno Haw area exhibits a gentle topography, and thus a substantial landslide event is unlikely. Impact: 1 – Minor HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES While there are no records of significant landslides in the planning area, the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality notes minor landslide events, shown in Table 4.69. Table 4.69 – Landslide Points in Eno Haw Region Movement Date County Type Event Description (if any) Fatalities 01/1984 Durham Slide Road embankment 0 1992 Durham Slide Road cut 0 03/1994 Durham Slide Road embankment 0 06/27/2000 Durham Slide Road cut 0 02/2001 Orange Slide – transitional Cut slope – not road related 0 09/14/2019 Person Flow Embankment – not road related 0 N/A Orange Slide Debris 0 N/A Orange Slide – transitional N/A 0 Source: NCDEQ The HMPC noted a landslide event that took place in Chapel Hill on September 17, 2018, during Hurricane Florence. The landslide occurred on an embankment off East Franklin Street, spilling significant debris onto the Bolin Creek Trail. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE Given the moderate susceptibility rating and lack of historical occurrences, the probability of a significant landslide event is unlikely. It is possible, that a minor event may occur in the future, but it would be unlikely to produce significant damages. Probability: 1 – Unlikely CLIMATE CHANGE Water triggers landslides, and per the Fifth National Climate Assessment, frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events is expected to increase across the country. Additionally, increases in temperatures and precipitation totals are expected in the Southeast. Increased flooding may also result from more intense tropical cyclone; researchers have noted the occurrence of more intense storms bringing greater rainfall totals, a trend that is expected to continue as ocean and air temperatures rise. More rainfall falling in more intense incidents could contribute to an increase in landslide events. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PEOPLE People are unlikely to sustain serious physical harm as a result of landslides in the Eno-Haw Region. Impacts would be relatively minor and highly localized. An individual using an impacted structure or infrastructure at the time of a landslide event may sustain minor injuries. 264 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 218 PROPERTY Landslides in the Piedmont are infrequent and occur in small, highly localized instances relative to the general area of risk. Additionally, these events are generally small scale in terms of the magnitude of impacts. As a result, it is difficult to estimate the property at risk to landslide. On average, a landslide event in the planning area may cause minor to moderate property damage to one or more buildings or cause localized damage to infrastructure. A landslide event may also result in the need for debris removal. ENVIRONMENT Because landslides are essentially a mass movement of sediment, they may result in changes to terrain, damage to trees in the slide area, changes to drainage patterns, and increases in sediment loads in nearby waterways. Landslides in the Eno-Haw Region are unlikely to cause any more severe impacts. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.70 summarizes the potential negative consequences of landslide. Table 4.70 – Consequence Analysis - Landslide Category Consequences Public Any impacts to the public are expected to be minor. Individuals may sustain injuries if they are in an affected structure or using affected infrastructure when the event occurs. Responders Impacts to responders are unlikely. Personnel responsible for debris cleanup or roadway closures may face increased risk. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Landslide is unlikely to affect continuity of operations. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Buildings and infrastructure may incur minor damages as a result of landslide; however, vulnerability in the Region is low. Environment Environmental impacts are expected to be minimal. Landslide may cause terrain and drainage changes and may temporarily increase sediment loads in nearby waterways. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Economic impacts are not expected. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Any landslide occurring in the Region is unlikely to be severe and would not be expected to affect public confidence. HAZARD SUMMARY BY JURISDICTION The following table summarizes landslide hazard risk by jurisdiction. Given the lack of historical records and the limited data on susceptibility, risk was considered uniform across the planning area. Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority All Jurisdictions 1 1 1 3 1 1.2 L 265 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 219 4.5.8 TORNADOES & THUNDERSTORMS HAZARD BACKGROUND TORNADOES According to the Glossary of Meteorology (AMS 2000), a tornado is "a violently rotating column of air, pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud." Tornadoes can appear from any direction. Most move from southwest to northeast, or west to east. Some tornadoes have changed direction or even backtracked. Tornadoes are commonly produced by land falling tropical cyclones. Those making landfall along the Gulf coast traditionally produce more tornadoes than those making landfall along the Atlantic coast. Tornadoes that form within hurricanes are more common in the right front quadrant with respect to the forward direction but can occur in other areas as well. According to the NHC, about 10% of the tropical cyclone-related fatalities are caused by tornadoes. Tornadoes are more likely to be spawned within 24 hours of landfall and are usually within 30 miles of the tropical cyclone’s center. Tornadoes have the potential to produce winds in excess of 200 mph (EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale) and can be very expansive – some in the Great Plains have exceeded two miles in width. Tornadoes associated with tropical cyclones, however, tend to be of lower intensity (EF0 to EF2) and much smaller in size than ones that form in the Great Plains. Figure 4.32 provides a description and breakdown of tornadoes by severity. Violent tornadoes, as described below, are unlikely in the Eno Haw Region. Figure 4.32 – Tornado by Severity Source: NOAA National Weather Service 266 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 220 Figure 4.33 shows tornado activity in the United States based on the number of recorded tornadoes per 1,000 square miles. North Carolina has averaged 1 to 5 tornadoes per 1,000 square miles. Figure 4.33 – Tornado Activity in the U.S. Source: American Society of Civil Engineers Warning Time: 4 – Less than 6 hours Duration: 1 – Less than 6 hours THUNDERSTORM WINDS Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air. They can occur inside warm, moist air masses and at fronts. As the warm, moist air moves upward, it cools, condenses, and forms cumulonimbus clouds that can reach heights of greater than 35,000 ft. As the rising air reaches its dew point, water droplets and ice form and begin falling the long distance through the clouds towards earth’s surface. As the droplets fall, they collide with other droplets and become larger. The falling droplets create a downdraft of air that spreads out at earth’s surface and causes strong winds associated with thunderstorms. There are four ways in which thunderstorms can organize: single cell, multi-cell cluster, multi-cell lines (squall lines), and supercells. Even though supercell thunderstorms are most frequently associated with severe weather phenomena, thunderstorms most frequently organize into clusters or lines. Warm, humid conditions are favorable for the development of thunderstorms. The average single cell thunderstorm is approximately 15 miles in diameter and lasts less than 30 minutes at a single location. However, 267 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 221 thunderstorms, especially when organized into clusters or lines, can travel intact for distances exceeding 600 miles. Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many severe weather phenomena, posing great hazards to the population and landscape. Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds, large hailstones, and flash flooding caused by heavy precipitation. Stronger thunderstorms are capable of producing tornadoes and waterspouts. While conditions for thunderstorm conditions may be anticipated within a few hours, severe conditions are difficult to predict. Regardless of severity, storms generally pass within a few hours. Warning Time: 4 – Less than six hours Duration: 1 – Less than six hours LIGHTNING Lightning is a sudden electrical discharge released from the atmosphere that follows a course from cloud to ground, cloud to cloud, or cloud to surrounding air, with light illuminating its path. Lightning’s unpredictable nature causes it to be one of the most feared weather elements. All thunderstorms produce lightning, which often strikes outside of the area where it is raining and is known to fall more than 10 miles away from the rainfall area. When lightning strikes, electricity shoots through the air and causes vibrations creating the sound of thunder. A bolt of lightning can reach temperatures approaching 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Nationwide, lightning kills 75 to 100 people each year. Lightning strikes can also start building fires and wildland fires, and damage electrical systems and equipment. The watch/warning time for a given storm is usually a few hours. There is no warning time for any given lightning strike. Lightning strikes are instantaneous. Storms that cause lightning usually pass within a few hours. Warning Time: 4 – Less than six hours Duration: 1 – Less than six hours HAIL According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), hail is precipitation that is formed when updrafts in thunderstorms carry raindrops upward into extremely cold areas of the atmosphere causing them to freeze. The raindrops form into small frozen droplets and then continue to grow as they come into contact with super-cooled water which will freeze on contact with the frozen rain droplet. This frozen rain droplet can continue to grow and form hail. As long as the updraft forces can support or suspend the weight of the hailstone, hail can continue to grow. At the time when the updraft can no longer support the hailstone, it will fall down to the earth. For example, a ¼” diameter or pea sized hail requires updrafts of 24 mph, while a 2 ¾” diameter or baseball sized hail requires an updraft of 81 mph. The largest hailstone recorded in the United States was found in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010; it measured eight inches in diameter, almost the size of a soccer ball. While soccer-ball-sized hail is the exception, even small pea sized hail can do damage. Hailstorms in North Carolina cause damage to property, crops, and the environment, and kill and injure livestock. In the United States, hail causes more than $1 billion in damage to property and crops each year. Much of the damage inflicted by hail is to crops. Even relatively small hail can shred plants to ribbons in a matter of minutes. Vehicles, roofs of buildings and homes, and landscaping are the other 268 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 222 things most commonly damaged by hail. Hail has been known to cause injury to humans; occasionally, these injuries can be fatal. The onset of thunderstorms with hail is generally rapid. However, advancements in meteorological forecasting allow for some warning. Storms usually pass in a few hours. Warning Time: 4 – Less than six hours Duration: 1 – Less than six hours LOCATION TORNADOES Tornadoes and thunderstorms can occur anywhere in the region and do not have a defined vulnerability zone. Tornadoes typically impact a small area, but damage may be extensive. Tornado locations are completely random, meaning risk to tornado isn’t increased in one area of the county versus another. Tornadoes can be spawned by tropical cyclones; however, these tornadoes typically occur up to 2 days before and as many as 3 days after landfall of the tropical cyclone. Spatial Extent: 2 – Small THUNDERSTORM WINDS Thunderstorm wind, lightning, and hail events do not have a defined vulnerability zone. The scope of wind, lightning and hail is generally defined to the footprint of its associated thunderstorm. Given the general size and movement of thunderstorm events, thunderstorm winds from one event may impact a large portion of the planning area. The entirety of the Eno Haw Region shares equal risk to the threat of severe weather. Spatial Extent: 4 – Large LIGHTNING AND HAIL The scope of lightning and hail is generally defined to the footprint of its associated thunderstorm. However, large-scale hail tends to occur in a more localized area within the storm, and lightning strikes and associated damages are highly localized and occur randomly. It should be noted that while lightning is most often affiliated with severe thunderstorms, it may also strike outside of heavy rain and might occur as far as 10 miles away from any rainfall. The entire Eno-Haw Region is uniformly exposed to each of these hazards. According to the Vaisala flash density map, shown in Figure , Alamance, Durham, and Orange counties experience 16 to 24 lightning flashes per square km per year, and 24 to 32 lighting events per square km occur in Person County each year. The entire planning area is uniformly exposed to the threat of lightning Spatial Extent: 1 – Negligible 269 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 223 Figure 4.34 – Total Lighting Density by County (2016-2022) Source: Vaisala EXTENT TORNADOES Prior to February 1, 2007, tornado intensity was measured by the Fujita (F) scale. This scale was revised and is now the Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale. Both scales are sets of wind estimates (not measurements) based on damage. The new scale provides more damage indicators (28) and associated degrees of damage, allowing for more detailed analysis, better correlation between damage and wind speed. It is also more precise because it takes into account the materials affected and the construction of structures damaged by a tornado. shows the wind speeds associated with the enhanced Fujita scale ratings and the damage that could result at different levels of intensity. Table 4.71 – Enhanced Fujita Scale EF Number 3 Second Gust (mph) Damage 0 65-85 Light damage. Peels surface off some roofs; some damage to gutters or siding; branches broken off trees; shallow-rooted trees pushed over. 1 96-110 Moderate damage. Roofs severely stripped; mobile homes overturned or badly damaged; loss of exterior doors; windows and other glass broken. 270 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 224 EF Number 3 Second Gust (mph) Damage 2 111-135 Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-constructed houses; foundations of frame homes shifted; mobile homes completely destroyed; large trees snapped or uprooted; light-object missiles generated; cars lifted off ground. 3 136-165 Severe damage. Entire stories of well-constructed houses destroyed; severe damage to large buildings such as shopping malls; trains overturned; trees debarked; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown; structures with weak foundations blown away some distance. 4 166-200 Devastating damage. Well-constructed houses and whole frame houses completely leveled; cars thrown and small missiles generated. 5 Over 200 Incredible damage. Strong frame houses leveled off foundations and swept away; automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 m; high- rise buildings have significant structural deformation; incredible phenomena will occur. The most intense tornado to pass through the Eno-Haw Region in the past 20 years was an EF2 in Person County in 2011; this tornado caused $400,000 in property damage and caused the only 2 tornado related injuries. It was also the longest (9.66 miles) and widest (300 yards) tornado the region has experienced Another tornado on the same day in Alamance County caused the most property damage ($580,000). Impact: 3 – Critical THUNDERSTORM WINDS The magnitude of a thunderstorm event can be defined by the storm’s maximum wind speed and its impacts. NCEI divides wind events into several types including High Wind, Strong Wind, Thunderstorm Wind, Tornado and Hurricane. For this severe weather risk assessment, High Wind, Strong Wind and Thunderstorm Wind data was collected. Hurricane Wind and Tornadoes are addressed as individual hazards. The following definitions come from the NCEI Storm Data Preparation document. — High Wind – Sustained non-convective winds of 40mph or greater lasting for one hour or longer or winds (sustained or gusts) of 58 mph for any duration on a widespread or localized basis. — Strong Wind – Non-convective winds gusting less than 58 mph, or sustained winds less than 40 mph, resulting in a fatality, injury, or damage. — Thunderstorm Wind – Winds, arising from convection (occurring within 30 minutes of lightning being observed or detected), with speeds of at least 58 mph, or winds of any speed (non-severe thunderstorm winds below 58 mph) producing a fatality, injury or damage. The Beaufort Wind Force Scale is an empirical measure that relates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land. In the United States, winds of force 6 to 7 are designated as “strong;” 8 to 9 “gale force;” 10 to 11 “usually results in a storm warning or tropical storm warning; and force 12 results in a hurricane warning. 271 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 225 Table 4.72 – Beaufort Wind Force Scale Rating (MPH) Name Appearance of Wind Effects On Water On Land 0 <1 Calm Sea surface smooth and mirror- like Calm, smoke rises vertically 1 1-3 Light Air Scaly ripples, no foam crests Smoke drift indicates wind direction, still wind vanes 2 4-7 Light Breeze Small wavelets, crests glassy, no breaking Wind felt on face, leaves rustle, vanes begin to move 3 8-12 Gentle Breeze Large wavelets, crests begin to break, scattered whitecaps Leaves and small twigs constantly moving, light flags extended 4 13-18 Moderate Breeze Small waves 1-4 ft, becoming longer, numerous whitecaps Dust, leaves, and loose paper lifted, small tree branches move 5 19-24 Fresh Breeze Moderate waves 4-8 ft taking longer to form, many whitecaps, some spray Small trees in leaf begin to sway 6 25-31 Strong Breeze Larger waves 8-13 ft, whitecaps common, more spray Larger tree branches moving, whistling in wires 7 32-38 Near Gale Sea heaps up, waves 13-19 ft, white foam streaks of breakers Whole trees moving, resistance felt walking against wind 8 39-46 Gale Moderately high (18-25 ft) waves of greater length, edges of crests begin to break into spindrift, foam blown in streaks Twigs breaking off trees, generally impedes progress 9 47-54 Strong Gale High waves (23-32 ft), sea begins to roll, dense streaks of foam, spray may reduce visibility Slight structural damage occurs, slate blows off roofs 10 55-63 Storm Very high waves (29-41 ft) with overhanging crests, sea white with densely blown foam, heavy rolling, lowered visibility Seldom experienced on land, trees broken or uprooted, “considerable structural damage” 11 64-72 Violent Storm Exceptionally high (37-52 ft) waves, foam patches cover sea, visibility more reduced Very rarely experienced; widespread damage 12 73+ Hurricane Air filled with foam, waves over 45 ft, sea completely white with driving spray, visibility greatly reduced Devastation Source: NOAA Storm Prediction Center The strongest recorded thunderstorm wind event in the Eno-Haw Region occurred on May 25, 2000 with a measured gust of 70 mph on the western side of the city of Burlington and gusts of 60 mph elsewhere across the region. The event caused two injuries Impact: 2 – Limited 272 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 226 LIGHTNING Lightning is measured by the Lightning Activity Level (LAL) scale, created by the National Weather Service to define lightning activity into a specific categorical scale. The LAL is a common parameter that is part of fire weather forecasts nationwide. Table 4.73 – Lightning Activity Level Scale Lightning Activity Level Scale LAL 1 No thunderstorms LAL 2 Isolated thunderstorms. Light rain will occasionally reach the ground. Lightning is very infrequent, 1 to 5 cloud to ground lightning strikes in a five minute period LAL 3 Widely scattered thunderstorms. Light to moderate rain will reach the ground. Lightning is infrequent, 6 to 10 cloud to ground strikes in a five minute period LAL 4 Scattered thunderstorms. Moderate rain is commonly produced. Lightning is frequent, 11 to 15 cloud to ground strikes in a five minute period LAL 5 Numerous thunderstorms. Rainfall is moderate to heavy. Lightning is frequent and intense, greater than 15 cloud to ground strikes in a five-minute period LAL 6 Dry lightning (same as LAL 3 but without rain). This type of lightning has the potential for extreme fire activity and is normally highlighted in fire weather forecasts with a Red Flag warning Source: National Weather Service With the right conditions in place, the entire Region is susceptible to each lightning activity level as defined by the LAL. Most lightning strikes cause limited damage to specific structures in a limited area, and cause very few injuries or fatalities, and minimal disruption on quality of life. Impact: 1 – Minor HAIL The NWS classifies hail by diameter size, and corresponding everyday objects to help relay scope and severity to the population. Table 4.74 indicates the hailstone measurements used by the NWS. Table 4.74 – Hailstone Measurement Comparison Chart Average Diameter Corresponding Household Object .25 inch Pea .5 inch Marble/Mothball .75 inch Dime/Penny .875 inch Nickel 1.0 inch Quarter 1.5 inch Ping-pong ball 1.75 inch Golf ball 2.0 inch Hen egg 2.5 inch Tennis ball 2.75 inch Baseball 3.00 inch Teacup 4.00 inch Grapefruit 4.5 inch Softball Source: National Weather Service 273 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 227 The Tornado and Storm Research Organization (TORRO) has further described hail sizes by their typical damage impacts. Table 4.75 describes typical intensity and damage impacts of the various sizes of hail. Table 4.75 – Tornado and Storm Research Organization Hailstorm Intensity Scale Intensity Category Diameter (mm) Diameter (inches) Size Description Typical Damage Impacts Hard Hail 5-9 0.2-0.4 Pea No damage Potentially Damaging 10-15 0.4-0.6 Mothball Slight general damage to plants, crops Significant 16-20 0.6-0.8 Marble, grape Significant damage to fruit, crops, vegetation Severe 21-30 0.8-1.2 Walnut Severe damage to fruit and crops, damage to glass and plastic structures, paint and wood scored Severe 31-40 1.2-1.6 Pigeon’s egg > squash ball Widespread glass damage, vehicle bodywork damage Destructive 41-50 1.6-2.0 Golf ball > Pullet’s egg Wholesale destruction of glass, damage to tiled roofs, significant risk of injuries Destructive 51-60 2.0-2.4 Hen’s egg Bodywork of grounded aircraft dented, brick walls pitted Destructive 61-75 2.4-3.0 Tennis ball > cricket ball Severe roof damage, risk of serious injuries Destructive 76-90 3.0-3.5 Large orange > softball Severe damage to aircraft bodywork Super Hailstorms 91-100 3.6-3.9 Grapefruit Extensive structural damage. Risk of severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open Super Hailstorms >100 4.0+ Melon Extensive structural damage. Risk of severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open Source: Tornado and Storm Research Organization (TORRO), Department of Geography, Oxford Brookes University Notes: In addition to hail diameter, factors including number and density of hailstones, hail fall speed and surface wind speeds affect severity. The average hailstone size recorded between 1999 and 2023 in the Haw-Eno Region was a little over 1” in diameter; the largest hailstone recorded was 2.5”, recorded on June 23, 2016. Very little damage was reported due to hail in the region. The worst instance occurred on July 1, 2012 in Person County. The hail damaged 300 acres of tobacco causing $2,000,000 worth of damage. Impact: 1 – Minor HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES TORNADOES NCEI storm reports were reviewed from 1999 through 2023 to assess whether recent trends varied from the longer historical record. According to NCEI, the Eno-Haw Region experienced 23 tornado incidents between 1999 and 2023, causing no fatalities, 2 injuries, $5.9 million in property damage and $10,000 in crop damage. Table 4.76 shows historical tornadoes in the Eno-Haw Region during this time period. 274 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 228 Figure 4.35 reflects the tracks of past tornadoes that passed through the Region from 1950 through 2023 according to data from the NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center. Table 4.76 – Recorded Tornadoes in Eno-Haw Region 1999-2023 Location Date Time Magnitude Deaths Injuries Property Damage Crop Damage Carrboro 6/19/2000 1305 F0 0 0 $0 $0 Carrboro 9/8/2004 1145 F0 0 0 $0 $0 Schley 1/14/2005 445 F0 0 0 $0 $0 Ceffo 7/7/2005 1442 F0 0 0 $0 $0 Gorman 5/14/2006 1710 F0 0 0 $0 $0 Union Ridge 3/4/2008 1654 EF0 0 0 $150,000 $0 Mt Tirzah 3/28/2010 2255 EF1 0 0 $250,000 $0 Hesters Store 10/27/2010 1458 EF0 0 0 $0 $10,000 Brooksdale 10/27/2010 1513 EF1 0 0 $75,000 $0 Carr 10/27/2010 1630 EF1 0 0 $250,000 $0 Altamahaw 4/16/2011 1306 EF1 0 0 $580,000 $0 Hyco 4/16/2011 1340 EF2 0 2 $400,000 $0 Cunningham 7/2/2013 1125 EF0 0 0 $100,000 $0 Hope Vly 5/15/2014 1710 EF1 0 0 $250,000 $0 Huckleberry Spg 2/24/2016 1600 EF1 0 0 $100,000 $0 Teer 04/19/2019 1500 EF2 0 0 $2,000,000 $0 Sutphin 04/13/2020 0532 EF1 0 0 $500,000 $0 Clegg 03/31/2022 1449 EF1 0 0 $100,000 $0 Miles 05/06/2022 1608 EF1 0 0 $250,000 $0 Weaver 05/23/2022 1507 EF0 0 0 $150,000 $0 Total 0 2 $5,905,000 $10,000 Source: NCEI Specific incidents with some level of impact include: March 4, 2008 – A weak EF 0 tornado touched down in northern Alamance County just northeast of the Union Ridge community. The tornado initially touched down about a half mile south of Willie Pace Road. On the north side of Willie Pace Road the tornado blew the roof off of a tobacco barn, lifted a carport, destroyed one shed and caused roof and porch damage to a home. The tornado continued to track northeast into Caswell County for approximately 2 miles. Further north the tornado destroyed a barn on Vinson Road and damaged a tractor and irrigation system. Numerous trees were also blown down in the area. The tornado blew a large oak tree into a brick home on Blaney Road, resulting in substantial roof damage. A garage in the back yard was also destroyed. A single wide mobile home on Baynes Road lost its roof from the high wind. The roof was tossed about 70 feet before becoming wrapped around a tree. October 27, 2010 – Five weak tornadoes occurred across Person, Orange, Granville and Vance counties during the afternoon and evening. In Person County, a supercell thunderstorm produced a short lived EF- 1 tornado which produced significant damage to a double wide modular home along Apple Tree Lane near Allensville Road. Nearby modular homes sustained minor damage to the roof and siding. Numerous trees were either snapped off or uprooted at this location. Winds were estimated to be between 86 to 90 275 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 229 mph. The tornado then tracked eastward and across a wooded area before crossing Ruff Davis Road, where several trees were snapped off and downed in different directions. The tornado lifted as it moved into another wooded area east of Ruff Davis Road. In Orange County, the tornado produced EF-1 damage with winds between 90 to 95 mph along Carr Store Road near Allie Mae Road in northern Orange County. At this location a church sustained significant damage, with two walls made of cinder blocks blown down and numerous hard and soft wood trees were also snapped off and uprooted. The tornado continued to track east northeast and damaged two homes along Pentecost Road. Both homes sustained roof damage, including a partially collapsed chimney, and numerous trees were snapped and uprooted. Two individuals were home at the time of the tornado and were not injured. Numerous trees where snapped off and uprooted at this location as well. Winds were estimated to range from 86 to 90 mph. The tornado weakened as it continued to track east north-east across McDade Store Road and Efland-Cedar Grove Road before lifting. April 16, 2011 – A strong storm system produced nine tornadoes in the Raleigh CWA, including two EF3s and four EF2s. The tornadoes left eight dead with approximately 275 injuries. In Altamahaw, an EF1 tornado first touched down at Bethel Methodist Church Road, As it moved through the area, it caused damage to many homes, including collapsing walls, ripping off roofs, and shattering windows. The tornado also caused damages to vehicles and uprooted and snapped many trees, some of which exceeded four feet in diameter. In total, 20 homes were damaged, including 6 homes that were completely destroyed. Another tornado initially touched down 4 miles north northwest of Roxboro as an EF0 but strengthened to an EF2 with intermittent EF1 damage. There were two schools damaged, two homes destroyed, 10 homes with minor damage, and two reported injuries as a result of this incident. May 15, 2014 – Scattered storms impacted central North Carolina that lead to flash flooding as many areas received 2-4 inches of rain, with isolated amounts up to 5-6 inches. In addition, some isolated wind damage occurred and an isolated EF1 tornado formed near Durham. Damage consisted of dozens of snapped and uprooted trees and approximately 40 homes that experienced roof or other structural damage. Most of the damage to the homes was caused by falling trees and other debris. However, there were at least a half a dozen homes that experienced minor roof damage solely from the wind. In one case, a large oak tree was uprooted and fell onto a home, slicing through the roof and an exterior wall. April 19, 2019 – A deepening upper-level trough brought severe thunderstorms that produced 7 tornadoes across central NC. The strongest tornado formed in southwestern Orange County and reached EF-2 strength as it neared Hillsborough. The tornado initially touched down in the White Cross area and Leslie Drive area of southwest Orange County. Considerable tree damage occurred in this area, including the snapping and splitting of healthy large-trunk trees. Subsequent damage to vehicles and homes occurred as the trees fell. Given the magnitude and nature of the damage, wind speeds were estimated at 110 mph. The tornado then tracked north-northeast eventually crossing Dodsons Cross Road, Dairlyland Road, Arthur Minnis Road, and Borland Roads, all while producing similar tree damage. The tornado finally began to lift and/or dissipate near Hillsborough just north of I-40 near exit 261, but not before producing considerable damage to several homes just south of exit 261. The roof and several exterior walls of one home were completely destroyed. Damage at this location was estimated at 115 mph. 276 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 230 Figure 4.35 – Tornado Paths Through the Eno-Haw Region, 1950-2023 Source: NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center 277 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 231 THUNDERSTORM WINDS Between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2023, the NCEI recorded 727 separate incidents of thunderstorm winds, occurring on 281 separate days. These events caused $3,569,250 in recorded property damage, 5 injuries and 3 fatalities. The recorded gusts averaged 50.4 mph, with the highest gusts recorded at 70 mph. Gusts of 70 mph were recorded three times in the region, twice during a storm on May 25, 2000. Of these events, 139 caused reported property damage. Wind gusts with property damage recorded averaged $4,909 in damage, with three gusts causing over a reported $250,000 in damage each (at Elon College on July 27, 2012, in Huckleberry Spring on February 24, 2016 and in Quail Roost on June 13, 2013). These incidents are recorded below: Table 4.77 – Recorded Thunderstorm Winds with Property Damages in Eno-Haw Region, 1999-2023 Location Date Time Wind Speed (mph) Fatalities Injuries Property Damage Roxboro 6/2/2006 1458 50 0 0 $65,000 Roxboro 4/8/2010 2000 50 0 0 $1,000 Oak Grove 5/22/2010 1710 50 0 0 $4,000 Hillsborough 5/28/2010 2106 50 0 0 $50,000 Few 5/28/2010 2100 50 0 0 $10,000 Triple Springs 6/13/2010 1458 50 0 0 $2,000 Brooksdale 6/13/2010 1501 50 0 0 $2,000 Durham 6/23/2010 1255 50 0 0 $15,000 Cheeks Crossroads 7/13/2010 1935 50 0 0 $3,000 Elon College 7/17/2010 1010 50 0 0 $20,000 Snow Camp 7/17/2010 1315 50 0 1 $2,000 Hyco 7/25/2010 1903 50 0 0 $10,000 Swepsonville 8/5/2010 1415 50 0 0 $30,000 Mebane 8/5/2010 1700 50 0 0 $15,000 Roseville 8/5/2010 1620 50 0 0 $10,000 Snow Camp 11/16/2010 2245 50 0 0 $10,000 Burlington Airport 4/5/2011 203 52 0 0 $75,000 Durham 4/5/2011 236 50 0 0 $25,000 Occoneechee 4/27/2011 1210 50 0 0 $5,000 Timberlake 5/13/2011 1825 50 0 0 $500 Carr 6/18/2011 1705 50 0 0 $500 Chapel Hill Williams Airport 5/9/2012 1457 50 0 0 $2,500 Mebane 6/1/2012 1400 50 0 0 $110,000 Surf 6/1/2012 1505 50 0 0 $20,000 Glenn 6/1/2012 1544 50 0 0 $10,000 West Durham 6/29/2012 2202 50 0 0 $10,000 Surf 6/29/2012 2125 50 0 0 $5,000 Saxapahaw 6/29/2012 2155 50 0 0 $4,000 Cavel 7/1/2012 1305 50 0 0 $3,000 McGehees Mill 7/1/2012 1258 50 0 0 $2,000 Schley 7/5/2012 1255 50 0 0 $5,000 278 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 232 Location Date Time Wind Speed (mph) Fatalities Injuries Property Damage Schley 7/5/2012 1257 50 0 0 $5,000 Hyco 7/19/2012 1515 50 0 0 $1,000 Union Ridge 7/21/2012 1730 50 0 0 $1,000 Bahama 7/23/2012 1714 50 0 0 $3,000 Graham 7/23/2012 1618 50 0 0 $2,000 Chapel Hill 7/24/2012 1426 50 0 0 $20,000 Chapel Hill 7/24/2012 1426 50 0 0 $10,000 Snow Camp 7/24/2012 1358 50 0 0 $5,000 Chapel Hill 7/24/2012 1425 50 0 0 $4,000 Snow Camp 7/24/2012 1345 50 0 0 $2,000 Snow Camp 7/24/2012 1350 50 0 0 $2,000 Teer 7/24/2012 1410 50 0 0 $2,000 Elon College 7/27/2012 1635 50 0 0 $313,000 Triple Springs 9/2/2012 1403 50 0 0 $750 West Durham 9/8/2012 1645 50 0 0 $750 Hillsborough 1/30/2013 2218 50 0 0 $1,500 Hurdle Mills 1/30/2013 2245 50 0 0 $1,000 Orange Factory 4/19/2013 1740 50 0 0 $1,500 Quail Roost 6/13/2013 1610 61 0 0 $250,000 Snow Camp 6/13/2013 1554 50 0 0 $200,000 Ceffo 6/13/2013 1548 50 0 0 $10,000 Chapel Hill 6/13/2013 1615 61 1 0 $3,000 Helena 6/26/2013 1652 50 0 0 $1,000 Quail Roost 6/28/2013 1645 50 0 0 $2,500 Chapel Hill 6/30/2013 1422 50 0 0 $5,000 Kimesville 7/2/2013 950 50 0 0 $10,000 Altamahaw 7/28/2013 2205 50 0 0 $1,000 Hope Valley 1/11/2014 1350 50 0 0 $5,000 Chapel Hill Williams Airport 1/11/2014 1340 50 0 0 $1,000 Hope Valley 3/12/2014 1730 50 1 0 $8,000 Mt Tirzah 5/15/2014 1752 50 0 0 $1,000 Calvander 5/27/2014 1457 50 0 0 $1,000 Durham 6/11/2014 1406 50 0 0 $25,000 Hope Valley 6/11/2014 1644 50 0 0 $10,000 Snow Camp 6/11/2014 1645 50 0 0 $2,000 Graham 6/11/2014 1715 50 0 0 $2,000 Schley 6/11/2014 1725 50 0 0 $2,000 West Hillsboro 6/19/2014 1556 50 0 0 $10,000 Durham 6/19/2014 1615 50 0 0 $8,000 Occoneechee 7/15/2014 1500 50 0 0 $5,000 Huckleberry Spring 8/12/2014 1710 50 0 0 $1,000 Ceffo 6/17/2015 1854 50 0 0 $25,000 Roxboro 6/20/2015 1824 50 0 0 $2,500 279 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 233 Location Date Time Wind Speed (mph) Fatalities Injuries Property Damage Chapel Hill 6/26/2015 2223 50 0 0 $2,000 Carr 6/30/2015 1749 50 0 0 $10,000 Kimesville 7/8/2015 1851 50 0 0 $25,000 Union Ridge 7/13/2015 1946 50 0 0 $10,000 Chapel Hill Williams Airport 7/21/2015 1750 50 0 0 $5,000 Oak Grove 7/23/2015 925 50 0 0 $1,000 Hurdle Mills Airport 8/11/2015 1633 50 0 0 $1,250 Sutphin 9/10/2015 1618 50 0 0 $5,000 Huckleberry Spring 2/24/2016 1600 70 0 0 $250,000 Chapel Hill 2/24/2016 1550 50 0 0 $3,000 Hyco Jct 4/28/2016 1730 50 0 0 $1,000 Altamahaw 5/12/2016 1826 50 0 0 $5,000 Woodsdale 6/5/2016 1741 50 0 0 $10,000 Bethel Hill 6/5/2016 1750 50 0 0 $7,500 Gentrys Store 6/5/2016 1747 50 0 0 $2,500 Triple Springs 6/5/2016 1751 50 0 0 $2,500 Cedar Grove 6/29/2016 1739 50 0 0 $2,500 Hillsborough 7/8/2016 1953 50 0 0 $5,000 Few 7/15/2016 1550 50 0 1 $150,000 Burlington Airport 7/15/2016 1740 50 0 0 $10,000 Buckhorn 7/31/2016 1912 50 0 0 $10,000 Just Xrds 7/31/2016 1740 50 0 0 $5,000 Longs Store 9/1/2016 1247 50 0 0 $10,000 Longs Store 2/25/2017 1500 50 0 0 $1,000 Hope Valley 5/5/2017 335 50 0 0 $10,000 Mt Tirzah 5/5/2017 340 50 0 0 $2,500 Hopedale 5/5/2017 300 50 0 0 $1,000 West Durham 5/11/2017 2012 50 0 0 $100,000 Fairntosh 5/19/2017 1642 50 0 0 $3,000 Schley 5/19/2017 1624 50 0 0 $2,000 Occoneechee 5/25/2017 1158 50 0 0 $2,000 Mangum Store 6/16/2017 1918 50 0 0 $750 Cedar Grove 6/19/2017 2035 50 0 0 $4,000 Concord 7/13/2017 1703 50 0 0 $4,000 Elon College 7/13/2017 1650 50 0 0 $2,000 Cedar Grove 7/13/2017 1701 50 0 0 $1,000 Chapel Hill 7/23/2017 1645 50 0 0 $3,000 Burlington 4/15/2018 1646 50 0 0 $5,000 Hurdle Mills 4/15/2018 1725 50 0 0 $2,000 Mc Dade 4/15/2018 1715 50 0 0 $1,000 Chapel Hill 4/15/2018 1725 50 0 0 $1,000 Triple Springs 5/6/2018 1835 50 0 0 $2,500 Blackwood 5/21/2018 1435 50 0 0 $2,000 280 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 234 Location Date Time Wind Speed (mph) Fatalities Injuries Property Damage Union Ridge 5/21/2018 1608 50 0 0 $1,000 Calvander 6/10/2018 2240 50 0 0 $25,000 West Durham 6/10/2018 2246 50 0 0 $1,000 Genlee 6/10/2018 2305 50 0 0 $1,000 Roseville 6/21/2018 2229 50 0 0 $4,000 Gorman 6/24/2018 1925 50 0 0 $4,000 Calvander 7/4/2018 1820 50 0 0 $2,500 Chapel Hill 7/4/2018 1821 50 0 0 $1,500 Rougemont 7/6/2018 1525 50 0 0 $10,000 Rougemont 7/6/2018 1540 50 0 0 $5,000 Cedar Grove 7/6/2018 1450 50 0 0 $2,500 Hillsborough 7/6/2018 1500 50 0 0 $1,500 Longs Store 7/11/2018 1625 50 0 0 $2,500 Mt Tirzah 7/22/2018 2042 50 0 0 $10,000 Ceffo 7/22/2018 2056 50 0 0 $10,000 Durham 7/22/2018 2005 50 0 0 $5,000 Hope Valley 8/2/2018 1438 50 0 0 $1,000 Alamance 8/7/2018 1840 50 0 0 $10,000 Occoneechee 8/7/2018 1900 50 0 0 $5,000 Etland 8/8/2018 1609 50 0 0 $250 Swepsonville 8/8/2018 1609 50 0 0 $250 Hope Valley 8/8/2018 1645 50 0 0 $250 Few 4/8/2019 1622 50 0 0 $1,000 Few 4/8/2019 1622 50 0 0 $1,000 Longs store 4/8/2019 1559 50 0 0 $5,000 Alamance 4/12/2019 1505 50 0 0 $1,000 Chapel Hill 4/12/2019 1628 50 0 0 $3,000 Chapel Hill Wllms ar 4/12/2019 1635 50 0 0 $3,000 Durham 4/19/2019 1423 50 0 0 $1,000 West Durham 4/19/2019 1427 50 0 0 $15,000 Dodsons Xrds 4/19/2019 1615 50 0 0 $1,000 Dodsons Xrds 4/19/2019 1617 50 0 0 $5,000 Roseville 5/25/2019 2232 50 0 0 $5,000 Burlington 6/20/2019 1350 50 0 0 $10,000 Burlington 6/20/2019 1401 50 0 0 $10,000 Burlington 6/20/2019 1403 50 0 0 $10,000 West Durham 6/20/2019 1428 50 0 0 $5,000 Chapel hill Wllms ar 6/20/2019 1423 50 0 0 $5,000 Chapel hill Wllms ar 6/20/2019 1434 50 0 0 $10,000 Longs store 6/20/2019 1345 50 0 0 $15,000 Cunningham 6/20/2019 1350 50 0 0 $2,500 Hurdle Mills 6/20/2019 1351 50 0 0 $10,000 Triple Spgs 6/20/2019 1357 50 0 0 $10,000 Timberlake 6/20/2019 1401 50 0 0 $10,000 281 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 235 Location Date Time Wind Speed (mph) Fatalities Injuries Property Damage Timberlake 6/20/2019 1409 50 0 0 $10,000 Durham 7/4/2019 1300 50 0 0 $20,000 Mc Dade 7/4/2019 1422 50 0 0 $40,000 Burlington 7/18/2019 1809 50 0 0 $2,000 Timberlake 7/22/2019 1800 50 0 0 $5,000 Hesters store 8/13/2019 1459 50 0 0 $15,000 Occoneechee 8/21/2019 1757 50 0 0 $1,500 Haw River 10/31/2019 1815 50 0 0 $10,000 Huckleberry Spg 10/31/2019 1915 50 0 0 $10,000 Etland 10/31/2019 1840 50 0 0 $5,000 Glenn 10/31/2019 1910 50 0 0 $25,000 Concord 10/31/2019 1817 50 0 0 $10,000 Roseville 1/11/2020 2343 50 0 0 $5,000 Elon college 2/6/2020 1240 50 0 0 $50,000 Occoneechee 2/6/2020 1305 50 0 0 $2,500 Chapel Hill 2/6/2020 1349 50 0 0 $20,000 Chapel Hill 2/6/2020 1349 50 0 0 $20,000 Graham 4/8/2020 1752 50 0 0 $2,500 Mebane hurdle fld ar 4/13/2020 525 50 0 0 $50,000 Huckleberry Spg 4/13/2020 605 50 0 0 $10,000 Gorman 4/13/2020 610 50 0 0 $10,000 Schley 4/13/2020 535 50 0 0 $10,000 Hillsborough 4/13/2020 553 50 0 0 $1,500 Occoneechee 4/13/2020 600 50 0 0 $10,000 Chapel Hill 4/26/2020 1845 50 0 0 $25,000 West Durham 6/11/2020 1840 50 0 0 $2,500 Occoneechee 6/11/2020 1800 50 0 0 $2,500 Chapel Hill 6/11/2020 1820 50 0 0 $10,000 Glen Raven 6/28/2020 1527 50 0 0 $30,000 Chapel Hill Wllms ar 6/28/2020 1550 50 1 0 $50,000 Timberlake 6/30/2020 1653 50 0 0 $10,000 Mt Tirzah 6/30/2020 1700 50 0 0 $10,000 East Durham 7/5/2020 1254 50 0 0 $40,000 Haw river 7/17/2020 1610 50 0 0 $5,000 Haw river 7/17/2020 1610 50 0 0 $5,000 Occoneechee 3/27/2021 1502 50 0 0 $2,500 Chapel Hill Wllms ar 5/4/2021 1456 50 0 0 $1,500 Swepsonville 5/10/2021 1540 50 0 0 $5,000 Swepsonville 5/10/2021 1540 50 0 0 $20,000 Schley 7/17/2021 1702 50 0 0 $5,000 Surf 7/17/2021 1711 50 0 0 $5,000 Hurdle Mills 7/17/2021 2113 50 0 0 $10,000 Saxapahaw 8/20/2021 1913 50 0 0 $5,000 Mangum store 10/25/2021 1956 50 0 0 $2,500 282 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 236 Location Date Time Wind Speed (mph) Fatalities Injuries Property Damage Elon college 12/11/2021 1811 50 0 0 $5,000 Clegg 3/31/2022 1250 50 0 0 $15,000 Orange factory 4/26/2022 1430 50 0 0 $10,000 Oak grove 4/26/2022 1430 50 0 0 $5,000 Weaver 5/1/2022 1638 50 0 0 $5,000 Roxboro 5/21/2022 1618 50 0 0 $5,000 Ceffo 5/21/2022 1745 50 0 0 $5,000 Haw River 5/23/2022 1425 50 0 0 $5,000 North Durham 5/23/2022 1510 50 0 0 $10,000 Gorman 5/27/2022 821 50 0 0 $10,000 Chapel hill 5/27/2022 810 50 0 0 $5,000 Saxapahaw 6/8/2022 1710 50 0 0 $10,000 Carrboro 6/8/2022 1729 50 0 0 $10,000 Blackwood 6/8/2022 1735 50 0 0 $1,000 Gentrys store 6/8/2022 1745 50 0 0 $5,000 Longs store 6/16/2022 1504 50 0 0 $10,000 Altamahaw 6/17/2022 1613 50 0 0 $25,000 Haw river 6/17/2022 1634 50 0 0 $10,000 Mebane 6/17/2022 1636 50 0 0 $25,000 Oak grove 6/17/2022 1706 50 0 0 $10,000 Miles 6/17/2022 1631 50 0 0 $1,000 Miles 6/17/2022 1638 50 0 0 $25,000 Miles 6/17/2022 1640 50 0 0 $5,000 Miles 6/17/2022 1641 50 0 0 $25,000 Roxboro 7/21/2022 1320 50 0 0 $5,000 Swepsonville 7/25/2022 1735 50 0 0 $5,000 Chapel Hill Wllms ar 7/26/2022 1324 50 0 0 $10,000 Cavel 7/27/2022 1640 50 0 0 $5,000 Mc Dade 7/29/2022 1745 50 0 0 $5,000 Quail Roost 9/12/2022 1512 50 0 0 $5,000 Gorman 10/17/2022 1746 50 0 0 $10,000 Snow camp 1/12/2023 2015 50 0 0 $5,000 Durham 1/12/2023 2049 50 0 0 $25,000 Carr 1/12/2023 2005 50 0 0 $5,000 Chapel Hill 1/12/2023 2023 50 0 0 $20,000 Swepsonville 5/16/2023 2050 50 0 0 $30,000 Mc Gehees Mill 5/16/2023 1648 50 0 0 $10,000 Gentrys store 5/16/2023 1712 50 0 0 $10,000 Concord 5/16/2023 1912 50 0 0 $10,000 Gentrys store 5/16/2023 1923 50 0 0 $5,000 West Hillsboro 6/16/2023 1600 50 0 0 $5,000 Hope Vly 6/19/2023 1409 50 0 0 $5,000 Hope Vly 6/19/2023 1410 50 0 0 $5,000 Durham 6/19/2023 1420 50 0 0 $5,000 283 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 237 Location Date Time Wind Speed (mph) Fatalities Injuries Property Damage Chapel Hill Wllms ar 6/23/2023 1659 50 0 0 $10,000 Chapel Hill 6/30/2023 2045 50 0 0 $5,000 Alamance 7/1/2023 1543 50 0 0 $5,000 Calvander 7/1/2023 1606 50 0 0 $5,000 Burlington Arpt 7/6/2023 1502 50 0 0 $5,000 Blackwood 7/9/2023 1158 50 0 0 $5,000 West Durham 8/7/2023 1821 50 0 0 $10,000 Saxapahaw 8/15/2023 1440 50 0 0 $5,000 Graham 8/15/2023 1450 50 0 0 $25,000 Swepsonville 8/15/2023 1452 50 0 0 $10,000 West Durham 8/15/2023 1515 50 0 0 $10,000 West Durham 8/15/2023 1517 50 0 0 $15,000 West Durham 8/15/2023 1522 50 0 0 $1,500 Hope Vly 8/15/2023 1525 50 0 0 $1,500 Joyland 8/15/2023 1528 50 0 0 $5,000 Joyland 8/15/2023 1528 50 0 0 $1,500 Bethesda 9/8/2023 1528 50 0 0 $5,000 Durham 9/8/2023 1553 50 0 0 $1,500 Paynes Tavern 9/8/2023 1637 50 0 0 $1,500 Brooksdale 9/8/2023 1638 50 0 0 $5,000 Concord 9/8/2023 1653 50 0 0 $1,500 Total 3 5 $3,569,250 Source: NCEI During this time period, 17 thunderstorm wind, high wind, and strong wind events also caused crop damage totaling $189,000. These incidents are recorded below: Table 4.78 – Recorded Wind Events with Crop Damages in the Eno-Haw Region, 1999-2018 Location Date Time Wind Speed (mph) Crop Damage Altamahaw 7/13/2005 1815 50 $150,000 Allensville 6/23/2006 1930 50 $1,000 Person (Zone) 11/22/2006 800 35 $1,000 Durham (Zone) 11/22/2006 1000 35 $1,000 Orange (Zone) 11/22/2006 1000 32 $1,000 Alamance (Zone) 11/22/2006 1000 30 $1,000 Burlington Airport 7/15/2016 1740 50 $10,000 Longs Store 2/25/2017 1500 50 $2,000 Hillsborough 5/11/2017 1955 50 $2,000 Total $189,000 Source: NCEI In addition to recorded thunderstorm wind events, NCEI reports 77 high wind and strong wind events during this same period that caused $5,533,150 in property damage. The costliest wind event during this period happened on October 29, 2020 caused $4 million of property damage in the planning region. Of all 804 wind events during this period, there were eight incidents that directly caused deaths or injuries. These incidents are recorded below: 284 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 238 Table 4.79 – Recorded Wind Events with Injuries and/or Fatalities, 1999-2018 Location Event Type Date Wind Speed (mph) Fatalities Injuries Orange County Strong Wind 12/9/2009 40 0 2 Chapel Hill Thunderstorm Wind 5/25/2000 60 0 2 Hillborough Thunderstorm Wind 6/1/2002 50 0 1 Snow Camp Thunderstorm Wind 7/17/2010 50 0 1 Chapel Hill Thunderstorm Wind 6/13/2013 61 1 0 Hope Valley Thunderstorm Wind 3/12/2014 50 1 0 Durham County Strong Wind 4/9/2016 37 1 1 Few Thunderstorm Wind 7/15/2006 50 0 1 Chapel Hills Wllms Thunderstorm Wind 6/28/2020 50 1 0 Total 4 8 Source: NCEI LIGHTNING According to NCEI data, 28 lightning strikes occurred between 1999 and 2024. Cumulatively, lighting events in this period caused 4 deaths and 8 injuries and resulted in over $3 million in property damage. It should be noted that lightning events recorded by the NCEI are only those that are reported; it is certain that additional lightning incidents have occurred in the Eno-Haw Region. Table 4.80 details NCEI- recorded lightning strikes from 1999 through 2023. Table 4.80 – Recorded Lightning Strikes in the Eno-Haw Region, 1999-2023 Location Date Time Fatalities Injuries Property Damage Durham 3/21/1999 1400 0 0 $20,000 Carrboro 8/14/1999 1500 0 1 $0 Roxboro 4/8/2000 1530 0 0 $110,000 Chapel Hill 7/2/2002 1515 0 0 $880,000 Burlington 7/4/2002 1815 0 3 $0 Mebane 7/4/2002 1827 0 0 $20,000 Snow Camp 7/22/2003 1830 0 0 $100,000 Cedar Grove 8/22/2003 1600 1 0 $0 Hillsborough 6/11/2006 435 1 0 $0 Roxboro 7/13/2006 1900 0 0 $100,000 Durham 3/27/2007 2200 0 0 $10,000 Chapel Hill 12/11/2008 1205 0 0 $1,500,000 Huckleberry Spring 5/28/2010 2100 0 0 $20,000 Mebane 6/2/2010 1645 0 0 $25,000 Graham 6/15/2010 1845 1 1 $0 Fairntosh 8/5/2010 1740 0 0 $3,000 Graham 8/18/2010 0 0 0 $7,000 Gorman 6/10/2011 2209 1 0 $0 Union Ridge 9/6/2011 1230 0 0 $75,000 Few 3/20/2012 2233 0 0 $100,000 Cedar Grove 7/5/2012 1325 0 0 $5,000 Hesters Store 6/13/2013 1605 0 0 $10,000 285 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 239 Location Date Time Fatalities Injuries Property Damage Few 7/5/2015 2000 0 0 $30,000 Occoneechee 7/5/2017 2035 0 0 $10,000 Genlee 7/5/2018 1730 0 1 $0 Carrboro 8/21/2019 1804 0 0 $5,000 Durham 9/8/2021 1040 0 3 $0 Etland 5/23/2022 1445 0 0 $10,000 Total 4 8 $3,040,000 Source: NCEI The following are a selection of narrative descriptions recorded in NCEI for lightning events that occurred in Eno-Haw Region: June 11, 2006 – Tree fell on Interstate 85 near mile marker 168 when lightning struck a tree. One fatality when a motorcyclist struck the down tree. December 11, 2008 – Lightning struck a home in Chapel Hill and caught fire. The house burned to the ground when the lightning got into the gas lines of the home. May 28, 2010 – A lightning strike caused an electrical failure at a pump station near Durham, North Carolina. The electrical failure allowed 18,000 gallons of sewage to spill into the Eno River. June 15, 2010 – A 19-year-old male was struck by lightning and killed while taking shelter under a tree. It was not raining at the time. June 10, 2011 – A 45-year-old male died when he was struck by lightning while feeding his livestock. HAIL NCEI records 248 separate hail incidents across 106 days between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2024 in the Eno-Haw Region. Of these, three events were reported to have caused property damage, totaling $2,017,500. Two events caused $60,500 in crop damage (total), and no hail event resulted in death or injury. The largest diameter hail recorded in the Eno-Haw Region was in Person County on June 23, 2016; the average hail size in all storms was a little over one inch in diameter. Table 4.81 – Summary of Hail Occurrences by County Location Number of Occurrences Average Hail Diameter Alamance 63 1.02” Durham 75 1.02” Orange 44 1.04” Person 66 1.09” The following narratives provide detail on select hailstorms from the above list of NCEI recorded events: April 17, 2000 – Golfball sized hail reported at intersection of Highway 98 and Miami Blvd. March 28, 2007 - A back-door cold front combined with moderate to strong instability from afternoon heating.produced severe storms across northern portions of the piedmont. Minor flooding from heavy rainfall and hail blocking street drains. July 27, 2007 – Pea size hail resulted in the total loss of 6 acres of tobacco crop. July 1, 2012 – Large hail to the size of golf balls destroyed 300 acres of tobacco, with other surrounding areas experiencing a 30 to 50 percent loss. An upper-level disturbance moved across central North Carolina during the late afternoon into the evening and interacted with a moist and unstable atmosphere to 286 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 240 produce scattered showers and thunderstorms. Some of the thunderstorms became severe and produced damaging winds. April 28, 2016 – Quarter sized to golf ball sized hail fell along a one-mile swath along highway 54 near the intersection of Orange Grove Road in Teer. The hail covered the road and was approximately half an inch deep, causing the road to be closed for a short period of time. June 23, 2016 – Golf ball to tennis ball size hail fell along a swath from the Virginia state line to Bethel Hill. May 16, 2023 – Half dollar size hail was reported near Bethel Hill School Road and Highway 501. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE Based on historical occurrences recorded by NCEI, the region experienced 23 tornado events from 1999 through 2023, which equates to approximately 92% annual probability of tornado winds. During the same period, the region experienced 804 wind events over the 25-year period from 1999 through 2023, the Eno- Haw Region averages approximately 32 wind events per year. Over this same period, 28 lightning events were reported as having caused death, injury, and/or property damage, which equates to an average of 1.12 damaging lightning strikes per year. The average hailstorm in the Eno-Haw Region occurs in late afternoon and has a hail stone with a diameter of an inch. Over the 25-year period from 1999 through 2023, the Eno-Haw Region experienced 248 reported hail incidents; this averages almost 10 reported incidents per year somewhere in the planning area, or a 100% chance that the region will experience a hail incident each year. Based on these historical occurrences, there is a 100% chance that the region will experience severe weather each year. The probability of a damaging impacts is highly likely. Probability: 4 – Highly Likely CLIMATE CHANGE According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), thunderstorm events in the future are likely to become more frequent in the southeast as a result of weather extremes. Thunderstorm potential is measured by an index that NASA created called the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) index. This measures how warm and moist the air is, which is a major contributing factor in thunderstorm/tornado formation. Between 1979 and 2021, the Eno Haw Region experienced 10-20 more days on average with CAPE at or above 1000 J/kg, which is considered a high cape value. 287 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 241 Figure 4.36 – Change in Days with High Thunderstorm Potential from 1979 to 2021 Source: NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis, Climate Central 2022 NASA projects that by the period of 2072-2099, the CAPE in the southeastern United States will increase dramatically. Parts of North Carolina are in an area that will likely experience the greatest increase in CAPE in the United States, and the entire state is likely to experience at least some increase. For a thunderstorm to become a supercell event, meaning that it produces more severe weather like large hail, damaging winds, and tornadoes, it relies on not only warm moist air, but also wind at different levels moving in different directions at different speed (wind shear). As the planet warms, wind shear, unlike warm, moist air, is expected to decrease. Therefore, it is difficult to predict if more supercell thunderstorm events and the tornadoes they can bring with them are more likely to occur. Additionally, while supercell events are associated with tornadoes, only about 20% of supercell thunderstorms produce tornadoes. To complicate things further, no one fully understands how tornadoes are formed. Therefore, there is no identified conclusion on how climate change will impact tornadoes. The relationship between hail and climate change is also unclear, however, a 2022 study shows that climate change could increase severe and/or significant spring hailstorms within the Central U.S. (Fan, et.al, 2022). Lightning has a more direct correlation with increasing temperatures as it occurs more frequently when the temperature is hotter than when it is colder. Romps, et. al postulate that lightning will increase by 12% for every degree of rise global average air temperature. 288 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 242 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES AND ASSUMPTIONS Population and property at risk to wind events was estimated using data from the North Carolina Emergency Management (NCEM) IRISK database, which was compiled in NCEM’s Risk Management Tool. PEOPLE People and populations exposed to the elements are most vulnerable to severe weather. A common hazard associated with wind events is falling trees and branches. Risk of being struck by lightning is greater in open areas, at higher elevations, and on the water. Lightning can also cause cascading hazards, including power loss. Loss of power could critically impact those relying on energy to service, including those that need powered medical devices. Additionally, the ignition of fires is always a concern with lightning strikes. The availability of sheltered locations such as basements, buildings constructed using hail-resistant materials and methods, and public storm shelters, all reduce the exposure of the population. Individuals who work outdoors may face increased risk. Residents living in mobile homes are also more vulnerable to hail events due to the lack of shelter locations and the vulnerability of the housing unit to damages. According to the 2022 American Community Survey (ACS), 15,817 occupied housing units (5.8%) in the Eno-Haw Region are classified as “mobile homes or other types of housing.” Based on an estimated average of 2.4 persons per household from the 2022 ACS, there are approximately 37,960 people in the Region living in mobile homes. See Table 4.61 in Section 4,5,6 for details on the number of mobile home units in each jurisdiction. Individuals who work outdoors may also face increased risk; data on outdoor workers is limited. Since 1999, the NCEI records four fatalities and eight injuries attributed to lightning in the Eno-Haw Region. NCEI records four fatalities and eight injuries attributed to wind events in the Eno-Haw Region. There are no injuries or fatalities attributed to hail. PROPERTY Property damage caused by lightning usually occurs in one of two ways – either by direct damages through fires ignited by lightning, or by secondary impacts due to power loss. According to data collected on lightning strikes in Eno-Haw Region, the vast majority of recorded property damage was due to structure fires. NCEI records lightning impacts over 25 years (1999-2023), with $3,040,000 in property damage recorded. Historically, this has resulted in $121, 600 in property impacts annually in the Eno-Haw Region. The average impact from lightning per incident in the Eno-Haw Region is $108,571. General damages to property from hail are direct, including destroyed windows, dented cars, and building, roof and siding damage in areas exposed to hail. Hail can also cause enough damage to cars to cause them to be totaled. The level of damage is commensurate with both a material’s ability to withstand hail impacts, and the size of the hailstones that are falling. Construction practices and building codes can help maximize the resistance of the structures to damage. Large amounts of hail may need to be physically cleared from roadways and sidewalks, depending on accumulation. Hail can cause other cascading impacts, including power loss. During a 25-year span between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2023 in the Eno-Haw Region, NCEI reported $2,017,500 in property damage as a direct result of hail. 289 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 243 This averages to $80,700 per year in reported damages due to hail, though it should be noted that $2,000,000 in recorded damage was all due to one event. According to PolicyGenius, North Carolina had one of the highest number of hail loss claims (25,026) in the U.S. in 2019. It should be noted that property damage due to hail is usually insured loss, with damages covered under most major comprehensive insurance plans. Because of this, hail losses are notoriously underreported by the NCEI. It is difficult to find an accurate repository of hail damages in the Eno-Haw Region, thus the NCEI is still used to form a baseline. When strong enough, wind events can cause significant direct damage to buildings and infrastructure. NCEI reports $9,102,400 in property losses due to wind events over 25 years (1999-2023). The average impact from wind per incident in the Eno-Haw Region is $11,321. NCEM’s IRISK database was used to estimate potential damages from wind events of different magnitudes, detailed in Table 4.82 and Table 4.83. Note that these tables sum the total estimated damage should every exposed property in each jurisdiction be impacted by an event of the given magnitude. Therefore, these tables are not an approximation of the total damages that would occur from an event of each magnitude because a thunderstorm wind event would not uniformly impact the entire Region. These tables should only be used to understand potential damages relative to storms of varying degrees of severity. General damages to property are both direct (what the tornado physically destroys) and indirect (additional costs, damages, and losses attributed to secondary hazards spawned by the tornado or due to the damages caused by the tornado). Depending on its size and path, a tornado is capable of damaging and eventually destroying almost anything. Construction practices and building codes can help maximize the resistance of the structures to damage. Estimated building damages for different tornado magnitudes are detailed in Table 4.86 through Table 4.90. Note that these tables sum the total estimated damage should every exposed property in each jurisdiction be impacted by an event of the given magnitude. Therefore, these tables are not an approximation of the total damages that would occur from an event of each magnitude because a thunderstorm wind event would not uniformly impact the entire Region. These tables should only be used to understand potential damages relative to storms of varying degrees of severity. 290 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 244 Table 4.82 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by 50-Year Thunderstorm Winds Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $9,113,652 3,425 12 $1,085,154 283 1 $297,999 29,619 100 $10,496,804 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $8,912,208 2,401 10 $2,164,023 320 1 $438,268 24,339 100 $11,514,499 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $2,351,862 530 7 $309,603 155 2 $172,340 7,260 100 $2,833,806 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $2,350,875 465 8 $1,001,728 64 1 $121,817 5,832 100 $3,474,420 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $1,219,936 147 5 $288,850 174 6 $153,287 2,758 100 $1,662,072 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $313,206 109 9 $40,743 10 1 $5,621 1,176 100 $359,570 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $707,757 168 7 $53,849 31 1 $27,653 2,338 99 $789,258 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $95,720 21 6 $16,014 7 2 $2,907 327 99 $114,641 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $234,417 24 4 $98,357 5 1 $5,274 572 100 $338,048 Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $270,376 66 8 $16,528 17 2 $11,541 797 100 $298,445 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $25,570,009 7,356 10 $5,074,849 1,066 1 $1,236,707 75,018 100 $31,881,563 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,972 85 $8,283,440 2,818 13 $2,180,587 229 1 $242,791 21,019 100 $10,706,818 City of Durham 75,585 67,750 90 $35,145,911 6,045 8 $8,008,586 1,672 2 $2,545,367 75,467 100 $45,699,864 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 43,429,351 8,863 9 10,189,173 1,901 2 2,788,158 96,486 100 $56,406,682 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $10,956,321 2,657 11 $1,201,269 246 1 $697,859 24,527 100 $12,855,449 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $4,096,444 261 5 $657,012 46 1 $525,469 5,771 100 $5,278,925 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $13,801,737 615 4 $1,609,142 529 4 $2,013,414 15,067 100 $17,424,293 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $1,670,389 358 9 $303,111 111 3 $239,835 3,877 100 $2,213,335 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 30,524,891 3,891 8 3,770,534 932 2 3,476,577 49,242 100 $37,772,002 291 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 245 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $7,263,867 2,613 15 $477,046 156 1 $395,114 17,662 100 $8,136,027 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $2,750,934 710 11 $807,474 144 2 $335,974 6,608 100 $3,894,381 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $10,014,801 3,323 14 $1,284,520 300 1 $731,088 24,270 100 $12,030,408 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $109,539,052 23,433 10 $20,319,076 4,199 2 $8,232,530 245,016 100 $138,090,655 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 292 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 246 Table 4.83 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by 100-Year Thunderstorm Winds Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $13,924,282 3,425 12 $2,089,117 283 1 $578,131 29,619 100 $16,591,530 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $13,493,947 2,401 10 $4,052,860 320 1 $848,233 24,339 100 $18,395,040 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $3,602,727 530 7 $616,822 155 2 $340,949 7,260 100 $4,560,498 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $3,609,781 465 8 $1,857,712 64 1 $226,054 5,832 100 $5,693,548 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $1,861,681 147 5 $557,615 174 6 $299,887 2,758 100 $2,719,183 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $463,551 109 9 $75,144 10 1 $11,399 1,176 100 $550,093 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $1,080,120 168 7 $102,364 31 1 $52,594 2,338 99 $1,235,078 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $141,252 21 6 $31,151 7 2 $5,355 327 99 $177,757 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $352,239 24 4 $171,731 5 1 $9,524 572 100 $533,494 Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $415,755 66 8 $33,440 17 2 $22,124 797 100 $471,318 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $38,945,335 7,356 10 $9,587,956 1,066 1 $2,394,250 75,018 100 $50,927,539 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,972 85 $12,506,373 2,818 13 $3,832,447 229 1 $405,786 21,019 100 $16,744,606 City of Durham 75,585 67,750 90 $54,561,978 6,045 8 $14,339,389 1,672 2 $4,586,786 75,467 100 $73,488,153 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 67,068,351 8,863 9 18,171,836 1,901 2 4,992,572 96,486 100 $90,232,759 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $16,585,952 2,657 11 $2,090,339 246 1 $1,216,658 24,527 100 $19,892,949 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $6,312,753 261 5 $1,150,600 46 1 $854,587 5,771 100 $8,317,940 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $21,147,062 615 4 $2,991,653 529 4 $3,704,032 15,067 100 $27,842,747 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $2,574,804 358 9 $573,404 111 3 $399,646 3,877 100 $3,547,854 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 46,620,571 3,891 8 6,805,996 932 2 6,174,923 49,242 100 $59,601,490 293 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 247 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $10,764,695 2,613 15 $805,947 156 1 $685,196 17,662 100 $12,255,838 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $4,130,487 710 11 $1,509,680 144 2 $600,321 6,608 100 $6,240,488 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $14,895,182 3,323 14 $2,315,627 300 1 $1,285,517 24,270 100 $18,496,326 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $167,529,439 23,433 10 $36,881,415 4,199 2 $14,847,262 245,016 100 $219,258,114 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 294 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 248 Table 4.84 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by 300-Year Thunderstorm Winds Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $29,422,337 3,425 12 $5,994,876 283 1 $1,637,855 29,619 100 $37,055,069 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $25,020,142 2,401 10 $10,721,802 320 1 $2,384,927 24,339 100 $38,126,871 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $8,234,848 530 7 $2,200,394 155 2 $1,140,007 7,260 100 $11,575,249 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $8,843,654 465 8 $5,169,882 64 1 $660,516 5,832 100 $14,674,052 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $2,852,773 147 5 $1,002,673 174 6 $558,103 2,758 100 $4,413,549 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $1,044,769 109 9 $210,188 10 1 $40,438 1,176 100 $1,295,394 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $2,728,522 168 7 $350,117 31 1 $153,101 2,338 99 $3,231,741 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $205,256 21 6 $57,523 7 2 $9,343 327 99 $272,122 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $833,748 24 4 $457,462 5 1 $29,685 572 100 $1,320,896 Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $916,534 66 8 $112,489 17 2 $72,462 797 100 $1,101,485 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $80,102,583 7,356 10 $26,277,406 1,066 1 $6,686,437 75,018 100 $113,066,428 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 75,585 67,750 90 $135,919,885 6,045 8 $42,068,159 1,672 2 $13,440,025 75,467 100 $191,428,068 City of Durham 21,037 17,972 85 $28,690,716 2,818 13 $10,861,573 229 1 $1,079,629 21,019 100 $40,631,918 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 164,610,601 8,863 9 52,929,732 1,901 2 14,519,654 96,486 100 $232,059,986 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $36,883,557 2,657 11 $5,166,059 246 1 $2,986,541 24,527 100 $45,036,157 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $16,504,977 261 5 $2,826,506 46 1 $1,705,569 5,771 100 $21,037,051 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $52,757,493 615 4 $9,110,764 529 4 $10,467,501 15,067 100 $72,335,758 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $6,263,186 358 9 $1,860,930 111 3 $989,004 3,877 100 $9,113,119 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 112,409,213 3,891 8 18,964,259 932 2 16,148,615 49,242 100 $147,522,085 295 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 249 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $20,472,393 2,613 15 $1,731,936 156 1 $1,376,778 17,662 100 $23,581,107 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $6,673,123 710 11 $3,141,581 144 2 $1,061,219 6,608 100 $10,875,923 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $27,145,516 3,323 14 $4,873,517 300 1 $2,437,997 24,270 100 $34,457,030 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $384,267,913 23,433 10 $103,044,914 4,199 2 $39,792,703 245,016 100 $527,105,529 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 296 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 250 Table 4.85 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by 700-Year Thunderstorm Winds Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $55,149,111 3,425 12 $10,994,118 283 1 $3,121,708 29,619 100 $69,264,937 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $51,099,779 2,401 10 $23,042,692 320 1 $4,678,992 24,339 100 $78,821,463 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $13,583,852 530 7 $4,135,997 155 2 $2,038,322 7,260 100 $19,758,170 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $15,341,726 465 8 $8,503,744 64 1 $1,127,008 5,832 100 $24,972,477 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $7,841,694 147 5 $2,876,455 174 6 $1,818,876 2,758 100 $12,537,024 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $1,741,418 109 9 $347,643 10 1 $74,568 1,176 100 $2,163,629 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $4,830,103 168 7 $674,524 31 1 $254,448 2,338 99 $5,759,076 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $498,921 21 6 $173,836 7 2 $26,103 327 99 $698,860 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $1,441,011 24 4 $775,764 5 1 $53,138 572 100 $2,269,913 Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $1,478,862 66 8 $197,596 17 2 $130,927 797 100 $1,807,385 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $153,006,477 7,356 10 $51,722,369 1,066 1 $13,324,090 75,018 100 $218,052,934 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 75,585 67,750 90 $236,405,616 6,045 8 $74,681,111 1,672 2 $23,429,739 75,467 100 $334,516,465 City of Durham 21,037 17,972 85 $48,669,345 2,818 13 $18,659,037 229 1 $1,854,271 21,019 100 $69,182,653 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 285,074,961 8,863 9 93,340,148 1,901 2 25,284,010 96,486 100 $403,699,118 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $60,742,010 2,657 11 $7,868,413 246 1 $4,536,056 24,527 100 $73,146,479 297 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 251 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $29,820,852 261 5 $4,303,170 46 1 $2,283,999 5,771 100 $36,408,020 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $92,018,743 615 4 $16,053,918 529 4 $17,584,060 15,067 100 $125,656,721 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $10,765,680 358 9 $3,318,816 111 3 $1,597,144 3,877 100 $15,681,640 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 193,347,285 3,891 8 31,544,317 932 2 26,001,259 49,242 100 $250,892,860 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $44,672,005 2,613 15 $3,185,195 156 1 $3,171,655 17,662 100 $51,028,854 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $18,387,907 710 11 $8,042,036 144 2 $3,060,295 6,608 100 $29,490,238 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $63,059,912 3,323 14 $11,227,231 300 1 $6,231,950 24,270 100 $80,519,092 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $694,488,635 23,433 10 $187,834,065 4,199 2 $70,841,309 245,016 100 $953,164,004 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 298 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 252 Table 4.86 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by the EF0 Tornado Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $166,142,190 3,425 12 $38,959,396 283 1 $6,870,494 29,619 100 $211,972,080 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $136,928,807 2,401 10 $115,309,319 320 1 $10,719,010 24,339 100 $262,957,136 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $41,631,328 530 7 $19,412,298 155 2 $4,267,932 7,260 100 $65,311,558 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $40,737,269 465 8 $35,465,046 64 1 $2,624,545 5,832 100 $78,826,860 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $19,742,907 147 5 $6,545,156 174 6 $3,988,785 2,758 100 $30,276,848 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $5,250,796 109 9 $1,403,519 10 1 $67,770 1,176 100 $6,722,086 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $11,602,722 168 7 $4,480,324 31 1 $464,746 2,338 99 $16,547,792 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $1,540,046 21 6 $409,088 7 2 $112,991 327 99 $2,062,126 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $3,978,658 24 4 $2,275,968 5 1 $232,647 572 100 $6,487,273 Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $4,986,272 66 8 $1,275,871 17 2 $394,410 797 100 $6,656,553 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $432,540,995 7,356 10 $225,535,985 1,066 1 $29,743,330 75,018 100 $687,820,312 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 75,585 67,750 90 $658,958,267 6,045 8 $379,173,116 1,672 2 $72,385,958 75,467 100 $1,110,517,340 City of Durham 21,037 17,972 85 $161,609,223 2,818 13 $123,115,608 229 1 $11,330,445 21,019 100 $296,055,276 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 820,567,490 8,863 9 502,288,724 1,901 2 83,716,403 96,486 100 $1,406,572,616 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $241,863,256 2,657 11 $48,758,037 246 1 $16,589,379 24,527 100 $307,210,671 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $75,803,920 261 5 $11,260,171 46 1 $6,282,145 5,771 100 $93,346,236 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $244,003,329 615 4 $55,544,036 529 4 $36,595,031 15,067 100 $336,142,396 299 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 253 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $30,772,972 358 9 $18,696,740 111 3 $8,332,215 3,877 100 $57,801,928 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 592,443,477 3,891 8 134,258,984 932 2 67,798,770 49,242 100 $794,501,231 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $132,188,535 2,613 15 $21,275,483 156 1 $8,981,136 17,662 100 $162,445,153 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $46,846,920 710 11 $41,838,462 144 2 $10,113,865 6,608 100 $98,799,247 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $179,035,455 3,323 14 $63,113,945 300 1 $19,095,001 24,270 100 $261,244,400 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $2,024,587,417 23,433 10 $925,197,638 4,199 2 $200,353,504 245,016 100 $3,150,138,559 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 300 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 254 Table 4.87 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by the EF1 Tornado Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $1,199,435,283 3,425 12 $257,670,367 283 1 $38,487,642 29,619 100 $1,495,593,292 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $992,713,821 2,401 10 $715,529,497 320 1 $63,915,578 24,339 100 $1,772,158,896 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $301,322,610 530 7 $123,040,252 155 2 $26,800,426 7,260 100 $451,163,289 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $293,610,650 465 8 $229,881,612 64 1 $15,761,180 5,832 100 $539,253,442 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $142,999,357 147 5 $53,946,784 174 6 $29,473,326 2,758 100 $226,419,466 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $37,321,119 109 9 $8,910,581 10 1 $545,592 1,176 100 $46,777,292 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $83,387,807 168 7 $30,271,855 31 1 $3,394,721 2,338 99 $117,054,383 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $11,184,995 21 6 $2,499,366 7 2 $726,465 327 99 $14,410,826 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $29,036,656 24 4 $17,350,502 5 1 $1,095,062 572 100 $47,482,219 Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $36,565,204 66 8 $8,608,292 17 2 $2,074,076 797 100 $47,247,572 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $3,127,577,502 7,356 10 $1,447,709,108 1,066 1 $182,274,068 75,018 100 $4,757,560,677 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,972 85 $1,191,691,240 2,818 13 $829,796,727 229 1 $68,110,547 21,019 100 $2,089,598,514 City of Durham 75,585 67,750 90 $4,741,342,991 6,045 8 $2,340,684,738 1,672 2 $442,803,768 75,467 100 $7,524,831,498 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 5,933,034,231 8,863 9 3,170,481,465 1,901 2 510,914,315 96,486 100 $9,614,430,012 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $1,748,461,726 2,657 11 $319,405,019 246 1 $91,580,103 24,527 100 $2,159,446,848 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $541,716,527 261 5 $72,023,960 46 1 $29,305,655 5,771 100 $643,046,141 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $1,749,405,985 615 4 $340,291,566 529 4 $232,188,750 15,067 100 $2,321,886,301 301 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 255 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $222,355,911 358 9 $112,156,341 111 3 $41,634,386 3,877 100 $376,146,638 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 4,261,940,149 3,891 8 843,876,886 932 2 394,708,894 49,242 100 $5,500,525,928 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $951,094,656 2,613 15 $135,901,815 156 1 $52,943,723 17,662 100 $1,139,940,194 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $337,429,945 710 11 $273,640,829 144 2 $53,186,889 6,608 100 $664,257,662 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $1,288,524,601 3,323 14 $409,542,644 300 1 $106,130,612 24,270 100 $1,804,197,856 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $14,611,076,483 23,433 10 $5,871,610,103 4,199 2 $1,194,027,889 245,016 100 $21,676,714,473 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 302 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 256 Table 4.88 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by the EF2 Tornado Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $2,152,312,869 3,425 12 $530,898,994 283 1 $121,857,316 29,619 100 $2,805,069,179 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $1,934,437,747 2,401 10 $1,720,489,541 320 1 $208,120,631 24,339 100 $3,863,047,919 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $585,042,814 530 7 $290,783,348 155 2 $89,155,573 7,260 100 $964,981,735 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $572,668,639 465 8 $546,352,865 64 1 $51,477,017 5,832 100 $1,170,498,521 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $280,873,786 147 5 $133,106,846 174 6 $103,920,025 2,758 100 $517,900,656 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $64,524,039 109 9 $21,136,002 10 1 $1,974,262 1,176 100 $87,634,302 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $150,510,662 168 7 $70,917,508 31 1 $11,925,119 2,338 99 $233,353,289 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $20,365,015 21 6 $6,203,240 7 2 $2,439,170 327 99 $29,007,424 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $54,287,234 24 4 $37,109,512 5 1 $3,157,442 572 100 $94,554,188 Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $68,473,459 66 8 $19,430,817 17 2 $6,365,484 797 100 $94,269,759 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $5,883,496,264 7,356 10 $3,376,428,673 1,066 1 $600,392,039 75,018 100 $9,860,316,972 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,972 85 $2,604,614,600 2,818 13 $2,263,029,442 229 1 $313,453,812 21,019 100 $5,181,097,853 City of Durham 75,585 67,750 90 $10,797,306,374 6,045 8 $7,389,518,621 1,672 2 $2,363,432,801 75,467 100 $20,550,257,796 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 13,401,920,974 8,863 9 9,652,548,063 1,901 2 2,676,886,613 96,486 100 $25,731,355,649 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $3,214,244,532 2,657 11 $680,602,468 246 1 $288,179,167 24,527 100 $4,183,026,168 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $1,091,118,771 261 5 $172,140,967 46 1 $84,030,692 5,771 100 $1,347,290,431 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $3,532,281,215 615 4 $823,295,113 529 4 $796,404,438 15,067 100 $5,151,980,766 303 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 257 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $428,175,191 358 9 $279,835,936 111 3 $124,321,322 3,877 100 $832,332,449 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 8,265,819,709 3,891 8 1,955,874,484 932 2 1,292,935,619 49,242 100 $11,514,629,814 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $1,689,469,662 2,613 15 $332,024,227 156 1 $171,491,334 17,662 100 $2,192,985,223 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $632,571,764 710 11 $646,571,425 144 2 $163,188,103 6,608 100 $1,442,331,292 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $2,322,041,426 3,323 14 $978,595,652 300 1 $334,679,437 24,270 100 $3,635,316,515 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $29,873,278,373 23,433 10 $15,963,446,872 4,199 2 $4,904,893,708 245,016 100 $50,741,618,950 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 304 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 258 Table 4.89 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by the EF3 Tornado Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $2,487,029,632 3,425 12 $630,358,188 283 1 $189,931,114 29,619 100 $3,307,318,933 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $2,417,060,798 2,401 10 $2,176,925,295 320 1 $325,855,955 24,339 100 $4,919,842,049 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $730,839,150 530 7 $361,530,908 155 2 $140,061,154 7,260 100 $1,232,431,213 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $724,668,108 465 8 $658,808,326 64 1 $80,636,670 5,832 100 $1,464,113,104 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $354,331,614 147 5 $177,245,511 174 6 $164,685,188 2,758 100 $696,262,313 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $74,210,137 109 9 $25,714,925 10 1 $3,140,283 1,176 100 $103,065,345 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $176,927,587 168 7 $81,931,597 31 1 $18,887,914 2,338 99 $277,747,098 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $23,591,695 21 6 $7,818,555 7 2 $3,837,345 327 99 $35,247,594 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $64,072,184 24 4 $42,164,538 5 1 $4,842,102 572 100 $111,078,824 Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $80,107,337 66 8 $21,659,137 17 2 $9,869,977 797 100 $111,636,451 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $7,132,838,242 7,356 10 $4,184,156,980 1,066 1 $941,747,702 75,018 100 $12,258,742,924 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,972 85 $2,663,830,987 2,818 13 $2,263,029,442 229 1 $313,453,812 21,019 100 $5,240,314,241 City of Durham 75,585 67,750 90 $12,606,809,912 6,045 8 $7,394,536,257 1,672 2 $2,364,600,498 75,467 100 $22,365,946,667 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 15,270,640,899 8,863 9 9,657,565,699 1,901 2 2,678,054,310 96,486 100 $27,606,260,908 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $3,803,114,902 2,657 11 $826,821,271 246 1 $448,364,911 24,527 100 $5,078,301,084 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $1,445,444,137 261 5 $229,615,650 46 1 $128,734,094 5,771 100 $1,803,793,881 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $4,585,182,288 615 4 $1,139,859,777 529 4 $1,220,310,019 15,067 100 $6,945,352,084 305 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 259 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $532,364,636 358 9 $363,042,252 111 3 $191,853,741 3,877 100 $1,087,260,629 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 10,366,105,963 3,891 8 2,559,338,950 932 2 1,989,262,765 49,242 100 $14,914,707,678 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $1,947,887,687 2,613 15 $411,520,220 156 1 $268,286,254 17,662 100 $2,627,694,161 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $771,414,967 710 11 $779,740,838 144 2 $253,020,495 6,608 100 $1,804,176,301 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $2,719,302,654 3,323 14 $1,191,261,058 300 1 $521,306,749 24,270 100 $4,431,870,462 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $35,488,887,758 23,433 10 $17,592,322,687 4,199 2 $6,130,371,526 245,016 100 $59,211,581,972 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 306 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 260 Table 4.90 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by the EF4 Tornado Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 25,911 87 $2,489,407,280 3,425 12 $646,628,811 283 1 $203,849,721 29,619 100 $3,339,885,811 City of Burlington 24,403 21,618 89 $2,454,675,492 2,401 10 $2,259,677,120 320 1 $346,997,520 24,339 100 $5,061,350,131 City of Graham 7,269 6,575 90 $742,338,329 530 7 $373,949,908 155 2 $148,278,625 7,260 100 $1,264,566,863 City of Mebane 5,835 5,303 91 $738,200,254 465 8 $678,712,544 64 1 $85,796,647 5,832 100 $1,502,709,446 Town of Elon 2,760 2,437 88 $360,522,097 147 5 $181,537,479 174 6 $171,709,082 2,758 100 $713,768,658 Town of Green Level 1,177 1,057 90 $74,397,746 109 9 $26,613,523 10 1 $3,252,974 1,176 100 $104,264,243 Town of Haw River 2,352 2,139 91 $177,823,301 168 7 $83,937,634 31 1 $19,712,118 2,338 99 $281,473,054 Town of Ossipee 330 299 91 $23,604,936 21 6 $8,176,015 7 2 $4,052,387 327 99 $35,833,338 Town of Swepsonville 573 543 95 $64,304,068 24 4 $42,538,986 5 1 $5,344,274 572 100 $112,187,328 Village of Alamance 798 714 89 $80,201,494 66 8 $21,877,126 17 2 $10,689,059 797 100 $112,767,678 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 66,596 89 $7,205,474,997 7,356 10 $4,323,649,146 1,066 1 $999,682,407 75,018 100 $12,528,806,550 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 17,972 85 $2,663,830,987 2,818 13 $2,263,029,442 229 1 $313,453,812 21,019 100 $5,240,314,241 City of Durham 75,585 67,750 90 $12,606,809,912 6,045 8 $7,395,639,713 1,672 2 $2,364,713,350 75,467 100 $22,367,162,976 Subtotal Durham 96,622 85,722 89 15,270,640,899 8,863 9 9,658,669,155 1,901 2 2,678,167,162 96,486 100 $27,607,477,217 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 21,624 88 $3,823,989,828 2,657 11 $849,324,545 246 1 $482,111,367 24,527 100 $5,155,425,740 Town of Carrboro 5,782 5,464 95 $1,485,802,409 261 5 $239,506,927 46 1 $142,333,389 5,771 100 $1,867,642,726 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 13,923 92 $4,693,317,729 615 4 $1,190,556,491 529 4 $1,288,138,057 15,067 100 $7,172,012,277 307 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 261 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Town of Hillsborough 3,883 3,408 88 $540,389,208 358 9 $379,563,608 111 3 $209,480,982 3,877 100 $1,129,433,797 Subtotal Orange 49,306 44,419 90 10,543,499,174 3,891 8 2,658,951,571 932 2 2,122,063,795 49,242 100 $15,324,514,540 Person County Unincorporated Person County 17,714 14,893 84 $1,950,079,217 2,613 15 $428,732,875 156 1 $286,100,406 17,662 100 $2,664,912,497 City of Roxboro 6,617 5,754 87 $780,609,400 710 11 $804,007,921 144 2 $274,031,484 6,608 100 $1,858,648,805 Subtotal Person 24,331 20,647 85 $2,730,688,617 3,323 14 $1,232,740,796 300 1 $560,131,890 24,270 100 $4,523,561,302 Total 245,406 217,384 89 $35,750,303,687 23,433 10 $17,874,010,668 4,199 2 $6,360,045,254 245,016 100 $59,984,359,609 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 308 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 262 Severe weather can also cause significant agricultural losses. Between 2007-2023, the sum of claims paid for crop damage due to hail and wind damages in the Eno-Haw Region was $5,595,524 or an average of $329,148 in losses every year. Table 4.91 summarizes the crop losses due to severe weather in reported in the RMA system. Table 4.91 – Crop Losses Resulting from Severe Weather, 2007-2023 Year Cause Description Indemnity Amount 2007 Hail $6,365 2008 Hail $522,767 2009 Hail $7,716 2011 Hail $1,474 2012 Hail $571,235 2013 Hail $9,608 2015 Hail $503,031.10 2016 Hail $775,615.45 2017 Hail $12,388 2018 Hail $48,846 2019 Hail $42,558 2020 Hail $54,299 2021 Hail $21,557 2022 Hail $9,821 2023 Hail $47,374 Hail Subtotal $2,634,655 2008 Wind/Excess Wind $418,020 2009 Wind/Excess Wind $7,397 2010 Wind/Excess Wind $78,777 2011 Wind/Excess Wind $7,827 2012 Wind/Excess Wind $11,491 2013 Wind/Excess Wind $72,210 2014 Wind/Excess Wind $11,228.50 2015 Wind/Excess Wind $198,019.36 2016 Wind/Excess Wind $404,779 2017 Wind/Excess Wind $55,246 2018 Wind/Excess Wind $919,009 2019 Wind/Excess Wind $115,715 2020 Wind/Excess Wind $42,247 2021 Wind/Excess Wind $74,421 2022 Wind/Excess Wind $102,819 2023 Wind/Excess Wind $441,663 Wind Subtotal $2,960,869 Total $5,595,524 Source: USDA Risk Management Agency ENVIRONMENT The main environmental impact from wind is damage to trees or crops. Wind events can also bring down power lines, which could cause a fire and result in even greater environmental impacts. Tornadoes can 309 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 263 cause massive damage to the natural environment, uprooting trees and other debris within the tornado’s path. This is part of a natural process, however, and the environment will return to its original state in time. Lightning may also result in the ignition of wildfires. Hail can cause extensive damage to the natural environment, pelting animals, trees and vegetation with hailstones. Melting hail can also increase both river and flash flood risk. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.92 summarizes the potential negative consequences of severe weather. Table 4.92 – Consequence Analysis – Severe Weather (Thunderstorm Winds, Lightning, and Hail) Category Consequences Public Injuries; fatalities Responders Injuries; fatalities; potential impacts to response capabilities due to storm impacts Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Potential impacts to continuity of operations due to storm impacts; delays in providing services Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Possibility of structure fire ignition; potential for disruptions in power and communications infrastructure; destruction and/or damage to any exposed property, especially windows, cars and siding; mobile homes see increased risk Environment Potential fire ignition from lightning; hail damage to wildlife and foliage Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Lightning damage contingent on target; can severely impact/destroy critical infrastructure and other economic drivers Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Public confidence is not generally affected by severe weather events. HAZARD SUMMARY BY JURISDICTION The following table summarizes severe weather hazard risk by jurisdiction. Most aspects of severe weather risk do not vary substantially by jurisdiction; however, wind and hail impacts may be greater in more highly developed areas with higher exposure in terms of both property and population density. Additionally, mobile home units are more vulnerable to wind damage. Mobile home units comprise over 10 percent of the occupied housing in unincorporated Alamance County, unincorporated Orange County, unincorporated Person County, Green Level, Haw River, Ossipee, and Roxboro; therefore, these jurisdictions may face more severe impacts from wind. Where priority ratings vary between thunderstorm wind, lightning, and hail for impact and spatial extent, these scores represent an average rating with greater weight given to thunderstorm wind because it occurs much more frequently. TORNADOES Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority All Jurisdictions 3 3 2 4 1 2.7 M 310 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 264 THUNDERSTORM WIND Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority Alamance County 4 2 3 4 1 2.9 M Burlington 4 1 3 4 1 2.6 M Graham 4 1 3 4 1 2.6 M Mebane 4 1 3 4 1 2.6 M Elon 4 1 3 4 1 2.6 M Green Level 4 2 3 4 1 2.9 M Haw River 4 2 3 4 1 2.9 M Ossipee 4 2 3 4 1 2.9 M Swepsonville 4 1 3 4 1 2.6 M Alamance 4 1 3 4 1 2.6 M Durham County 4 2 3 4 1 2.9 M Durham 4 1 3 4 1 2.6 M Orange County 4 2 3 4 1 2.9 M Carrboro 4 1 3 4 1 2.6 M Chapel Hill 4 1 3 4 1 2.6 M Hillsborough 4 1 3 4 1 2.6 M Person County 4 2 3 4 1 2.9 M Roxboro 4 2 3 4 1 2.9 M LIGHTNING AND HAIL Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority All Jurisdictions 4 1 1 4 1 2.2 M 311 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 265 4.5.9 SEVERE WINTER WEATHER HAZARD BACKGROUND A winter storm can range from a moderate snow over a period of a few hours to blizzard conditions with blinding wind-driven snow that lasts for several days. Events may include snow, sleet, freezing rain, or a mix of these wintry forms of precipitation. Some winter storms might be large enough to affect several states, while others might affect only localized areas. Occasionally, heavy snow might also cause significant property damages, such as roof collapses on older buildings. All winter storm events have the potential to present dangerous conditions to the affected area. Larger snowfalls pose a greater risk, reducing visibility due to blowing snow and making driving conditions treacherous. A heavy snow event is defined by the National Weather Service as an accumulation of 4 of more inches in 12 hours or less. A blizzard is the most severe form of winter storm. It combines low temperatures, heavy snow, and winds of 35 miles per hour or more, which reduces visibility to a quarter mile or less for at least 3 hours. Winter storms are often accompanied by sleet, freezing rain, or an ice storm. Such freeze events are particularly hazardous as they create treacherous surfaces. Ice storms are defined as storms with significant amounts of freezing rain and are a result of cold air damming (CAD). CAD is a shallow, surface-based layer of relatively cold, stably-stratified air entrenched against the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains. With warmer air above, falling precipitation in the form of snow melts, then becomes either super-cooled (liquid below the melting point of water) or re- freezes. In the former case, super-cooled droplets can freeze on impact (freezing rain), while in the latter case, the re-frozen water particles are ice pellets (or sleet). Sleet is defined as partially frozen raindrops or refrozen snowflakes that form into small ice pellets before reaching the ground. They typically bounce when they hit the ground and do not stick to the surface. However, it does accumulate like snow, posing similar problems and has the potential to accumulate into a layer of ice on surfaces. Freezing rain, conversely, usually sticks to the ground, creating a sheet of ice on the roadways and other surfaces. All of the winter storm elements – snow, low temperatures, sleet, ice, etcetera – have the potential to cause significant hazard to a community. Even small accumulations can down power lines and trees limbs and create hazardous driving conditions and disrupt communication and power for days. Advancements in meteorology and forecasting usually allow for mostly accurate forecasting a few days in advance of an impending storm. Most storms have a duration of a few hours; however, impacts can last a few days after the initial incident until cleanup is completed. Warning Time: 1 – More than 24 hours Duration: 3 – Less than 1 week LOCATION The entirety of North Carolina is susceptible to winter storm and freeze events. Severe winter storms are usually a countywide or regional hazard, impacting the entire county at the same time. Some ice storms and winter storms may be large enough to affect several states, while others might affect limited, localized areas. The degree of exposure typically depends on the normal expected severity of local winter weather. The Eno Haw Region is accustomed to smaller scale severe winter weather conditions and often receives winter weather during the winter months. Given the atmospheric nature of the hazard, the entire Region has uniform exposure to severe winter weather. Spatial Extent: 4 – Large 312 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 266 EXTENT The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) uses the Regional Snowfall Index (RSI) to assess the societal impact of winter storms in the six easternmost regions in the United States. The index makes use of population and regional differences to assess the impact of snowfall. For example, areas which receive very little snowfall on average may be more adversely affected than other regions, resulting in a higher severity. The Region may experience any level on the RSI scale. During the snowstorm of February 28 to March 3, 1980, which produced the greatest one-day snowfall amounts the region has experienced, the Region was classified as a Category 4 on the RSI scale. It is possible that more severe events and impacts could be felt in the future. Table 4.93 – Regional Snowfall Index (RSI) Values Category RSI Value Description 1 1-3 Notable 2 3-6 Significant 3 6-10 Major 4 10-18 Crippling 5 18+ Extreme Source: NOAA Severe winter storms often involve a mix of hazardous weather conditions. The magnitude of an event can be defined based on the severity of each of the involved factors, including precipitation type, precipitation accumulation amounts, temperature, and wind. The NWS Wind Chill Temperature Index, shown in Figure 4.37, provides a formula for calculating the dangers of winter winds and freezing temperatures. Figure 4.37 – NWS Wind Chill Temperature Index Source: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/winter/windchill.shtml Table 4.94 notes greatest recorded one-day snowfall totals for each county in the Eno Haw Region. 313 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 267 Table 4.94 – Greatest One-Day Snowfall by County County Inches Location Date Alamance 18.0 Graham 2 ENE Jan 24, 1940 Durham 18.5 Rougemont Dec 18, 1930 Orange 12.0 Chapel Hill 2 W Dec 17, 1930 Person 16.0 Roxboro 7 ESE Jan 24, 1940 Source: North Carolina Climate Office The most significant recorded snow depth over the last 20 years took place in January 2018 and December 2018, with recorded depths of up to 12.5 inches across the four-county region. The Region has received six emergency and disaster declarations related to severe winter weather, indicating the impacts can be extensive to the point that assistance is needed for recovery. Impact: 3 – Critical HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES To get a full picture of the range of impacts of a severe winter storm, data for the following weather types as defined by the National Weather Service (NWS) Raleigh Forecast Office and tracked by NCEI were collected: — Blizzard – A winter storm which produces the following conditions for 3 consecutive hours or longer: (1) sustained winds or frequent gusts 30 knots (35 mph) or greater, and (2) falling and/or blowing snow reducing visibility frequently to less than 1/4 mile. — Cold/Wind Chill – Period of low temperatures or wind chill temperatures reaching or exceeding locally/regionally defined advisory conditions of 0°F to -14°F with wind speeds 10 mph (9 kt) or greater. — Extreme Cold/Wind Chill – A period of extremely low temperatures or wind chill temperatures reaching or exceeding locally/regionally defined warning criteria, defined as wind chill -15°F or lower with wind speeds 10 mph (9 kt) or greater. — Frost/Freeze – A surface air temperature of 32°F or lower, or the formation of ice crystals on the ground or other surfaces, for a period of time long enough to cause human or economic impact, during the locally defined growing season. — Heavy Snow – Snow accumulation meeting or exceeding 12 and/or 24 hour warning criteria of 3 and 4 inches, respectively. — Ice Storm – Ice accretion meeting or exceeding locally/regionally defined warning criteria of ¼ inch or greater resulting in significant, widespread power outages, tree damage and dangerous travel. Issued only in those rare instances where just heavy freezing rain is expected and there will be no "mixed bag" precipitation meaning no snow, sleet or rain. — Sleet – Sleet accumulations meeting or exceeding locally/regionally defined warning criteria of ½ inch or more. — Winter Storm – A winter weather event that has more than one significant hazard and meets or exceeds locally/regionally defined 12 and/or 24 hour warning criteria for at least one of the precipitation elements. Defined by NWS Raleigh Forecast Office as snow accumulations 3 inches or greater in 12 hours (4 inches or more in 24 hours); Freezing rain accumulations ¼ inch (6 mm) or greater; Sleet accumulations ½ inch (13 mm) or more. Issued when there is at least a 60% forecast confidence of any one of the three criteria being met. — Winter Weather – A winter precipitation event that causes a death, injury, or a significant impact to commerce or transportation, but does not meet locally/regionally defined warning criteria. 314 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 268 Table 4.95 summarizes the recorded severe winter storm events that have impacted each county in the Eno-Haw Region according to the NCEI Storm Events Database for the 25-year period from 1999 through 2023. Note that many events impacted all or multiple counties. Cumulatively, severe winter storms caused over $9.1 million in property damage and $25,000 in crop damage. In this timeframe, the county experienced no fatalities or injuries from severe winter storm, though these types of impacts are possible in future events. No blizzard, cold/wind chill, extreme cold/wind chill, frost/freeze, or sleet events were recorded. Impacts in the Eno-Haw Region by incident are recorded in Table 4.95. Table 4.95 – Total Severe Winter Storm Impacts in Eno-Haw Region, 1999-2023 Event Type Number of Recorded Incidents Total Fatalities Total Injuries Total Property Damage Total Crop Damage Alamance Winter Storm 31 0 0 $500,000 $0 Winter Weather 41 0 0 $20,000 $0 Ice Storm 1 0 0 $0 $0 Heavy Snow 1 0 0 $0 $0 Durham Winter Storm 26 0 0 $1,000,000 $0 Winter Weather 38 0 0 $30,000 $0 Ice Storm 1 0 0 $2,700,000 $0 Heavy Snow 1 0 0 $0 $0 Orange Winter Storm 31 0 0 $1,000,000 $0 Winter Weather 38 0 0 $30,000 $0 Ice Storm 1 0 0 $2,700,000 $0 Heavy Snow 1 0 0 $0 $0 Person Winter Storm 39 0 0 $600,000 $25,000 Winter Weather 34 0 0 $35,000 $0 Ice Storm 2 0 0 $534,000 $0 Heavy Snow 1 0 0 $0 $0 Region Total Winter Storm 127 0 0 $3,100,000 $25,000 Winter Weather 151 0 0 $115,000 $0 Ice Storm 5 0 0 $5,934,000 $0 Heavy Snow 4 0 0 $0 $0 Total Events 287 0 0 $9,149,000 $25,000 Source: NCEI Several storm impacts from NCEI are summarized below: December 7, 2007 – A brief period of light freezing rain fell across central North Carolina. Most of the freezing rain accumulation occurred from southern Wake County, east to Smithfield and north to Wilson, Rock Mount and Roanoke Rapids. Portions of Interstate 40 and Highway 70 in Johnston County were closed due to numerous accidents. Over 150 automobile accidents were reported across central North Carolina due to icy bridges. The storm caused $415,000 in damage across the region; The Eno-Haw region itself suffered $95,000 in recorded damage. March 6, 2014 – A strong surface low deepening off the Carolina coast brought a wintry mix of snow, sleet, and freezing rain to the northern-northwestern Piedmont counties. Snowfall amounts of 4 to 7 315 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 269 inches fell in Person. Just to the south and east of this area, a corridor of mainly sleet mixed with freezing rain produced significant icing of a quarter to half inch. This icing produced widespread downed trees and power outages over the northwest Piedmont. At the peak of the storm, over 400,000 customers were without power. In Person County, one quarter of an inch of ice from freezing rain resulted in widespread downed trees and powerlines. Additionally, snowfall of 4 to 7 inches fell across the county. Orange and Durham Counties saw one quarter to one half of an inch of ice, leading to widespread downed trees and power lines. February 25, 2015 – As a low-pressure system tracked along the southeast coast, wintry precipitation spread into Central North Carolina. A winter storm warning was issued for the majority of the area. Snowfall/sleet amounts of 5 to 9 inches fell across the region. The heavy wet snow caused extensive power outages from falling trees and power lines. At the peak of the storm, over 45,000 customers were without power. The Eno-Haw Region received six emergency declarations and presidential disaster declarations since 1968 for incidents related to severe winter storms. As a state, North Carolina received eight disaster declarations related to severe winter storms during this timeframe. Table 4.96 – Emergency & Disaster Declarations in Eno-Haw Region due to Severe Winter Storms County Disaster Number Date Disaster Type Incident Start Incident End A,D,O,P 3110 1993 Severe Snowfall & Winter Storm 3/13/1993 3/17/1993 A,D,O,P 1087 1996 Blizzard 1/6/1996 1/12/1996 A,D,O,P 1312 2000 Severe Winter Storm 1/24/2000 2/1/2000 A,D,O,P 1448 2002 Severe Ice Storm 12/4/2002 12/6/2002 A,O,P 1457 2003 Severe Ice Storm 2/27/2003 2/28/2003 A,O,P 4167 2014 Severe Ice Storm 3/6/2014 3/7/2014 Source: FEMA, November 14, 2024 *County code: A = Alamance, D = Durham, O = Orange, P = Person PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE NCEI records 84 severe winter storm related events during the 25-year period from 1999 through 2018, which is an average of 3.4 events per year or more than 100 percent probability in any given year. Probability: 4 – Highly Likely CLIMATE CHANGE Per the 2023 North Carolina Hazard Mitigation Plan, there is uncertainty associated with climate change impacts on future severe winter storms. Global temperature rise could cause shorter and warmer winters in many areas; however, the likelihood of dangerously low temperatures may increase due to continuing trends of temperature extremes. Warmer winters, however, mean that precipitation that would normally fall as snow may begin to fall as rain or freezing rain instead. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PEOPLE Winter storms are considered deceptive killers because most deaths are indirectly related to the storm event. The leading cause of death during winter storms is from automobile or other transportation accidents due to poor visibility and/or slippery roads. Additionally, exhaustion and heart attacks caused by overexertion may result from winter storms. 316 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 270 Power outages during very cold winter storm conditions can also create potentially dangerous situations. Elderly people account for the largest percentage of hypothermia victims. In addition, if the power is out for an extended period, residents are forced to find alternative means to heat their homes. The danger arises from carbon monoxide released from improperly ventilated heating sources such as space or kerosene heaters, furnaces, and blocked chimneys. House fires also occur more frequently in the winter due to lack of proper safety precautions when using an alternative heating source. PROPERTY According to reported data of storm impacts recorded by the NCEI, between 1999 and 2023 the Eno-Haw Region experienced $6.8 million in property damage related to the impacts of severe winter storm. Based on this data, the Region experiences average annual losses of $273,960 due to severe winter storm events. ENVIRONMENT Winter storm events may include ice or snow accumulation on trees which can cause large limbs, or even whole trees, to snap and potentially fall on buildings, cars, or power lines. This potential for winter debris creates a dangerous environment to be outside in; significant injury or fatality may occur if a large limb snaps while a local resident is out driving or walking underneath it. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.97 summarizes the potential negative consequences of severe winter storm. Table 4.97 – Consequence Analysis – Severe Winter Storm Category Consequences Public Localized impact expected to be severe for affected areas and moderate to light for other less affected areas. Responders Adverse impact expected to be severe for unprotected personnel and moderate to light for trained, equipped, and protected personnel. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Localized disruption of roads and/or utilities caused by incident may postpone delivery of some services. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Localized impact to facilities and infrastructure in the areas of the incident. Power lines and roads most adversely affected. Environment Environmental damage to trees, bushes, etc. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Local economy and finances may be adversely affected, depending on damage. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Ability to respond and recover may be questioned and challenged if planning, response, and recovery not timely and effective. HAZARD SUMMARY BY JURISDICTION The following table summarizes severe winter storm hazard risk by jurisdiction. Severe winter storm risk does not vary substantially by jurisdiction because these events are typically regional in nature. Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority All Jurisdictions 4 2 4 1 3 3.0 H 317 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 271 4.5.10 WILDFIRE HAZARD BACKGROUND A wildfire is an uncontained fire that spreads through the environment. Wildfires can consume large areas, including infrastructure, property, and resources. When massive fires, or conflagrations, develop near populated areas, evacuations may be required. Not only do the flames impact the environment, but the massive volumes of smoke spread by certain atmospheric conditions also impact the health of nearby populations. There are three general types of fire spread that are recognized. — Ground fires – burn organic matter in the soil beneath surface litter and are sustained by glowing combustion. — Surface fires – spread with a flaming front and burn leaf litter, fallen branches and other fuels located at ground level. — Crown fires – burn through the top layer of foliage on a tree, known as the canopy or crown fires. Crown fires, the most intense type of fire and often the most difficult to contain, need strong winds, steep slopes and a heavy fuel load to continue burning. Fuels to wildfires are subject to a variety of ignition sources, both natural and human-caused. Generally, wildfires are started by humans, either through arson or carelessness. Fire intensity is controlled by both short-term weather conditions and longer-term vegetation conditions. During intense fires, understory vegetation, such as leaves, small branches, and other organic materials that accumulate on the ground, can become additional fuel for the fire. The most explosive conditions occur when dry, gusty winds blow across dry vegetation. Historically, fire starts have been contained quickly with minimal loss to property. Weather plays a major role in the birth, growth and death of a wildfire. Weather conditions favorable to wildfire include drought, which increases flammability of surface fuels, and winds, which aid a wildfire ‘s progress. The combination of wind, temperature, and humidity affects how fast wildland fires can spread. Rapid response can contain wildfires and limit their threat to property. In support of forecasting for fire weather, the NWS Fire Weather Program emerged. This service is provided to federal and state land management agencies for the prevention, suppression, and management of forest and rangeland fires. The Eno-Haw Region experiences a variety of wildfire conditions found in the Keetch-Byram Drought Index, which is described in Table 4.98. The Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) at weather stations in North Carolina for November 25, 2024 is shown in Figure 4.38. The KBDI for the Eno-Haw Region at this time was between 267 and 354. Table 4.98 – Keetch-Byram Drought Index Fire Danger Rating System KBDI Description 0-200 Soil and fuel moisture are high. Most fuels will not readily ignite or burn. However, with sufficient sunlight and wind, cured grasses and some light surface fuels will burn in sports and patches. 200- 400 Fires more readily burn and will carry across an area with no gaps. Heavier fuels will still not readily ignite and burn. Also, expect smoldering and the resulting smoke to carry into and possibly through the night. 400- 600 Fire intensity begins to significantly increase. Fires will readily burn in all directions exposing mineral soils in some locations. Larger fuels may burn or smolder for several days creating possible smoke and control problems. 600- 800 Fires will burn to mineral soil. Stumps will burn to the end of underground roots and spotting will be a major problem. Fires will burn through the night and heavier fuels will actively burn and contribute to fire intensity. 318 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 272 Figure 4.38– Keetch-Byram Drought Index, November 25, 2024 Source: Fire Weather Intelligence Portal, North Carolina State Climate Office Warning Time: 4 – Less than 6 hours Duration: 3 – Less than 1 week LOCATION The location of wildfire risk can be defined by the acreage of Functional Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). The Functional WUI is described as the classification of the land near buildings into zones that describe the wildfire risk mitigation activities appropriate for each zone. Buildings used in producing the Functional WUI are defined as greater than 40 square meters. There are five Functional WUI categories recognized. — Direct Exposure: Burnable land cover within 75 m of a building. Buildings in this zone are exposed to ignition from convective and radiative heat from a wildfire, embers, and adjacent burning structures/outbuildings. — Indirect Exposure: Nonburnable land cover within 75 m of a building and less than 1530 m from a 500-ha contiguous block of wildland fuel. Buildings in this zone are exposed to ignition from embers and/or adjacent burning structures — Critical Fireshed: The burnable land cover from which a wildfire can reach a significant number of buildings within a single burning period. — Little-to-no Exposure: Nonburnable land cover within 75 m of a building and more than 1530 m from a 500-ha contiguous block of wildland fuel. Buildings in this zone are relatively safe from ember ignition and building-to-building spread. 319 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 273 — Sources of Ember Load to Buildings: Burnable land cover more than 75 m from a building that produces embers capable of reaching nearby buildings. Ember production is a function of fire type and intensity; ember travel is a function of wind speed and direction. Ember modeling is based on fire modeling based on gridded historical climatology. The Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment (SWRA) estimates that 40 percent of the Eno-Haw Region’s population lives within the critical fireshed and 23 percent live in direct exposure to the Functional WUI. The expansion of residential development from urban centers out into rural landscapes increases the potential for wildland fire threat to public safety and the potential for damage to forest resources and dependent industries. Population growth within the WUI substantially increases the risk of wildfire. Spatial Extent: 3 – Moderate Table 4.99 details the extent of the Functional WUI in the Eno-Haw Region, and Figure 4.39 maps the Functional WUI. Table 4.99 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Eno Haw Region Functional Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Category Acres Percent Direct Exposure 229,103 23% Indirect Exposure 86,081 9% Critical Fireshed 390,067 40% Sources of Ember Load to Buildings 255,539 26% Little to No Exposure 1,427 0% Water 21,805 2% Total 984,021 100% Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 320 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 274 Figure 4.39 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Eno-Haw Region Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 321 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 275 EXTENT The extent of a wildfire can be quantified by assessing its intensity, which refers to the energy output or heat released by the fire as it burns. One of the most commonly used tools to measure wildfire intensity is the Characteristic Fire Intensity Scale (CFIS). This scale is instrumental in identifying areas where significant fuel hazards exit- those regions with a high potential to support dangerous and uncontrollable fires. The CFIS now only measures the current intensity of a wildfire but also helps to predict the potential for severe fires by analyzing the available fuel, topography, and weather conditions. Fire intensity ratings provide critical information about the potential for extreme fire behavior by accounting for a range of factors that influence how a fire will behave. These factors include the type, amount, and arrangement of fuels (such as vegetation or trees), the slope and layout of the land (topography), and weather patterns, including wind speed, humidity, and temperature. The ratings are determined using a weighted average of four percentile weather categories, which represent different levels of fire weather conditions, from relatively mild to extreme. The Fire Intensity Scale consists of five classes, as defined by Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment and is shown in Table 4.100. Table 4.101 and Figure 4.40 shows the potential fire intensity within the WUI across the Eno-Haw region. Table 4.100 – Fire Intensity Scale Class Description 1, Very Low Very small, discontinuous flames, usually less than 1 foot in length; very low rate of spread; no spotting. Fires are typically easy to suppress by firefighters with basic training and non-specialized equipment. 2, Low Small flames, usually less than two feet long; small amount of very short range spotting possible. Fires are easy to suppress by trained firefighters with protective equipment and specialized tools. 3, Moderate Flames up to 9 feet in length; short-range spotting is possible. Trained firefighters will find these fires difficult to suppress without support from aircraft or engines, but dozer and plows are generally effective. Increasing potential for harm or damage to life and property. 4, High Large Flames, up to 40 feet in length; short-range spotting common; medium range spotting possible. Direct attack by trained firefighters, engines, and dozers is generally ineffective, indirect attack may be effective. Significant potential for harm or damage to life and property. 5, Very High Very large flames up to 200 feet in length; expect extreme fire behavior. Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 322 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 276 Table 4.101 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Eno-Haw Region Characteristic Fire Intensity Scale Category Acres Percent 0 218,376 22% 1 87,020 9% 1.5 356,782 36% 2 86,244 9% 2.5 15,747 2% 3 163,412 17% 3.5 31,448 3% 4 24,986 3% 4.5 7 0% 5 0 0% > 5 0 0% Total 984,021 100% Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment A small portion, approximately 3 percent, of the Eno-Haw Region may experience up to a Class 4 Fire Intensity, which poses significant harm or damage to life and property. 20 percent of the Eno-Haw Region may experience Class 3 Fire Intensity, which has potential for harm to life and property but is easier to suppress with dozer and plows. The remainder of the region is either non-burnable (22%) or would face a Class 1 or Class 2 Fire Intensity (56%), which are easily suppressed. Impact: 2 – Limited 323 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 277 Figure 4.40 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Eno Haw Region Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 324 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 278 HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES The North Carolina Forest Service (NCFS) began keeping records of fire occurrence on private and state- owned lands in 1928. Since this time, there has been an average of approximately 4,063 fires burning more than 104,000 acres annually. Recently, within the last 10 years, the State has averaged closer to 4,300 fires per year and 14,000 acres burned annually. Table 4.102 summarizes past occurrences of wildfire in the Eno-Haw region by county since 1999 as provided by the NCFS in December 2024. This data only accounts for occurrences within unincorporated areas, which fall under the NCFS jurisdiction, as well as larger events in incorporated areas where local fire departments requested NCFS support for fire suppression. Actual number of fires and acreage burned are higher than what can be reported here. Based on NCFS records, over the 24-year period from 1999 through 2023, the Eno-Haw Region experienced 3,221 wildfire events that have burned 5,216 acres of land, or approximately 1.6 acres per fire on average. Table 4.102 – Records for Wildfire in Alamance County, 1999-2023 Year Alamance County Durham County Orange County Person County Number of Fires Acreage Burned Number of Fires Acreage Burned Number of Fires Acreage Burned Number of Fires Acreage Burned 1999 19 29.8 48 121.7 68 63.8 33 73.6 2000 11 60.7 21 117.2 55 43.5 33 33.7 2001 47 72.6 38 65.6 113 117.9 87 121.4 2002 29 47.6 27 97 85 55.6 62 155.7 2003 5 7.2 16 19.7 37 28.2 6 2.7 2004 12 49.9 21 21.6 41 54 31 221.4 2005 14 53.7 36 35.7 40 39.2 33 45.5 2006 46 70.9 40 92.1 64 102.5 50 135.7 2007 20 163.6 58 82.6 23 323.2 53 103.8 2008 7 30.3 18 106.6 23 18.4 28 52.2 2009 5 11.4 18 25 17 46.5 17 13.7 2010 3 1.7 20 58.5 31 42.3 15 62.9 2011 10 47.8 12 62.8 35 47.5 26 27.6 2012 3 4.5 8 196 13 31.5 9 10 2013 2 1.1 11 37.3 16 43.6 16 26.7 2014 6 33.7 3 33 23 33.5 15 21.6 2015 10 13.5 15 24.2 36 46.9 26 36.1 2016 24 15.0 33 3.7 62 44.3 47 134.5 2017 35 21.4 63 35.9 75 80.8 61 46.5 2018 23 14.7 28 8.9 35 21.7 39 146.9 2019 34 7.8 16 10.0 38 19.9 32 15.8 2020 23 8.5 10 4.9 27 22.9 27 35.9 2021 64 36.1 29 14.2 30 35.9 60 27.3 2022 86 33.7 38 52.6 36 26.4 60 33.2 2023 59 27.0 31 21.0 37 9.3 40 20.4 Total 597 864.2 658 1,347.8 1,060 1,399.3 906 1,604.8 Source: NC Forest Service 325 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 279 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE The Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment provides a Burn Probability analysis which signifies the likelihood of a wildfire burning a specific location within a set time frame - commonly represented as the chance of burning during one calendar year or wildfire season. According to the SWRA, Burn Probability can be expressed as a fraction (ex. 0.005) or odds (1-in-200) and is based on fire behavior modeling across thousands of simulations of possible fire seasons. In each simulation, factors contributing to the probability of a fire occurring, including weather and ignition likelihood are varied based on patterns derived from observations in recent decades. It is not predictive and does not reflect any currently forecasted weather or fire danger conditions. Burn Probability does not say anything about the intensity of fire if it occurs. The Burn Probability for the Eno-Haw Region is presented in Table 4.103 and illustrated in Figure 4.41. Table 4.103 – Burn Probability, Eno-Haw Region Burn Probability Category Acres Percent 0 23,535 2% >0 - 0.0001000 113,166 12% 0.0001000 - 0.0002154 447,577 45% 0.0002154 - 0.0004642 375,392 38% 0.0004642 - 0.0010000 23,787 2% 0.0010000 - 0.0021544 565 0% 0.0021544 - 0.0046416 0 0% 0.0046416 - 0.0100000 0 0% 0.0100000 - 0.0215443 0 0% 0.0215443 - 0.0464159 0 0% 0.0464159 - 0.1000000 0 0% >0.10000000 0 0% Total 984,021 100% Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment All of the Eno-Haw Region has a relatively low burn probability, with the highest probabilities reaching moderate burn probability. The areas of moderate burn probability are located primarily in the southern region of Alamance County and unincorporated Person County, particularly in the southwestern corner of the county. There is also limited area of moderate burn probability in northern unincorporated Orange County. The probability of wildfire across the region is considered possible, defined as between a 1% and 10% annual chance of occurrence. While all jurisdictions fall within this threshold, the communities containing moderate burn probability, noted above, have a comparatively higher probability of occurrence. Probability: 2 – Possible 326 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 280 Figure 4.41 – Burn Probability, Eno-Haw Region Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 327 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 281 CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change is expected to have far-reaching effects on various environmental processes, including the frequency an intensity of extreme heat and drought events, both of which could profoundly influence wildfire behavior. As global temperatures rise, the likelihood of more frequent and prolonged periods of extreme heat increase, which can dry out vegetation, soil, and organic matter, making them more susceptible to ignition. Additionally, the intensification of drought conditions means that water availability for plants and ecosystems could become increasingly scarce, leading to a reduction in the moisture content of vegetation, soils, and decomposing organic material, all of which play a critical tole in wildfire dynamics. Moreover, the unpredictability of climate change means that both seasons could become more extreme in their respective ways, amplifying the impacts on wildfire behavior. Per the Triangle Regional Resilience Assessment, increasing temperatures and longer periods of drought in the region will contribute to increased wildfires frequency, intensity, and size. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES AND ASSUMPTIONS Population and property at risk to wildfire was estimated using data from the NCEM IRISK database, which was compiled in NCEM’s Risk Management Tool. Within IRISK, wildfire hazard areas were determined using the Wildland Fire Susceptibility Index (WFSI). The following parameters were applied: — Areas with a WFSI value of 0.01 – 0.05 were considered to be at moderate risk. — Areas with a WFSI value greater than 0.05 were considered to be at high risk. — Areas with a WFSI value less than 0.01 were considered to not be at risk. The WFSI integrates the probability of an acre igniting and the expected final fire size based on the rate of spread in four weather percentile categories into a single measure of wildland fire susceptibility. Due to some necessary assumptions, mainly fuel homogeneity, it is not the true probability. But since all areas of the state have this value determined consistently, it allows for comparison and ordination of areas of the state as to the likelihood of an acre burning. PEOPLE Wildfire poses significant risks to human life and health, causing fatalities, injuries, and long-term health complications such as respiratory issues due to smoke inhalation. To mitigate these dangers, it is crucial to implement comprehensive procedures for rapid warning and evacuation. Developing reliable early warning systems that utilize satellite monitoring, drones, and weather forecasts can help alert communities to emerging threats. Local authorities should communicate through various channels, including SMS alerts, social media and community radio, to ensure that messages everyone effectively. Effective communication and coordination among local fire departments, law enforcement, and emergency management agencies are vital for an orderly and safe evacuation process. After evacuations, providing support affected individuals and families is crucial, including access to medical care, mental health services, and resources for rebuilding. Establishing community networks can further assist residents during recovery. Table 4.104 details the population estimated to be at risk to wildfire according to the NCEM IRISK database. 328 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 282 Table 4.104 – Estimated Population Impacted by Wildfire Jurisdiction Total Population Total Population at Risk All Elderly Population Elderly Population at Risk All Children Population Children at Risk Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 57,799 50,684 88% 9,835 8,624 88% 3,308 2,901 88% City of Burlington 63,032 10,645 17% 10,440 1,763 17% 3,975 671 17% City of Graham 18,650 6,208 33% 3,356 1,117 33% 1,288 429 33% City of Mebane 17,079 13,184 77% 2,206 1,703 77% 977 754 77% Town of Elon 9,355 4,021 43% 1,524 655 43% 331 142 43% Town of Green Level 1,541 690 45% 273 122 45% 104 47 45% Town of Haw River 5,843 4,272 73% 979 716 73% 395 289 73% Town of Ossipee 434 181 42% 64 27 42% 23 10 43% Town of Swepsonville 558 468 84% 102 85 83% 38 32 84% Village of Alamance 704 533 76% 143 108 76% 25 19 76% Subtotal Alamance 174,995 90,886 52% 28,922 14,920 52% 10,464 5294 51% Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 92,917 2,662 3% 15,332 439 3% 5,294 152 3% City of Durham 235,187 694 0% 27,521 81 0% 15,501 46 0% Subtotal Durham 328,104 3,356 1% 42,853 520 1% 20,795 198 1% Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 61,819 4,624 7% 10,806 808 7% 3,164 237 7% Town of Carrboro 18,405 3 0% 2,281 0 0% 671 0 0% Town of Chapel Hill 63,329 0 0% 7,428 0 0% 2,477 0 0% Town of Hillsborough 6,252 276 4% 1,118 49 4% 406 18 4% Subtotal Orange 149,805 4,903 3% 21,633 857 4% 6, 718 255 4% Person County Unincorporated Person County 29,696 4,582 15% 5,674 875 15% 1,641 253 15% City of Roxboro 10,172 781 8% 2,211 170 8% 447 34 8% Subtotal Person 39,868 5,363 13% 7,885 1,045 13% 2,088 287 14% Total 692,772 104,508 15% 101,293 17,342 17% 40,065 6,034 15% Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 329 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 283 PROPERTY Wildfire can cause direct property losses, including damage to buildings, vehicles, landscaped areas, agricultural lands, and livestock. The destruction of homes and businesses not only results in financial losses but can also displace families and disrupt communities. One effective approach to increasing fire resistance is the use of fire-rated materials in construction such as non-combustible roofing, siding, and decks, as well as tempered glass windows that can withstand high temperatures. Additionally, building codes that require certain fire safety measures, such as proper ventilation and firebreaks, can further protect properties from encroaching flames. Landscaping practices are another vital element in reducing vulnerability to wildfires. By incorporating fire-resistant plants and creating defensible space around properties—typically a buffer zone that extends at least 30 feet from structures—homeowners can limit the flammability of their surroundings. Techniques such as maintaining a green lawn, using gravel or stone mulch, and keeping trees trimmed can minimize the potential for fire to spread to buildings. Table 4.105 details the buildings at risk to wildfire in the Eno-Haw Region. Table 4.106 provides building counts and estimated damages for Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR) buildings across all jurisdictions, by sector. The sectors facing the greatest risk to wildfire in the Region are commercial facilities, critical manufacturing, and government facilities. 330 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 284 Table 4.105 – Estimated Buildings Impacted by Wildfire Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Alamance County Unincorporated Alamance County 29,650 22,720 77% $2,189,482,865 3,206 11% $592,495,065 255 1% $184,154,306 26,181 88% $2,966,132,236 City of Burlington 24,403 3,656 15% $401,745,660 391 2% $526,148,769 63 0% $92,455,203 4,110 17% $1,020,349,632 City of Graham 7,269 2,186 30% $273,255,114 137 2% $138,863,882 33 0% $63,536,803 2,356 32% $475,655,799 City of Mebane 5,835 4,091 70% $580,442,829 275 5% $455,518,397 42 1% $68,570,137 4,408 76% $1,104,531,363 Town of Elon 2,760 1,047 38% $170,893,947 65 2% $68,564,795 117 4% $135,141,122 1,229 45% $374,599,865 Town of Green Level 1,177 473 40% $33,891,997 47 4% $12,176,135 6 1% $2,150,024 526 45% $48,218,156 Town of Haw River 2,352 1,564 66% $134,526,958 92 4% $55,157,383 29 1% $18,985,559 1,685 72% $208,669,900 Town of Ossipee 330 125 38% $10,933,983 15 5% $7,404,940 5 2% $3,301,904 145 44% $21,640,827 Town of Swepsonville 573 455 79% $56,169,359 21 5% $37,867,378 3 1% $4,890,848 479 84% $98,927,585 Village of Alamance 798 541 68% $65,102,560 47 6% $19,385,064 13 2% $9,156,697 601 75% $93,644,321 Subtotal Alamance 75,147 36,858 49% $3,916,445,272 4,296 6% $1,913,581,808 566 1% $582,342,603 41,720 56% $6,412,369,684 Durham County Unincorporated Durham County 21,037 515 2% $67,944,537 177 1% $141,967,552 6 0% $4,012,437 698 3% $213,924,525 City of Durham 75,588 193 0% $39,333,190 17 0% $73,663,557 9 0% $78,920,537 219 0% $191,917,284 Subtotal Durham 96,625 708 1% $107,277,727 194 0% $215,631,109 15 0% $82,932,974 917 1% $405,841,809 Orange County Unincorporated Orange County 24,533 1,617 7% $265,704,238 567 2% $111,940,237 33 0% $67,853,955 2,217 9% $445,498,430 Town of Carrboro 5,782 1 0% $226,330 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 1 0% $226,330 Town of Chapel Hill 15,108 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 0 0% $0 Town of Hillsborough 3,883 148 4% $24,261,113 32 1% $47,243,754 13 0% $73,591,389 193 5% $145,096,256 Subtotal Orange 49,306 1,766 5% $290,191,681 599 2% $159,183,991 46 0% $141,445,344 2,411 7% $590,821,016 Person County 331 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 285 Jurisdiction All Buildings Residential Buildings at Risk Commercial Buildings at Risk Public Buildings at Risk Total Buildings at Risk Num Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Num % of Total Estimated Damages Unincorporated Person County 17,714 2,299 13% $301,898,644 523 3% $37,110,347 15 0.1% $20,159,406 2,837 16% $359,168,397 City of Roxboro 6,617 443 6.7% $62,595,545 84 1% $59,718,889 7 0.1% $14,987,106 534 8.1% $137,301,540 Subtotal Person 24,331 2,742 11% $364,494,189 607 2% $96,829,236 22 0.1% $35,146,512 3,371 13.9% $496,469,937 Total 245,410 42,074 17% $4,678,408,869 5,696 2% $2,385,226,144 649 0% $815,198,425 48,419 20% $7,905,502,446 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool 332 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 286 Table 4.106 – Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources Buildings at Risk to Wildfire by Sector Sector Number of Buildings at Risk Estimated Damages Banking and Finance 37 $38,218,693 Commercial Facilities 1,405 $1,141,325,876 Communications 2 $707,732 Critical Manufacturing 564 $840,428,481 Defense Industrial Base 3 $31,172,887 Emergency Services 14 $7,704,597 Energy 13 $210,084,334 Food and Agriculture 3,559 $203,121,864 Government Facilities 291 $505,499,028 Healthcare and Public Health 89 $117,901,959 Nuclear Reactors, Materials and Waste 1 $50,000 Transportation Systems 371 $266,961,024 Water 50 $341,060,599 All Categories 6,399 $3,704,237,074 Source: NCEM Risk Management Tool ENVIRONMENT Wildfires have the potential to cause extensive damage to forest and forage resources, significantly affecting both natural habitats and agricultural land. When a wildfire sweeps through a forest, it can obliterate vast areas of vegetation, leading to loss of trees, shrubs, and underbrush that provide habitat for wildlife. This destruction disrupts ecosystems, displacing animal species and impacting their food sources. Additionally, wildfires can severely damage agricultural crops on private land. The intense heat and smoke can harm plants, leading to reduced yields or complete crop failure. This not only affects farmers economically but can also have broader implications for local and regional food supplies. The destruction of crops can lead to higher food prices and food scarcity, impacting communities that depend on these resources. The recovery process can vary based on factors such as the severity of the fire, the type of ecosystem affected, and climate conditions. In many cases, wildfires can lead to the growth of new, diverse plant communities that enhance soil quality and increase habitat complexity. Additionally, the ash left behind can provide essential nutrients that stimulate the growth of new vegetation. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.107 summarizes the potential detrimental consequences of wildfire. Table 4.107 – Consequence Analysis - Wildfire Category Consequences Public In addition to the potential for fatalities, wildfire and the resulting diminished air quality pose health risks. Exposure to wildfire smoke can cause serious health problems within a community, including asthma attacks and pneumonia, and can worsen chronic heart and lung diseases. Vulnerable 333 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 287 Category Consequences populations include children, elderly, and people with respiratory problems or heart disease. Even healthy citizens may experience symptoms such as sore throats and itchy eyes. Responders Public and firefighter safety is the priority in all wildland fire management activities. Wildfires are a real threat to the health and safety of the emergency services. Most fire-fighters in rural areas are 'retained'. This means that they are part-time and can be called away from their normal work to attend to fires. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Wildfire events can lead to power outages, disrupting operations significantly. Fallen trees, damaged power lines, and poor road conditions can hinder access to essential facilities and emergency equipment. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Wildfires frequently damage community infrastructure, including roadways, communication networks and facilities, power lines, and water distribution systems. Restoring basic services is critical and a top priority. Efforts to restore roadways include the costs of maintenance and damage assessment teams, field data collection, and replacement or repair costs. Direct impacts to municipal water supply may occur through contamination of ash and debris during the fire, destruction of aboveground distribution lines, and soil erosion or debris deposits into waterways after the fire. Utilities and communications repairs are also necessary for equipment damaged by a fire. This includes power lines, transformers, cell phone towers, and phone lines. Environment Wildfires damage the natural environment by killing vegetation and wildlife. The aftermath increases the risk of floods and debris flows, as bare ground and the loss of plants leave areas more vulnerable. Moreover, the secondary effects of wildfires—such as erosion, landslides, the introduction of invasive species, and changes in water quality—can often be more catastrophic than the fire itself. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Wildfires can have significant short-term and long-term effects on the local economy. Wildfires, and extreme fire danger, may reduce recreation and tourism in and near the fires. If aesthetics are impaired, local property values can decline. Extensive fire damage to trees can significantly alter the timber supply, both through a short-term surplus from timber salvage and a longer- term decline while the trees regrow. Water supplies can be degraded by post-fire erosion and stream sedimentation. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Wildfire events can undermine public confidence due to their visible effects on the community. The level of trust in local governance may be shaped by actions taken before a disaster, such as mitigation efforts, preparation initiatives, public education, timely warnings to residents, response measures, and the speed and effectiveness of recovery efforts. HAZARD SUMMARY BY JURISDICTION The following table summarizes wildfire hazard risk by jurisdiction. Wildfire warning time and duration do not vary by jurisdiction. Spatial extent ratings were based on the proportion of area within the Functional WUI. Impact ratings were based on fire intensity data from SWRA. No jurisdictions have significant clusters of moderate to high fire intensity; therefore, all jurisdictions were assigned a rating of 334 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 288 2. Probability ratings were determined based on burn probability data from SWRA. Jurisdictions with clusters of moderate burn probability were assigned a rating of 3; all other jurisdictions were assigned a probability of 2. Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority Alamance County 3 2 3 4 3 2.8 M Burlington 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Graham 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Mebane 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Elon 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Green Level 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Haw River 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Ossipee 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Swepsonville 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Alamance 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Durham County 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Durham 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Orange County 3 2 3 4 3 2.8 M Carrboro 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Chapel Hill 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Hillsborough 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M Person County 3 2 3 4 3 2.8 M Roxboro 2 2 3 4 3 2.5 M 335 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 289 4.5.11 CIVIL DISTURBANCE HAZARD BACKGROUND Civil disorder is a term that generally refers to groups of people purposely choosing not to observe a law, regulation, or rule, usually in order to bring attention to a cause, concern, or agenda. Civil disorder can take the form of small gatherings or large groups blocking or impeding access to a building or disrupting normal activities by generating noise and intimidating people. They can range from a peaceful sit-in to a full-scale riot in which a mob burns or otherwise destroys property and terrorizes individuals. Even in its more passive forms, a group that blocks roadways, sidewalks, or buildings interferes with public order. In the 1990s abortion clinics, for example, were targets for these disruptive-type activities. Throughout this country’s history, incidents that disrupted the public peace have figured prominently. The constitutional guarantees allow for ample expression of protest and dissent, and in many cases collide with the preamble’s requirement of the government “to ensure domestic tranquility.” Typical examples of such conflicting ideology include the protest movements for civil rights in the late 1960s and the Vietnam War protest demonstrations in the early 1970s. The balance between an individual’s and group’s legitimate expression of dissent and the right of the populace to live in domestic tranquility requires the diligent efforts of everyone to avoid such confrontations in the future. In modern society, laws have evolved that govern the interaction of its members to peacefully resolve conflict. In the United States, a crowd itself is constitutionally protected under “the right of the people to peacefully assemble.” However, assemblies that are not peaceable are not protected, and this is generally the dividing line between crowds and mobs. The laws that deal with disruptive conduct are generally grouped into offenses that disturb the public peace. They range from misdemeanors, such as blocking sidewalks or challenging another to fight, to felonies, such as looting and rioting. It is important to note that civil unrest is not synonymous with peaceful assembly or peaceful protest; Americans are guaranteed a right to assemble peacefully under the First Amendment to the Constitution. TYPES OF CROWDS A crowd may be defined as a casual, temporary collection of people without a strong, cohesive relationship. Crowds can be classified into four general categories: Casual Crowd — A casual crowd is merely a group of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time. Examples of this type include shoppers and sightseers. The likelihood of violent conduct is all but nonexistent. Cohesive Crowd — A cohesive crowd consists of members who are involved in some type of unified behavior. Members of this group are involved in some type of common activity, such as worshiping, dancing, or watching a sporting event. Although they may have intense internal discipline (e.g., rooting for a team), they require substantial provocation to arouse to action. Expressive Crowd — An expressive crowd is one held together by a common commitment or purpose. Although they may not be formally organized, they are assembled as an expression of common sentiment or frustration. Members wish to be seen as a formidable influence. One of the best examples of this type is a group assembled to protest something. Aggressive Crowd — An aggressive crowd is made up of individuals who have assembled for a specific purpose. This crowd often has leaders who attempt to arouse the members or motivate them to action. Members are noisy and threatening and will taunt authorities. They tend to be impulsive and highly 336 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 290 emotional and require only minimal stimulation to arouse them to violence. Examples of this type of crowd include demonstrations and strikers. TYPES OF MOBS A mob can be defined as a large disorderly crowd or throng. Mobs are usually emotional, loud, tumultuous, violent, and lawless. Like crowds, mobs have different levels of commitment and can be classified into four categories: Aggressive Mob—An aggressive mob is one that attacks, riots, and terrorizes. The object of violence may be a person, property, or both. An aggressive mob is distinguished from an aggressive crowd only by lawless activity. Examples of aggressive mobs are the inmate mobs in prisons and jails, mobs that act out their frustrations after political defeat, or violent mobs at political protests or rallies. Escape Mob—An escape mob is attempting to flee from something such as a fire, bomb, flood, or other catastrophe. Members of escape mobs have lost their capacity to reason and are generally impossible to control. They are characterized by unreasonable terror. Acquisitive Mob—An acquisitive mob is one motivated by a desire to acquire something. Riots caused by other factors often turn into looting sprees. This mob exploits a lack of control by authorities in safeguarding property. Examples of acquisitive mobs would include the looting in South Central Los Angeles in 1992, or food riots in other countries. Expressive Mob—An expressive mob is one that expresses fervor or revelry following some sporting event, religious activity, or celebration. Members experience a release of pent up emotions in highly charged situations. Examples of this type of mob include the June 1994 riots in Canada following the Stanley Cup professional hockey championship, European soccer riots, and those occurring after other sporting events in many countries, including the United States. Although members of mobs have differing levels of commitment, as a group they are far more committed than members of a crowd. As such, a “mob mentality” sets in, which creates a cohesiveness and sense of purpose that is lacking in crowds. Thus, any strategy that causes individual members to contemplate their personal actions will tend to be more effective than treating an entire mob as a single entity. Warning Time: 4 – Less than six hours Duration: 3 – Less than one week LOCATION Civil disorder can arise from a number of causes for a variety of reasons. Circumstances may be spontaneous or may result from escalating tensions. Civil disorder can erupt anywhere, but the most likely locations are those areas with large population groupings or gatherings. Sites that are attractive for political or other rallies should be considered as probable locations for the epicenter of civil disorder events; arenas and stadiums are another type of venue where civil disorder can occur. Civil disorder can also occur in proximity to locations where a “trigger event” occurred. Spatial Extent: 2 – Small EXTENT The ultimate extent of any civil disorder incident will depend on the magnitude of that event and its location. The more widespread an incident is, the greater the likelihood of excessive injury, loss of life and property damage; additional factors, such as the ability of law enforcement to contain the event, are also critical in minimizing damages. Impact: 2 – Limited 337 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 291 HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES Events in North Carolina’s early history, as well as those from the late 1960s through this decade, indicate the State is not immune to riots, protests, and social upheaval. Some brief examples of civil unrest across the state are provided below. The Greensboro Uprising in 1969 occurred on and around the campuses of James B. Dudley High School and North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (A&T) in Greensboro in May 1969. The uprising was sparked by perceived civil rights issues at the segregated high school, and then spread to the A&T campus. The uprising ended after the National Guard made a sweep of A&T dormitories, taking hundreds of students into protective custody. The Wilmington Ten were arrested for a firebombing in February 1971 in Wilmington. Responders reported being shot at by snipers from the roof of a nearby church; the neighborhood erupted in rioting that lasted through the next day, leaving two people dead. The National Guard was activated and entered the church the next day to remove the suspects; the violence resulted in two deaths, six injuries, and more than a half million dollars in property damage. Nine young black men and a white female were arrested in connection with the crime and convicted, though their sentences were commuted; ultimately, they were granted full pardons in 2012. The Greensboro Massacre took place in November 1979, when members of the Communist Workers’ Party and others demonstrated against the Ku Klux Klan in Greensboro. Gunfire was exchanged between the demonstrators and members of the KKK and the American Nazi Party. The incident resulted in five fatalities and twelve injuries. The Charlotte Riot of 2016 was a protest that lasted for three days, as a reaction to the shooting of a black man by a black police officer. One person was killed by a civilian, and multiple officers and civilians were injured in the unrest. The City of Charlotte eventually instituted a citywide curfew to quell the violence, and a State of Emergency was issued by the Governor, providing additional law enforcement and national guard support. The shooting was eventually ruled as justified. Since 2010, civil unrest has again trended toward race relations as a cause. From controversial shootings of African American men by white police officers to the resulting Black Lives Matter movement, these trends may continue into the future as the country finds ways to improve race relations. North Carolina has experienced specific incidents of racial unrest and violence as part of this trend, and may continue to see these types of incidents in the future. Specific incidents occurring in a single jurisdiction can cause civil unrest nationally; the Michael Brown shooting incident in Ferguson, MO is an example of this. On November 25, 2014, CNN reported that thousands of people in more than 170 U.S. cities rallied to protest the grand jury decision not to indict the officer involved. Protests also took place internationally, with demonstrations held in several major cities in Canada, and as far away as London. Another recent trend is the destruction and/or defacement of statues dedicated to the Confederacy during the Civil War; the planning area itself has experienced incidents of this nature, including the destruction of the Confederate Soldiers Monument in Durham County in August 2017, and the destruction of the Silent Sam statue at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2018. As the country continues to debate whether monuments to the Confederacy are still appropriate in 2019, these types of incidents may continue to occur. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE In their article on “Understanding Riots” published in the Cato Journal (Vol. 14, No 1), David D. Haddock and Daniel D. Polsby note that a large crowd itself is not an incipient riot merely because it assembles a great many people. Haddock and Polsby explain that “starting signals” must occur for civil 338 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 292 disorder to erupt; these starting signals include certain kinds of high profile events. In fact, incidents can become signals simply because they have been signals in the past. In Detroit, for example, Devils Night (the night before Halloween) has in recent years become a springboard for multiple, independent, and almost simultaneous acts of arson. With any conventional triggering event, such as news of an assassination or unpopular jury verdict, crowds form spontaneously in various places as word of the incident spreads, without any one person having to recruit them. But since not every crowd threatens to evolve into a riot, the authors reason that a significant number of people must expect and desire that the crowd will become riotous. In addition, “someone has to serve as a catalyst—a sort of entrepreneur to get things going.” A typical action is the breaking of a window (a signal that can be heard by many who do not necessarily see it). Someone will throw the first stone, so to speak, when he calculates t he risk of being apprehended has diminished to an acceptable level. This diminished risk is generally based on two variables—the size of the crowd relative to the police force and the probability that others will follow if someone leads. The authors conclude that once someone has taken a risk to get things started, the rioting will begin and spread until civil authorities muster enough force to make rioters believe they face a realistic prospect of arrest. Nationwide, riots are apt to be a recurrent, if unpredictable, feature of social life. Without question, the planning area will continue to experience future episodes of marches, protests, demonstrations, and gatherings in various cities and communities that could lead to some type of disruptive civil disorder. However, based on the State’s general history of civil disturbance and the various human factors noted above, the probability that such incidents will develop into full-scale, widespread riots is considered low. Should the planning area experience future incidents of disruptive civil disorder or rioting, the severity of a given event could range from low to high, depending on many factors. A spirited demonstration that gets out of hand may result in several arrests, minor damage to property (police vehicles with broken windows, etc.), some injuries, and manpower/overtime costs for police, fire, and other response services. To a greater extent, the threat of urban or intercity riots has the potential for millions of dollars in property damage, possible loss of life, and serious injuries, and extensive arrests. Sustaining police at the scene for extended periods, and possibly mobilizing state highway patrol and National Guard units, can add to the extensive manpower costs. Still, such riots tend to be confined to a single site or general area of a community rather than multiple locations or several areas of the State at the same time. Once a riot has occurred, police in other cities are generally on standby for possible riotous conditions and are better able to alleviate potential disturbances before they develop into full-scale riots. Probability: 2 – Possible CLIMATE CHANGE As a human-caused hazard, any changes in climate would not have a direct impact on civil disorder. Far more relevant, though, could be the implications of future climate change as a cause for civil disorder. Climate change impact forecasts include increasingly extreme weather patterns that exacerbate issues of drought, flooding, severe weather and other weather hazards globally that could affect whole ecosystems. Incidents of civil disobedience could be a secondary result related to societal unrest as a result of other climate-impacted hazards. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT As discussed above, the impacts from civil disorder vary greatly depending on the nature, severity, and success of the attack. When rioting does break out, it generally proves extremely difficult for first-responder law enforcement authorities to quell the mob promptly. The rules of constitutional law set stringent limits on how police officers can behave toward the people they try to arrest. Restraint also plays a crucial part in avoiding any action that “fans the flames.” Initial police presence is often undermined because forces may be staffed 339 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 293 below the peak loads needed to bring things back under control. As a result, the riot may continue until enough state police or National Guard units arrive to bolster the arrest process and subsequently restore order. In many cases, damage to life and property may already be extensive. METHODOLOGIES AND ASSUMPTIONS Vulnerability to incidents of civil unrest were assessed based on past occurrences nationally and internationally as well as publicly available information on these vulnerabilities. PEOPLE Injuries and fatalities can occur during civil unrest. PROPERTY Should a large gathering of people turn violent, damage to property and infrastructure can result, as well as looting of property. ENVIRONMENT Environmental impacts could occur if the civil unrest occurs in an outdoor or environmentally sensitive area. These impacts would be tied to the parameters of the incident. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.108 summarizes the potential consequences of civil unrest. Table 4.108 – Consequence Analysis – Civil Unrest Category Consequences Public Localized impact expected to be severe for unprotected personnel and moderate to light for protected personnel. Responders Localized impact expected to be severe for unprotected personnel and moderate to light for protected personnel. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Damage to facilities/personnel in the area of the incident may require temporary relocation of operations; localized disruption of lines of communication and destruction of facilities may postpone delivery of some services. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Localized impact to facilities and infrastructure in the area of the incident. Some severe damage possible. Environment May cause extensive damage in isolated cases and some denial or delays in the use of some areas. Remediation needed. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Local economy and finances adversely affected, possibly for an extended period of time, depending on damage. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Ability to respond and recover may be questioned and challenged if planning, response, and recovery not timely and effective. 340 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 294 4.5.12 CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE HAZARD BACKGROUND Aging infrastructure is a concern across the United States, and transportation and utility systems in the Eno-Haw region are no exception. Per a FEMA Strategic Foresight Initiative report on Critical Infrastructure, infrastructure is becoming more prone to failure as average structure age increases, with age being the leading indicator of potential for failure in some cases. Average structure age has been steadily increasing as structures are being replaced at a slower rate. Circulation around the Eno-Haw region depends on several key bridges and roads for access and services. While there is redundancy in the transportation system in the more urban parts of the planning area, there is less redundancy in the more rural areas. As such, these key pieces of infrastructure are integral to the functioning of the communities in the planning area and would cause varying levels disruption should they become inaccessible. Damage to any of this infrastructure could result from the majority of the natural and human-caused hazards described in this plan. In addition to a secondary or cascading impact from another primary hazard, infrastructure can fail as a result of faulty equipment, lack of maintenance, degradation over time, or accidental damage such as a barge colliding with a bridge support. Utility failure is another form critical infrastructure failure. Utility Failure refers to loss of electric power, water, sewage, natural gas, or other utilities. These failures might occur to either government or privately operated utility systems. They often occur because of, or in conjunction with, other disaster events such as high winds, hurricanes, tornadoes, winter storm events, flooding, or others. Critical utility failures might exacerbate the impacts and recovery times of such events. Failure might also be caused by accident separate of another hazard event and create hazardous conditions of their own. Building and construction standards along with regular inspection and maintenance to transportation and utility infrastructure can provide a degree of certainty as to the capacity of infrastructure to withstand some damages. However, accidental damage is unpredictable. Moreover, any damages that take a road or bridge out of service will likely require significant repairs that could take weeks or months to complete. Warning Time: 4 – Less than six hours Duration: 4 – More than one week LOCATION Critical infrastructure failure is generally localized to the site of key transportation and utility infrastructure. Spatial Extent: 3 – Moderate Bridges are generally designed to last 50 years, therefore one way to target the location of critical transportation infrastructure failure is to identify the location of bridges 45 years or older. The North Carolina Department of Transportation maintains a list of bridges in North Carolina. Bridges built in 1975 or prior are listed below in Table 4.109. There are 206 bridges that are 45 years or older in the region. Table 4.109 – Bridges Built in 1975 or Prior County Bridge Number Route Crossing Year Built Age (years) Orange 32 US70 Eno River 1922 98 Alamance 92 NC49 Little Alamance Creek 1923 97 Person 28 US158 Deep Creek 1923 97 Alamance 72 NC87 Alamance Creek 1928 92 Alamance 14 NC87 Cane Creek 1929 91 341 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 295 County Bridge Number Route Crossing Year Built Age (years) Alamance 40 NC87 Branch Of Varnals Creek 1929 91 Durham 89 SR1902 Lick Creek 1930 90 Orange 16 NC751 Southern R.R. 1930 90 Person 11 US158 South Hyco Creek 1932 88 Durham 28 SR1774 (CLOSED) Flat River 1935 85 Durham 98 NC55 Norfolk & Southern 1936 84 Alamance 81 US70 Back Creek 1938 82 Orange 86 SR1005 University Lake 1939 81 Durham 245 SR1321 Ellerbee Creek 1940 80 Orange 46 US70 Eno River 1941 79 Alamance 26 NC62 Gunn Creek 1949 71 Alamance 112 NC87 Reedy Fork Creek 1949 71 Alamance 119 NC87 Haw River 1949 71 Alamance 126 NC87 Mill Race 1949 71 Alamance 164 SR1113 Stinking Quarter Creek 1949 71 Orange 4 SR1004 West Fork Eno River 1949 71 Alamance 113 SR1003 Cane Creek 1950 70 Alamance 114 SR1003 South Fork Cane Creek 1950 70 Alamance 128 SR2369 Cane Creek 1950 70 Alamance 141 SR1005 Wells Creek 1950 70 Alamance 153 SR2371 Cane Creek 1950 70 Alamance 190 SR1005 Poppaw Creek 1950 70 Alamance 336 SR1569 Creek 1950 70 Orange 84 SR1005 Collins Creek 1950 70 Person 44 SR1111 South Flat River 1950 70 Alamance 22 SR1001 Mine Creek 1951 69 Durham 6 SR1617 Mountain Creek 1951 69 Durham 24 SR1004 Eno River 1951 69 Durham 25 SR1004 Little Creek 1951 69 Durham 44 PETTIGREW ST NC55 1951 69 Durham 99 NC751 US15BUS, US501BUS 1951 69 Orange 24 SR1001 North Fork Little River 1951 69 Orange 37 NC86 New Hope Creek 1951 69 Orange 99 SR1723 New Hope Creek 1951 69 Person 15 SR1715 Rock Fork Branch 1951 69 Person 21 SR1715 North Flat River 1951 69 Alamance 170 SR1212 Prong Alamance Creek 1952 68 Durham 61 SR1464 Mountain Creek 1952 68 Orange 31 SR1010 Bolin Creek 1952 68 Orange 39 SR1010 Booker Creek 1952 68 Orange 41 SR1010 NBL US15, US501 SBL 1952 68 Orange 45 US15, US501 SBL NC54 1952 68 Durham 220 SR1004 Creek Off Eno River 1953 67 Orange 7 US70E SR1239 W 1953 67 342 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 296 County Bridge Number Route Crossing Year Built Age (years) Orange 51 SR1534 Buffalo Creek 1953 67 Alamance 3 SR1529 Dry Creek 1954 66 Alamance 238 SR2128 Haw Creek 1954 66 Durham 106 US70 E BYP NC98 1954 66 Durham 115 US70 W BYP NC98 1954 66 Orange 49 NC86 Southern Railway 1954 66 Orange 77 SR1113 New Hope Creek 1954 66 Orange 114 SR1548 South Fork Little River 1954 66 Alamance 258 SR1522 Staley Creek 1955 65 Durham 92 US70 BUS., NC98 Norfolk & Western R.R. 1955 65 Durham 117 SR1308 Mud Creek 1955 65 Durham 128 US70 BUS WBL US70 Bypass EBL 1955 65 Durham 195 SR1675 I85 1955 65 Orange 90 SR1940 Pritchard MILL CREEK 1955 65 Orange 137 SR1550 Forrest Creek 1955 65 Person 27 SR1138 Creek 1955 65 Durham 20 SR1616 Dial Creek 1956 64 Durham 80 US15/US501NBL SR1308 1956 64 Durham 109 US15/501 NBL NC751 1956 64 Durham 114 US15/501B SB Norfolk Southern Railway 1956 64 Durham 216 I85 & US15 NBL SR1637 & Southern R.R. 1956 64 Orange 18 SR1421 Branch 1956 64 Orange 61 SR1002 Creek 1956 64 Orange 73 SR1115 Cane Creek 1956 64 Orange 104 SR1712 Stoney Creek 1956 64 Orange 189 SR1114 Cane Creek 1956 64 Alamance 15 SR1530 Haw River 1957 63 Alamance 51 SR1712 Haw River 1957 63 Durham 222 I85,US15 N SR1637 1957 63 Orange 5 US15/US501 NC54 1957 63 Orange 20 SR1365 Branch Of Stagg Creek 1957 63 Orange 59 NC86 I85 1957 63 Orange 81 I85N, NC86 SR1006 1957 63 Orange 82 I85S, NC86 SR1006 1957 63 Orange 91 I85 NBL Southern R.R. 1957 63 Orange 93 I85 SBL Southern R.R. 1957 63 Orange 95 SR1709 I85 1957 63 Orange 96 SR1712 I85 1957 63 Orange 209 SR1366 Frank Creek 1957 63 Person 35 SR1120 (CLOSED) South Flat River 1957 63 Person 98 SR1565 Tar River 1957 63 Alamance 35 NC62 Haw River 1958 62 Alamance 103 SR2182 Big Branch 1958 62 Alamance 148 I40,I85 Haw River 1958 62 343 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 297 County Bridge Number Route Crossing Year Built Age (years) Orange 11 SR1336 Eno River 1958 62 Orange 63 SR1567 Eno River 1958 62 Orange 69 SR1134 Eno River 1958 62 Orange 83 I85N, NC86 SR1009 1958 62 Orange 87 I85S, NC86 SR1009 1958 62 Orange 98 I85 NBL SR1713 1958 62 Orange 100 I85 SBL SR1713 1958 62 Orange 103 I85 N US70 E 1958 62 Orange 106 I85S, US70W US70 EBL 1958 62 Orange 110 I85SBL,US70 EBL US70 BUS WBL 1958 62 Orange 111 I85 SBL US70 BUS WBL 1958 62 Alamance 52 SR1729 Stoney Creek 1959 61 Person 184 SR1532 Marlowe's Creek 1959 61 Alamance 24 SR1581 Stony Creek 1960 60 Alamance 36 SR1613 Tom's Creek 1960 60 Alamance 38 SR1611 Stoney Creek 1960 60 Alamance 41 SR1002 Stoney Creek 1960 60 Alamance 42 SR1002 Tom's Creek 1960 60 Alamance 173 SR1149 Back Creek 1960 60 Alamance 254 SR2104 Big Branch 1960 60 Durham 93 SR1945 Third Fork Creek 1960 60 Alamance 24 SR1581 Stony Creek 1960 60 Alamance 36 SR1613 Tom's Creek 1960 60 Alamance 38 SR1611 Stoney Creek 1960 60 Alamance 41 SR1002 Stoney Creek 1960 60 Alamance 42 SR1002 Tom's Creek 1960 60 Alamance 173 SR1149 Back Creek 1960 60 Alamance 254 SR2104 Big Branch 1960 60 Durham 93 SR1945 Third Fork Creek 1960 60 Alamance 301 SR2364 Wells Creek 1961 59 Durham 56 NC157 South Fork Little River 1961 59 Orange 27 SR1507 South Fork Little River 1961 59 Orange 192 SR1556 Strouds Creek 1961 59 Person 23 NC157 S. Flat River 1961 59 Person 50 SR1343 South Hyco Creek 1961 59 Person 51 SR1343 CLAYTON RD Richland Creek 1961 59 Durham 85 SR1814 Little Lick Creek 1962 58 Alamance 59 SR1927 Quaker Creek Reservior 1963 57 Alamance 95 SR2116 Big Alamance Creek 1963 57 Alamance 121 SR1136 Stinking Quarter Cr. 1963 57 Orange 6 US70 BUS Eno River 1963 57 Orange 240 SR1009 Southern Railroad 1963 57 Person 16 NC57 Hyco Lake 1963 57 344 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 298 County Bridge Number Route Crossing Year Built Age (years) Person 20 NC57 Cobbs Creek 1963 57 Person 32 NC57 Hyco Lake 1963 57 Durham 49 SR1401 Eno River 1964 56 Orange 65 SR1002 Prong Eno River 1964 56 Person 197 SR1326 N & W Railroad 1964 56 Person 198 SR1336 Norfolk & West Railway 1964 56 Person 199 SR1194 Spillway 1964 56 Alamance 109 SR2309 Alamance Creek 1965 55 Durham 200 I85 NBL, US15 NBL SR1632 1965 55 Durham 201 I85 SBL&US15 SR1632 1965 55 Durham 218 I85, US15 SBL SR1637 & Southern R.R. 1965 55 Durham 223 I85& US15 SB SR1637 1965 55 Alamance 307 SR1936 Back Creek 1966 54 Durham 100 SR2028 I40 1966 54 Alamance 71 NC62 Stoney Creek 1967 53 Durham 35 US501 Eno River 1967 53 Durham 36 SR1671 Goose Creek 1967 53 Durham 55 US501N.B. Little River(Lake) 1967 53 Durham 58 US501 S.B. Little River(Lake) 1967 53 Durham 247 SR2028 Southern R/R 1967 53 Orange 102 SR1710 Stoney Creek 1967 53 Person 200 SR1325 Powell Creek 1967 53 Alamance 44 SR1768 Jordan's Creek 1968 52 Durham 71 US15/501 S NC147 1968 52 Durham 147 SR1127 NC147 1968 52 Durham 154 SR1361 NC147 1968 52 Durham 156 SR1445 NC147 1968 52 Durham 160 NC147SBL Blackwell Street 1968 52 Durham 163 NC147 NBL Blackwell Street 1968 52 Durham 164 NC147 SBL US15/501 NBL(BUS) 1968 52 Durham 166 NC147 NBL US15, US501 NBL(BUS) 1968 52 Durham 169 SR1118 NC147 1968 52 Durham 173 NC147 SBL Grant St. 1968 52 Durham 175 NC147 NBL Grant St. 1968 52 Durham 202 SR2028 TW ALEXAND. NC147 1968 52 Alamance 73 SR1928 Back Creek 1969 51 Durham 186 BRIGGS AVENUE NC147 1969 51 Durham 194 SR1940 NC147 1969 51 Durham 226 I85NBL,US15N Neuse River/Falls Lake 1969 51 Durham 227 I85 SBL,US15S Neuse River/Falls Lake 1969 51 Durham 228 SR1959 I40 1969 51 Person 55 SR1337 Chub Lake 1969 51 345 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 299 County Bridge Number Route Crossing Year Built Age (years) Alamance 165 SR1131 Stinking Quarter Creek 1970 50 Alamance 178 SR1154 Little Alamance Creek 1970 50 Alamance 355 US70W Storm Drain 1970 50 Durham 177 NC147 SBL Bacon Street 1970 50 Durham 180 NC147 NBL Bacon Street 1970 50 Durham 188 NC147 SBL Southern Rr 1970 50 Durham 189 NC147NBL Southern Railroad 1970 50 Durham 191 NC147 SBL SR1171 1970 50 Durham 192 NC147 NBL SR1171 1970 50 Person 33 SR1125 South Flat River 1970 50 Alamance 165 SR1131 Stinking Quarter Creek 1970 50 Alamance 178 SR1154 Little Alamance Creek 1970 50 Durham 83 US15/US501 SR1308 1971 49 Durham 113 US15BYP,US501 NC751 1971 49 Alamance 68 SR1928 Southern R.R. 1972 48 Alamance 105 SR2174 Mary's Creek 1972 48 Alamance 136 SR2351 South Fork Cane Creek 1972 48 Alamance 34 NC54 Back Creek 1973 47 Alamance 70 NC54 Haw Creek 1973 47 Alamance 293 SR2123 Back Creek 1973 47 Durham 206 SR1121 NC147 1973 47 Durham 212 I40 EBL RAMP NC147 NBL 1973 47 Durham 224 SR1999 I40 1973 47 Durham 260 SR1118 American Tobacco Trail 1973 47 Person 56 SR1322 Hyco Reservoir 1973 47 Person 202 SR1313 Hyco Canal 1973 47 Person 203 SR1316 Intake Canal (CP&L) 1973 47 Alamance 98 SR1003 Mary's Creek 1974 46 Durham 137 SR1322 NC147 1974 46 Durham 138 NC147 SBL Campus Drive 1974 46 Durham 140 NC147 NBL Campus Drive 1974 46 Durham 142 NC147 SBL Buchanan Blvd 1974 46 Durham 144 NC147 N Buchanan Blvd 1974 46 Orange 17 NC54 Cane Creek 1974 46 Orange 228 SR1009 New Hope Creek 1974 46 Durham 82 SR1815 Lick Creek 1975 45 Durham 84 SR1815 Chunky Pipe Creek 1975 45 Orange 199 SR1946 Neville Creek 1975 45 Utilities in the region are provided by various public and private entities as detailed in Table 4.110, and utility failures may occur anywhere in the region where utilities are provided. Table 4.110 – Local Utility Providers Utility Type Local Providers Electricity • Duke Energy • Piedmont Electric Membership Corporation 346 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 300 Utility Type Local Providers Natural Gas • Piedmont Natural Gas Company • Dominion Energy (Public Service Company of North Carolina) Water & Sewer • City of Burlington • City of Elon • City of Graham • Town of Haw River • Durham County Water Management • City of Durham • Town of Hillsborough • Orange Water and Sewer Authority • Orange-Alamance Water System • Efland Sewer System • Graham-Mebane Water System • City of Mebane • City of Roxboro EXTENT The significance of any transportation infrastructure failure will vary depending on the location and nature of the infrastructure itself. The loss of a local road may have only minor impacts limited to the immediate area. However, the loss of a major highway or key bridge could cause significant disruption across the Region. Depending on time of day and the onset of the failure, significant casualties are also possible: the 1967 Silver Bridge collapse between Point Pleasant, West Virginia and Gallipolis, Ohio and the 1980 Sunshine Skyway Bridge collapse outside St. Petersburg, Florida killed 46 and 35 people respectively. Critical utility failures also vary depending on the location and circumstances surrounding the failure itself. Such failures might be localized or impact large swaths of the planning area and can range in duration – lasting anywhere from a few hours to multiple days or weeks. Impacts could be small losses of communication systems or larger losses of lifelines such as water and electricity, especially to critical facilities. Impact: 3 – Critical HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES A 2014 analysis of bridge failure rates by Dr. Wesley Cook of Utah State University found that an average of 128 bridges collapse every year in the U.S.; 53% of bridges that collapsed had been rated as structurally deficient prior to their collapse. Only 4% of bridge collapses resulted in loss of life. A search of local newspapers and historical records did not return any instances of bridge failure in the four-county region. Utility infrastructure failure, on the other hand, is more ubiquitous, particularly electricity outages. While small scale outages occur regularly, from high winds or downed branches, larger scale outages also occur, often in concert with large scale weather events like Hurricane Florence. The HMPC also noted two recent large scale water outages, although smaller events also occur: — April 2016 – East Rosemary Street in Chapel Hill was shut down due to a water main break. The break caused 50 homes in the area to be without water for multiple hours as it was being repaired. 347 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 301 — November 2018 – A critical OWASA pipe broke in front of OWASA’s building, filling Jones Ferry Road. The break left more than 80,000 customers in the Chapel Hill-Carrboro area under a boil water advisory and with limited water for over 24 hours, asking users to limit water use to save water for necessary uses, like the UNC Hospital and UNC Chilled Water facilities. UNC Classes were cancelled, and Chapel Hill-Carrboro City schools were closed for two days. The broken pipe drained more than four water towers – neighboring Chatham, Hillsborough, and Durham piped in over 3.5 million gallons of water to supplement the system while the pipe was being fixed. The brake occurred in a 77-year old pipe. — March 2020 – OWASA had to repair to broken mains in Chapel Hill, one on South Road between Country Club Road and Raleigh Street and another on East Franklin Street between Estes Drive and Elliott Road. The frequency of the above events highlights the fragility of aging infrastructure throughout not only the OWASA system, but across the planning area and the State of North Carolina. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE The likelihood of a major transportation infrastructure failure occurring in the Eno-Haw region is difficult to quantify. The continuing age and deterioration of America’s transportation infrastructure, coupled with increasing traffic and declining public investment in maintaining our infrastructure, indicate that road and bridge failures are likely to be more common in future decades than they have in the past. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) has estimated that $2.2 trillion would be needed to bring the nation’s infrastructure up to a condition that meets the needs of the current population. (Note that this total includes non-transportation infrastructure.) The potential for accidents and failures from infrastructure operating beyond its intended lifespan or with insufficient maintenance thus continues to increase. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHA), North Carolina ranks 27th among the 50 states in having the most roads in poor condition (6.6 percent) and 18th in terms of number of bridges rated as structurally deficient (9.9 percent). According to the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances, 8.8 percent of North Carolina’s public spending is devoted to highways, ranking 11th among all states, and well above the national average of 5.6 percent. Outages of critical utilities, however, are likely to occur more frequently. Power outages or water main breaks of some size happen regularly, with major incidents happening less frequently. The probability of some sort of critical infrastructure failure, then, is likely when considering large scale utility events and transportation network disruptions. Probability: 3 – Likely VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT The impacts of transportation failures vary widely by the type of system, as well as the time of day and season of the failure. METHODOLOGIES AND ASSUMPTIONS Vulnerability to critical infrastructure failures was assessed based on past occurrences nationally and internationally as well as publicly available information on infrastructure vulnerability. PEOPLE People can be injured or killed during transportation infrastructure failures. As noted above, the U.S. averages five fatality-causing bridge collapses per year, although data on the number of fatalities involved was not available. Numbers of non-fatal injuries was also not available. 348 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 302 Aside from direct injuries and fatalities, transportation failures can result in significant losses of time and money as individuals and commercial shipments are detoured or blocked. Disruption of transportation systems can limit the ability of emergency services and utility work crews to reach affected areas, and can put some members of the public at severe risk if they are unable to reach needed medical services, such as dialysis patients. In extreme cases, a transportation failure could leave residents stranded without power, food, or other emergency supplies. Utility failures can severely impact the health and safety of the public, particularly for children or elderly residents. An outage at any time poses risks to vulnerable populations who cannot be without water and electricity for medical treatments or refrigerated medications. Loss of water and electricity also poses a large risk to hospitals and health systems. During periods of extreme heat or cold, loss of electricity can pose a safety hazard. In the planning area, 36% of homes are heated by utility gas and 55% by electricity. The following table summarizes the number of Medicare recipients by county who are electricity- dependent. This is defined by the Department of Health and Human Services as Medicare recipients who rely on electricity dependent medical equipment and is represented below in Table 4.111. Table 4.111 – Electricity Dependent Medicare Recipients by County County Electricity Dependent Medicare Recipients (as of October 2024) Alamance County 1,937 Durham County 1,733 Orange County 837 Person County 515 Source: Department of Health and Human Services emPOWER PROPERTY The primary property damage from transportation infrastructure failures is to the infrastructure itself, as well as to privately-owned automobiles. Downed power lines might directly fall on houses or indirectly cause fires. Water or sewer pipe breaks or backups might cause flooding to property. ENVIRONMENT Transportation infrastructure failures can result in oil spills or other hazardous materials releases that can severely impact the environment in the surrounding area. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.112 summarizes the potential consequences of a critical infrastructure failure. Table 4.112 – Consequence Analysis - Critical Infrastructure Failure Category Consequences Public Potential injuries and fatalities. Responders Potential injuries and fatalities, as well as potentially significant delays to response times. 349 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 303 Category Consequences Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Loss of key utilities, roads, or bridges can affect delivery of services. Water, sewer, or electric outages can affect jurisdictions and entities abilities to operate at full capacity. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure In addition to the loss of transportation infrastructure itself, sustained road closure can impact supply chain deliveries to other critical facilities. Potential damage to property due to downed power lines Environment Potential for contamination of natural environment depending on the utility or infrastructure failure. May result in excess resource consumption. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction May cause temporary shutdown of businesses. Delays in movement of people, goods, and services. Jurisdiction may incur costs of rebuilding or upgrading failed infrastructure. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Can cause loss of confidence in government’s ability to maintain other critical infrastructure. 350 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 304 4.5.13 CYBER THREAT HAZARD BACKGROUND The State of North Carolina Hazard Mitigation Plan defines cyber attacks as “deliberate attacks on information technology systems in an attempt to gain illegal access to a computer, or purposely cause damage.” Cyber-attacks use malicious code to alter computer operations or data. The vulnerability of computer systems to attacks is a growing concern as people and institutions become more dependent upon networked technologies. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reports that “cyber intrusions are becoming more commonplace, more dangerous, and more sophisticated,” with implications for private - and public-sector networks. There are many types of cyber-attacks. Among the most common is a direct denial of service, or DDoS attack. This is when a server or website will be queried or pinged rapidly with information requests, overloading the system and causing it to crash. Malware, or malicious software, can cause numerous problems once on a computer or network, from taking control of users’ machines to discreetly sending out confidential information. Ransomware is a specific type of malware that blocks access to digital files and demands a payment to release them. Hospitals, school districts, state and local governments, law enforcement agencies, businesses, and even individuals can be targeted by ransomware. Cyber spying or espionage is the act of illicitly obtaining intellectual property, government secrets, or other confidential digital information, and often is associated with attacks carried out by professional agents working on behalf of a foreign government or corporation. According to cybersecurity firm Symantec, in 2016 “…the world of cyber espionage experienced a notable shift towards more overt activity, designed to destabilize and disrupt targeted organizations and countries.” Major data breaches - when hackers gain access to large amounts of personal, sensitive, or confidential information - have become increasingly common. The Symantec report says more than seven billion identities have been exposed in data breaches over the last eight years. In addition to networked systems, data breaches can occur due to the mishandling of external drives, as has been the case with losses of some state employee data. Cyber crime can refer to any of the above incidents when motivated primarily by financial gain or other criminal intent. The most severe type of attack is cyber terrorism, which aims to disrupt or damage systems in order to cause fear, injury, and loss to advance a political agenda. The North Carolina State Bureau of investigation’ Computer Crime Unit helps law enforcement across North Carolina solve sophisticated crimes involving digital evidence. Warning Time: 4 – Less than six hours Duration: 4 – More than one week LOCATION Cyber disruption events can occur and/or impact virtually any location in the state where computing devices are used. Incidents may involve a single location or multiple geographic areas. A disruption can have far-reaching effects beyond the location of the targeted system; disruptions that occur far outside the region can still impact people, businesses, and institutions within the region. 351 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 305 Spatial Extent: 2 – Small EXTENT The extent or magnitude/severity of a cyber disruption event is variable depending on the nature of the event. A disruption affecting a small, isolated system could impact only a few functions/processes. Disruptions of large, integrated systems could impact many functions/processes, as well as many individuals that rely on those systems. There is no universally accepted scale to quantify the severity of cyber-attacks. The strength of a DDoS attack is sometimes explained in terms of a data transmission rate. One of the largest DDoS disruptions ever, which brought down some of the internet’s most popular sites on October 21, 2016, peaked at 1.2 terabytes per second. Data breaches are often described in terms of the number of records or identities exposed. Impact: 2 – Limited HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES In North Carolina, businesses and organizations that experience data breaches are required to report the breach and the information that was compromised to the NC Department of Justice (DOJ). In 2023, the DOJ received 2,033 data breach notices from organizations according to their annual Data Breach Report. These breaches impacted more than 4.9 million North Carolinians – the second highest number of people impacted in a single year. Additionally, in 2023, hacking-related breaches were at a record high, causing 80 percent of all reported breaches. The report noted that most security breaches impacted general businesses (50%), healthcare industries (14%), and financial services/insurance (23%). It is common for these types of industries to collect many kinds of personal information, making them prime targets for hacking. Figure 4.42 and Figure 4.43 show the findings from the DOJ Annual Data Breach Report. Figure 4.42 – Number of Security Breaches in North Carolina Source: North Carolina Department of Justice 352 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 306 Figure 4.43 – North Carolinians Impacted by Security Breaches Source: North Carolina Department of Justice The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, a nonprofit organization based in San Diego, maintains a timeline of 17,552 unique data breaches resulting from computer hacking incidents in the United States from 2002- 2023. The database lists 359 data breaches on file in North Carolina, totaling 16,588,348 records breached since 2005. Local governments in the Eno Haw Region have reported concerning data breaches in recent years and notable incidents, based on media reports and county statements, are described below: — Orange County was attacked with a ransomware virus in March 2019, causing slowdowns and service problems at key public offices such as the Register of Deeds, the sheriff’s office and county libraries. The attack impacted a variety of county services, including disrupting the county’s capability to process real estate closings, issue marriage licenses, process housing vouchers and verify tax bills. The county’s Planning Department was unable to process fees or permits, and the county libraries’ computers were out of service. — Person County experienced a ransomware cyber-incident on Saturday, May 30, 2020. The incident had a multi-system impact affecting phones, email, and internet access for Person County Government and the City of Roxboro. — Durham County and the City of Durham reported a ransomware attack on March 10, 2020. Durham city and county official responded by taking 80 servers offline, and phonelines for the city and county were unavailable. Because of the Durham’s pre-existing cybercontingency plan, data backups were untouched, and the City of Durham’s core business systems were back online within 5 days of the attack. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE Cyber attacks occur daily, but most have negligible impacts at the local or regional level. The possibility of a larger disruption affecting systems within the region is a constant threat, but it is difficult to quantify the exact probability due to such highly variable factors as the type of attack and intent of the attacker. 353 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 307 Minor attacks against business and government systems have become a commonplace occurrence but are usually stopped with minimal impact. Similarly, data breaches impacting the information of residents of the Eno-Haw Region are almost certain to happen in coming years. While attacks targeting local government systems in the Eno Haw Region have occurred in the last few years, no significant data breaches happened, and local governments restored their operating systems in a short period of time. Because minor breaches have occurred, major attacks or breaches are possible. Probability: 2 – Possible VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT As discussed above, the impacts from a cyber attack vary greatly depending on the nature, severity, and success of the attack. METHODOLOGIES AND ASSUMPTIONS Vulnerability to cyber attacks was assessed based on past occurrences nationally and internationally as well as publicly available information on these vulnerabilities, as well as attacks occurring in the region. PEOPLE Cyber-attacks can have a significant cumulative economic impact. According to the Internet Crime Complaint Center run by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. experienced a loss of $27.6 billion between the years 2018 to 2022. A major cyber-attack has the potential to undermine public confidence and build doubt in their government’s ability to protect them from harm. Injuries or fatalities from cyber-attacks would generally only be possible from a major cyber terrorist attack against critical infrastructure. PROPERTY Short of a major cyber terrorist attack against critical infrastructure, property damage from cyber attacks is typically limited to computer systems. ENVIRONMENT Short of a major cyber terrorist attack against critical infrastructure, property damage from cyber attacks is typically limited to computer systems. A major cyber terrorism attack could potentially impact the environment by triggering a release of a hazardous materials, or by causing an accident involving hazardous materials by disrupting traffic-control devices. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.113 summarizes the potential consequences of a cyber threat. Table 4.113 – Consequence Analysis – Cyber Threat Category Consequences Public Cyber attacks can impact personal data and accounts. Injuries or fatalities could potentially result from a major cyber terrorist attacks against critical infrastructure. 354 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 308 Category Consequences Responders Cyber attacks can impact personal data and accounts. Injuries or fatalities could potentially result from a major cyber terrorist attacks against critical infrastructure. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Agencies that rely on electronic backup of critical files are vulnerable. The delivery of services can be impacted since governments rely, to a great extent, upon electronic delivery of services. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Rare. Most attacks affect only data and computer systems. Sabotage of utilities and infrastructure from a major cyber terrorist attacks could potentially result in system failures that damage property on a scale equal with natural disasters. Facilities and infrastructure may become unusable as a result of a cyber-attack. Environment Rare. A major attack could theoretically result in a hazardous materials release. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Could greatly affect the economy. In an electronic-based commerce society, any disruption to daily activities can have disastrous impacts to the economy. It is difficult to measure the true extent of the impact. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance The government’s inability to protect critical systems or confidential personal data could impact public confidence. An attack could raise questions regarding the security of using electronic systems for government services. 355 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 309 4.5.14 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES HAZARD BACKGROUND Generally, a hazardous material is a substance or combination of substances which, because of quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics, may either cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or serious illness. Hazardous materials may also pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed. Hazardous material incidents can occur while a hazardous substance is stored at a fixed facility, or while the substance is being transported along a road corridor or railroad line or via an enclosed pipeline or other linear infrastructure. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) all have responsibilities relating to the transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials and waste. The EPA’s Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), is a primary source of information on the use and storage of hazardous materials, as well as data regarding spills and releases. Hazardous materials are typically divided into the following classes: — Explosives — Compressed gases: flammable, non-flammable compressed, poisonous — Flammable or combustible liquids — Flammable solids: spontaneously combustible, dangerous when wet — Oxidizers and organic peroxides — Toxic materials: poisonous material, infectious agents — Radioactive material — Corrosive material: destruction of human skin, corrodes steel It is common to see hazardous materials releases as escalating incidents resulting from other hazards such as floods, wildfires, and earthquakes that may cause containment systems to fail or affect transportation infrastructure. The release of hazardous materials can greatly complicate or even eclipse the response to the natural hazards disaster that caused the spill. FIXED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT A fixed hazardous materials incident is the accidental release of chemical substances or mixtures during production or handling at a fixed facility. While these incidents can sometimes involve large quantities of materials, their locations can be more easily predicted and monitored. TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT A transportation hazardous materials incident is the accidental release of chemical substances or mixtures during transport. Transportation Hazardous Materials Incidents in the Eno-Haw Region can occur during highway or air transport. Highway accidents involving hazardous materials pose a great potential for public exposures. Both nearby populations and motorists can be impacted and become exposed by accidents and releases. If airplanes carrying hazardous cargo crash, or otherwise leak contaminated cargo, populations and the environment in the impacted area can become exposed. 356 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 310 PIPELINE INCIDENT A pipeline transportation incident occurs when a break in a pipeline creates the potential for an explosion or leak of a dangerous substance (oil, gas, etc.) possibly requiring evacuation. An underground pipeline incident can be caused by environmental disruption, accidental damage, or sabotage. Incidents can range from a small, slow leak to a large rupture where an explosion is possible. Inspection and maintenance of the pipeline system along with marked gas line locations and an early warning and response procedure can lessen the risk to those near the pipelines. Warning Time: 4 – Less than six hours Duration: 2 – Less than 24 hours LOCATION The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Program run by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maintains a database of industrial facilities across the country and the type and quantity of toxic chemicals they release. The program also tracks pollution prevention activities and which facilities are reducing toxic releases. The Toxic Release Inventory reports 33 total sites with hazardous materials in the planning area, 13 in Alamance County, 11 in Durham County, 3 in Orange County, and 6 in Person County. These sites are listed in Table 4.114 and locations are shown in Figure 4.44 through Figure 4.47. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) maintains an inventory of the location of all gas transmission and hazardous liquid pipelines as well as liquid natural gas plants and hazardous liquid breakout tanks. The location of pipelines and pipeline infrastructure in the Eno-Haw Region are shown in Figure 4.48 through Figure 4.51. Spatial Extent: 1 – Negligible Table 4.114 – Toxic Release Inventory Sites Facility Name City Industry Sector Chemicals Present Alamance County APOLLO CHEMICAL BURLINGTON Chemicals Certain glycol ethers, Ethylene glycol BURLINGTON FINISHING PLANT BURLINGTON Textiles N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone CANFOR SOUTHERN PINE - GRAHAM PLANT GRAHAM Wood Products Dioxin and Dioxin-like compounds, Lead, Lead compounds CONCRETE SUPPLY CO. LLC - HATCHERY RD BURLINGTON Nonmetallic Mineral Product Lead and Lead compounds EDWARDS WOOD PRODUCTS INC. LIBERTY Wood Products Lead and Lead compounds ENGINEERED CONTROLS INTERNATIONAL LLC ELON Fabricated Metals Copper, Silver, Lead, Nickel HUFFMAN OIL CO INC BURLINGTON Petroleum Bulk Terminals 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, Zinc compounds, Xylene, n-Hexane, Toluene HYDRO EXTRUSION USA LLC BURLINGTON Primary Metals Lead INDULOR AMERICA LP GRAHAM Chemicals Acrylamide, Acrylic Acid, Ammonia, Ethyl Acrylate, Butyl Acrylate, Styrene, Methyl Methacrylate LIGGETT GROUP LLC MEBANE Tobacco Nicotine and salts 357 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 311 Facility Name City Industry Sector Chemicals Present NORTH CAROLINA MANUFACTURING SWEPSONVILLE Machinery Copper, Ethylene glycol, Lead REVERE SOUTH INC. MEBANE Primary Metals Copper SOUTH ATLANTIC GALVANIZING GRAHAM Fabricated Metals Zinc compounds, Lead Durham County AISIN NORTH CAROLINA CORP DURHAM Transportation Equipment Manganese, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Chromium ARGOS READY MIX HWY 55 CONCRETE PLANT DURHAM Nonmetallic Mineral Product Lead BRENNTAG MID-SOUTH DURHAM Chemical Wholesalers Methanol, Methyl methacrylate, Cyclohexane, Certain glycol ethers, Nitric acid, n-Hexane, n-Butyl alcohol, Sodium nitrite, Methyl isobutyl etone, Toluene, N-Methyl-2- pyrrolidone, Triethylamine, Ammonia CAROLINA SUNROCK LLC - MDC DURHAM Nonmetallic Mineral Product Lead and Lead compounds, Polycyclic aromatice compounds, Mercury and mercury compounds, Nitrate compounds CORMETECH INC DURHAM Nonmetallic Mineral Product Vanadium compounds, Mercury FOUNDATION LABS BY PLY GEM LLC DURHAM Miscellaneous Manufacturing Diisocyanates GENERAL ELECTRIC AVIATION - DURHAM ENGINE FACILITY DURHAM Transportation Equipment Nickel IPS STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES INC. DURHAM Chemicals Methyl methacrylate SCM METAL PRODUCTS INC RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK Primary Metals Chromium and Chromium Compounds,certain glycol ethers, Copper and copper compounds, Zinc compounds, Ethylene glycol, Antimony, Lead, Manganese compounds, Nickel WOLFSPEED INC. DURHAM Computers and Electronic Products Certain glycol ethers, N-Methyl-2- pyrrolidone, Ammonia, Hydrogen flouride, Manganese compounds, Nitric acid WOLFSPEED INC. (RTP) RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK Computers and Electronic Products Hydrogen flouride, N-Methyl-2- pyrrolidone Orange County ARMACELL LLC MEBANE Plastics and Rubber Zinc compounds INDUSTRIAL CONNECTIONS & SOLUTIONS LLC MEBANE Electrical Equipment Silver, Copper, Cyanide compounds, Nickel, Manganese WILMORE ELECTRONICS CO INC HILLSBOROUGH Electrical Equipment Lead 358 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 312 Facility Name City Industry Sector Chemicals Present Person County CAROLINA SUNROCK LLC - WOODSDALE ROXBORO Nonmetallic Mineral Product Lead And Lead Compounds CERTAINTEED GYPSUM NC INC SEMORA Nonmetallic Mineral Product Lead, Mercury DUKE ENERGY PROGRESS LLC - ROXBORO STEAM ELECTRIC PLANT SEMORA Electric Utilities Chromium compounds, Manganese compounds, Sulfuric acid, Hydrogen fluoride, Lead and Lead compounds, Ammonia, Hydrochloric acid, Copper copounds, Zinc compounds, Nickel compounds, Barium compounds, Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds, Naphthalene, Cobalt compounds, Polycyclic aromatic compounds, Benzo perylene, Vanadium compounds, Mercury and Mercury compounds, Arsenic compounds DUKE ENERGY PROGRESS LLC-MAYO ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANT ROXBORO Electric Utilities Sulfuric acid, Zinc compounds, Polycyclic aromatic compounds, Lead and Lead compounds, Benzo perylene, Naphthalene, Hydrochloric acid, Manganese compounds, Barium compounds, Hydrogen fluoride, Ammonia, Mercury and Mercury compounds, Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds, Vanadium compounds LOUISIANA PACIFIC CORP. ROXBOR O OSB ROXBORO Wood Products Acetaldehyde, Diisocyanates, Methanol, Formaldehyde, Lead US FLUE CURED TOBACCO GROWERS INC. TIMBERLAKE Tobacco Nicotine and salts Region Total: 33 Source: US EPA Toxic Release Inventory 359 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 313 Figure 4.44 – Toxic Release Inventory Sites in Alamance County Source: EPA Toxic Release Inventory 360 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 314 Figure 4.45 – Toxic Release Inventory Sites in Durham County Source: EPA Toxic Release Inventory 361 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 315 Figure 4.46 – Toxic Release Inventory Sites in Orange County Source: EPA Toxic Release Inventory 362 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 316 Figure 4.47 – Toxic Release Inventory Sites in Person County Source: EPA Toxic Release Inventory 363 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 317 Figure 4.48 – Pipelines and Pipeline Infrastructure in Alamance County Source: US Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, National Pipeline Mapping System 364 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 318 Figure 4.49 – Pipelines and Pipeline Infrastructure in Durham County Source: US Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, National Pipeline Mapping System 365 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 319 Figure 4.50 – Pipelines and Pipeline Infrastructure in Orange County Source: US Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, National Pipeline Mapping System 366 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 320 Figure 4.51 – Pipelines and Pipeline Infrastructure in Person County Source: US Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, National Pipeline Mapping System 367 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 321 EXTENT The magnitude of a hazardous materials incident can be defined by the material type, the amount released, and the location of the release. The U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), which records hazardous material incidents across the country, defines a “serious incident” as a hazardous materials incident that involves: — A fatality or major injury caused by the release of a hazardous material, — The evacuation of 25 or more persons as a result of release of a hazardous material or exposure to fire, — A release or exposure to fire which results in the closure of a major transportation artery, — The alteration of an aircraft flight plan or operation, — The release of radioactive materials from Type B packaging, — The release of over 11.9 galls or 88.2 pounds of a severe marine pollutant, or — The release of a bulk quantity (over 199 gallons or 882 pounds) of a hazardous material. Impact: 1 – Minor HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES The Eno-Haw Region experiences several hazardous materials incidents every year. The USDOT’s PHMSA maintains a database of reported hazardous materials incidents since 1989. According to PHSMA records, there were 760 recorded releases in the Eno-Haw Region from 1990 to 2023. These releases are listed in Table 4.115. Of these events, twenty (2.6%) were flagged as serious incidents. In total, these events caused an estimated $ 1,193,891 in damages. Of the total incidents to occur in the Eno-Haw Region, 66.2 percent occurred in Durham County, 29.2 percent in Alamance County, 3.2 percent in Orange County, and 1.4 percent in Person County. Table 4.115 – Reported Hazardous Materials Incidents by County 1990-2023 Year Alamance Durham Orange Person Region Total 1990 1 0 0 0 1 1991 3 5 0 0 8 1992 0 3 0 0 3 1993 2 2 0 2 6 1994 2 4 1 0 7 1995 1 4 1 0 6 1996 0 9 0 0 9 1997 0 7 1 2 10 1998 2 7 0 1 10 1999 10 16 0 0 26 2000 8 11 1 1 21 2001 81 38 3 1 123 2002 58 24 0 0 82 2003 1 9 2 1 13 2004 41 23 0 1 65 2005 0 11 0 0 11 368 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 322 Year Alamance Durham Orange Person Region Total 2006 0 9 2 0 11 2007 0 6 4 0 10 2008 4 9 0 0 13 2009 1 7 1 0 9 2010 0 10 0 0 10 2011 0 14 1 0 15 2012 2 14 1 1 18 2013 2 8 1 0 11 2014 2 10 0 0 12 2015 0 10 1 0 11 2016 0 13 1 0 14 2017 0 9 2 1 12 2018 0 11 0 0 11 2019 0 21 0 0 21 2020 0 37 0 0 37 2021 0 46 0 0 46 2022 1 56 1 0 58 2023 0 40 0 0 40 Total 222 503 24 11 760 Avg/Year 6.5 14.8 0.7 0.3 22.3 Source: PHMSA Incident Reports, Office of Hazardous Materials Safety, Incident Reports Database Search The most common materials spilled in the planning area are Class 3 (Flammable Combustible Liquids) and Class 8 (Corrosive). Figure 4.52Error! Reference source not found. describes all nine hazard classes. Figure 4.52 – Hazardous Materials Classes Source: U.S. Department of Transportation 369 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 323 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE Based on historical occurrences, there have been 20 serious incidents of hazardous materials releases in the 34-year period from 1990 through 2023. Based on this historical data, there is a 59% annual chance of the planning area experiencing a damaging hazardous materials incident. Probability: 3 – Likely VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PEOPLE People near facilities storing or transporting hazardous materials are at higher risk of exposure to a release incident. Additionally, any individuals working with or transporting hazardous materials are also at heightened risk. Depending on the materials, they may pose certain health hazards. If hazardous materials contaminate soils or water supply, people may be at risk of exposure through food or water. PROPERTY The property impacts of a fixed hazardous facility, such as a chemical processing facility is typically localized to the property where the incident occurs. The impact of a small spill (i.e. liquid spill) may also be limited to the extent of the spill and remediated if needed. While cleanup costs from major spills can be significant, they do not typically cause significant long-term impacts to property. Impacts of hazardous material incidents on critical facilities are most often limited to the area or facility where they occurred, such as at a transit station, airport, fire station, hospital, or railroad. However, they can cause long-term traffic delays and road closures resulting in major delays in the movement of goods and services. These impacts can spread beyond the planning area to affect neighboring counties, or vice- versa. While cleanup costs from major spills can be significant, they do not typically cause significant long-term impacts to critical facilities. ENVIRONMENT Hazardous material incidents may affect a small area at a regulated facility or cover a large area outside such a facility. Widespread effects occur when hazards contaminate the groundwater and eventually the municipal water supply, or they migrate to a major waterway or aquifer. Impacts on wildlife and natural resources can also be significant. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.116 summarizes the potential detrimental consequences of hazardous materials incident. Table 4.116 – Consequence Analysis – Hazardous Materials Incident Category Consequences Public Contact with hazardous materials could cause serious illness or death. Those living and working closest to hazardous materials sites face the greatest risk of exposure. Exposure may also occur through contamination of food or water supplies. Responders Responders face similar risks as the general public but a heightened potential for exposure to hazardous materials. 370 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 324 Category Consequences Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) A hazardous materials incident may cause temporary road closures or other localized impacts but is unlikely to affect continuity of operations. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Some hazardous materials are flammable, explosive, and/or corrosive, which could result in structural damages to property. Impacts would be highly localized. Environment Consequences depend on the type of material released. Possible ecological impacts include loss of wildlife, loss of habitat, and degradation of air and/or water quality. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Clean up, remediation, and/or litigation costs may apply. Long-term economic damage is unlikely. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance A hazardous materials incident may affect public confidence if the environmental or health impacts are enduring. 371 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 325 4.5.15 INFECTIOUS DISEASE HAZARD BACKGROUND Public health emergencies can take many forms—disease epidemics, large-scale incidents of food or water contamination, or extended periods without adequate water and sewer services. There can also be harmful exposure to chemical, radiological, or biological agents, and largescale infestations of disease- carrying insects or rodents. The first part of this section focuses on emerging public health concerns and potential pandemics, while the second part addresses natural and human-caused air and water pollution. Public health emergencies can occur as primary events by themselves, or they may be secondary to another disaster or emergency, such as tornado, flood, or hazardous material incident. For more information on those particular incidents, see Sections 4.5.8 (Tornado), 4.5.5 (Flood), and 0 (Hazardous Materials). The common characteristic of most public health emergencies is that they adversely impact, or have the potential to adversely impact, a large number of people. Public health emergencies can be worldwide or localized in scope and magnitude. The primary communicable, or infectious, disease addressed within this plan is influenza: Influenza - Whether natural or manmade, health officials say the threat of a dangerous new strain of influenza (flu) virus in pandemic proportions is a very real possibility in the years ahead. Unlike most illnesses, the flu is especially dangerous because it is spread through the air. A classic definition of influenza is a respiratory infection with fever. Each year, flu infects humans and spreads around the globe. There are three types of influenza virus: Types A, B, and C. Type A is the most common, most severe, and the primary cause of flu epidemics. Type B cases occur sporadically and sometimes as regional or widespread epidemics. Type C cases are quite rare and hence sporadic, but localized outbreaks have occurred. Seasonal influenza usually is treatable, and the mortality rate remains low. Each year, scientists estimate which particular strain of flu is likely to spread, and they create a vaccine to combat it. A flu pandemic occurs when the virus suddenly changes or mutates and undergoes an ―antigenic shift, permitting it to attach to a person’s respiratory system and leave the body‘s immune system defenseless against the invader. Additional diseases of public health concern include tuberculosis, Smallpox, St. Louis Encephalitis, Meningitis, Lyme disease, West Nile, SARS, Zika, and Ebola. These communicable diseases are introduced within this plan, but full vulnerability analyses are not included at this time. Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis, or TB, is the leading cause of infectious disease worldwide. It is caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most often affects the lungs. TB is an airborne disease spread by coughing or sneezing from one person to another. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that one-third of the world's population, approximately two billion people, has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria but are not yet ill with the disease and cannot transmit the disease. In 2022, an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with TB and 1.3 million died from the disease (including 167,000 people with HIV). Over 80% of TB deaths occur in low- and middle- income countries. Smallpox - Smallpox is a contagious, sometimes fatal, infectious disease. There is no specific treatment for smallpox disease, and the only prevention is vaccination. Smallpox is caused by the variola virus that emerged in human populations thousands of years ago. It is generally spread by face- to-face contact or by direct contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated objects (such as bedding or clothing). A person with smallpox is sometimes contagious with onset of fever, but the person becomes most contagious with the onset of rash. The rash typically develops into sores that spread over all parts of the body. The infected person remains contagious until the last smallpox scab is gone. Smallpox outbreaks have occurred periodically for thousands of years, but the disease is now largely eradicated after a 372 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 326 worldwide vaccination program was implemented. After the disease was eliminated, routine vaccination among the general public was stopped. The last case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949. St. Louis Encephalitis - In the United States, the leading type of epidemic flaviviral Encephalitis is St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), which is transmitted by mosquitoes that become infected by feeding on birds infected with the virus. SLE is the most common mosquito-transmitted pathogen in the United States. There is no evidence to suggest that the virus can be spread from person to person. Meningitis- Meningitis is an infection of fluid that surrounds a person’s spinal cord and brain. High fever, headache, and stiff neck are common symptoms of meningitis, which can develop between several hours to one to two days after exposure. Meningitis can be caused by either a viral or bacterial infection; however, a correct diagnosis is critically important, because treatments for the two varieties differ. Meningitis is transmitted through direct contact with respiratory secretions from an infected carrier. Primary risk groups include infants and young children, household contact with patients, and refugees. In the United States, periodic outbreaks continue to occur, particularly among adolescents and young adults. About 2,600 people in the United States get the disease each year. Generally, 10 to 14 percent of cases are fatal, and 11 to 19 percent of those who recover suffer from permanent hearing loss, mental retardation, loss of limbs, or other serious effects. Two vaccines are available in the United States. Lyme Disease - Lyme disease was named after the town of Lyme, Connecticut, where an unusually large frequency of arthritis-like symptoms was observed in children in 1977. It was later found that the problem was caused by bacteria transmitted to humans by infected deer ticks, causing an average of more than 16,000 reported infections in the United States each year (however, the disease is greatly under-reported). Lyme disease bacteria are not transmitted from person to person. Following a tick bite, 80 percent of patients develop a red ―bullseye rash accompanied by tiredness, fever, headache, stiff neck, muscle aches, and joint pain. If untreated, some patients may develop arthritis, neurological abnormalities, and cardiac problems, weeks to months later. Lyme disease is rarely fatal. During early stages of the disease, oral antibiotic treatment is generally effective, while intravenous treatment may be required in more severe cases. West Nile Virus - West Nile virus is a flavivirus spread by infected mosquitoes and is commonly found in Africa, West Asia, and the Middle East. It was first documented in the United States in 1999. Although it is not known where the U.S. virus originated, it most closely resembles strains found in the Middle East. It is closely related to St. Louis encephalitis and can infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses, and other mammals. Most people who become infected with West Nile virus will have either no symptoms or only mild effects. However, on rare occasions, the infection can result in severe and sometimes fatal illness. There is no evidence to suggest that the virus can be spread from person to person. An abundance of dead birds in an area may indicate that West Nile virus is circulating between the birds and mosquitoes in that area. Although birds are particularly susceptible to the virus, most infected birds survive. The continued expansion of West Nile virus in the United States indicates that it is permanently established in the Western Hemisphere. Coronaviruses – Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses found in both animals and humans and are known to cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and Novel Coronavirus (COVID- 19). Coronaviruses can cause respiratory infections and can lead to serious illnesses, like pneumonia, and can be deadly. Typical coronavirus symptoms include fever, cough, headache, runny nose, and sore throat. MERS was first reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia and spread to more than 25 countries. It produced symptoms that often progressed to pneumonia and 30-40 percent of cases were fatal. SARS emerged in 2002 and spread to more than two dozen countries. It caused acute respiratory distress and had a mortality rate of about 10 percent. 373 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 327 The most significant recent coronavirus, COVID-19, first emerged in Wuhan, China in 2019 and rapidly spread across the world. According to CDC data, as of February 2022, there had been over 78.5 million cases of COVID-19 reported in the United States. COVID-19 spreads when an infected person breathes out droplets and very small particles that contain the virus. These droplets and particles can be breathed in by other people or land on their eyes, noses, or mouth. Symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, loss of taste and smell, and more. Symptoms range from mild to severe illness and typically appear between 2-14 days after exposure to the virus. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a respiratory illness that has recently been reported in Asia, North America, and Europe. Although the cause of SARS is currently unknown, scientists have detected in SARS patients a previously unrecognized coronavirus that appears to be a likely source of the illness. In general, humans infected with SARS exhibit fevers greater than 100.4 F, headaches, an overall feeling of discomfort, and body aches. Some people also experience mild respiratory symptoms. After two to seven days, SARS patients may develop a dry cough and have trouble breathing. The primary way that SARS appears to spread is by close person-to-person contact; particularly by an infected person coughing or sneezing contaminated droplets onto another person, with a transfer of those droplets to the victim’s eyes, nose, or mouth. Zika Virus - Discovered in the Zika forest of Uganda in 1947, the Zika virus is a member of the flavivirus family. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus). Zika virus can also be transmitted from an infected pregnant woman to her baby during pregnancy and can result in serious birth defects, including microcephaly. Less commonly, the virus can be spread through intercourse or blood transfusion. However, most people infected with the Zika virus do not become sick. Ebola - Previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus species. It was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, outbreaks have appeared sporadically in Africa. Warning Time: 1 – More than 24 hours Duration: 4 – More than one week LOCATION Infectious disease outbreaks can occur anywhere in the planning area, especially where there are groups of people in close quarters. Spatial Extent: 4 – Large EXTENT When on an epidemic scale, diseases can lead to high infection rates in the population causing isolation, quarantine, and potential mass fatalities. An especially severe influenza pandemic or other major disease outbreak could lead to high levels of illness, death, social disruption, and economic loss. Impacts could range from school and business closings to the interruption of basic services such as public transportation, health care, and the delivery of food and essential medicines. Table 4.117 describes the World Health Organization’s six main phases to a pandemic flu as part of their planning guidance. Table 4.117 – World Health Organization's Pandemic Flu Phases Phase Description 1 No animal influenza virus circulating among animals have been reported to cause infection in humans. 374 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 328 Phase Description 2 An animal influenza virus circulating in domesticated or wild animals is known to have caused infection in humans and is therefore considered a specific potential pandemic threat. 3 An animal or human-animal influenza reassortant virus has caused sporadic cases or small clusters of disease in people, but has not resulted in human-to-human transmission sufficient to sustain community-level breakouts. 4 Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal influenza reassortant virus able to sustain community-level breakouts has been verified. 5 The same identified virus has caused sustained community-level outbreaks in two or more countries in one WHO region. 6 In addition to the criteria defined in Phase 5, the same virus has caused sustained community-level outbreaks in at least one other country in another WHO region. Post-Peak Period Levels of pandemic influenza in most countries with adequate surveillance have dropped below peak levels. Post- Pandemic Period Levels of influenza activity have returned to levels seen for seasonal influenza in most countries with adequate surveillance. Source: World Health Organization Impact: 3 – Critical HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES – INFLUENZA PANDEMICS Since the early 1900s, four lethal pandemics have swept the globe: Spanish Flu of 1918-1919; Asian Flu of 1957-1958; Hong Kong Flu of 1968-1969; and Swine Flu of 2009-2010. The Spanish Flu was the most severe pandemic in recent history. The number of deaths was estimated to be 50-100 million worldwide and 675,000 in the United States. Its primary victims were mostly young, healthy adults. The 1957 Asian Flu pandemic killed about 70,000 people in the United States, mostly the elderly and chronically ill. The 1968 Hong Kong Flu pandemic killed 34,000 Americans. The 2009 Swine Flu caused 12,469 deaths in the United States. These historic pandemics are further defined in the following paragraphs along with several “pandemic scares”. SPANISH FLU (H1N1 VIRUS) OF 1918-1919 In 1918, when World War I was in its fourth year, another threat began that rivaled the war itself as the greatest killer in human history. The Spanish Flu swept the world in three waves during a two-year period, beginning in March 1918 with a relatively mild assault. The first reported case occurred at Camp Funston (Fort Riley), Kansas, where 60,000 soldiers trained to be deployed overseas. Within four months, the virus traversed the globe, as American soldiers brought the virus to Europe. The first wave sickened thousands of people and caused many deaths (46 died at Camp Funston), but it was considered mild compared to what was to come. The second and deadliest wave struck in the autumn of 1918 and killed millions. At Camp Funston alone, there were 14,000 cases and 861 deaths reported during the first three weeks of October 1918. Outbreaks caused by a new variant exploded almost simultaneously in many locations including France, Sierra Leone, Boston, and New York City, where more than 20,000 people died that fall. The flu gained 375 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 329 its name from Spain, which was one of the hardest hit countries. From there, the flu went through the Middle East and around the world, eventually returning to the United States along with the troops. Of the 57,000 Americans who died in World War I, 43,000 died as a result of the Spanish Flu. At one point, more than 10 percent of the American workforce was bedridden. By a conservative estimate, a fifth of the human race suffered the fever and aches of influenza between 1918 and 1919 and 20 million people died. At the height of the flu outbreak during the winter of 1918-1919, at least 20% of North Carolinians were infected by the disease. Ultimately, 10,000 citizens of the state succumbed to this disease. ASIAN FLU (H2N2 VIRUS) OF 1957-1958 This influenza pandemic was first identified in February 1957 in the Far East. Unlike the Spanish Flu, the 1957 virus was quickly identified, and vaccine production began in May 1957. A number of small outbreaks occurred in the United States during the summer of 1957, with infection rates highest among school children, young adults, and pregnant women; however, the elderly had the highest rates of death. A second wave of infections occurred early the following year, which is typical of many pandemics. HONG KONG FLU (H3N2 VIRUS) OF 1968-1969 This influenza pandemic was first detected in early 1968 in Hong Kong. The first cases in the United States were detected in September 1968, although widespread illness did not occur until December. This became the mildest pandemic of the twentieth century, with those over the age of 65 the most likely to die. People infected earlier by the Asian Flu virus may have developed some immunity against the Hong Kong Flu virus. Also, this pandemic peaked during school holidays in December, limiting student-related infections. PANDEMIC FLU THREATS: SWINE FLU OF 1976, RUSSIAN FLU OF 1977, AND AVIAN FLU OF 1997 AND 1999 Three notable flu scares occurred in the twentieth century. In 1976, a swine-type influenza virus appeared in a U.S. military barracks (Fort Dix, New Jersey). Scientists determined it was an antigenically drifted variant of the feared 1918 virus. Fortunately, a pandemic never materialized, although the news media made a significant argument about the need for a Swine Flu vaccine. In May 1977, influenza viruses in northern China spread rapidly and caused epidemic disease in children and young adults. By January 1978, the virus, subsequently known as the Russian Flu, had spread around the world, including the United States. A vaccine was developed for the virus for the 1978–1979 flu season. Because illness occurred primarily in children, this was not considered a true pandemic. In March 1997, scores of chickens in Hong Kong‘s rural New Territories began to die—6,800 on three farms alone. The Avian Flu virus was especially virulent, and made an unusual jump from chickens to humans. At least 18 people were infected, and six died in the outbreak. Chinese authorities acted quickly to exterminate over one million chickens and successfully prevented further spread of the disease. In 1999, a new avian flu virus appeared. The new virus caused illness in two children in Hong Kong. Neither of these avian flu viruses started pandemics. SWINE FLU (H1N1 VIRUS) OF 2009–2010 This influenza pandemic emerged from Mexico in 2009. The first U.S. case of H1N1, or Swine Flu, was diagnosed on April 15, 2009. The U.S. government declared H1N1 a public health emergency on April 26. By June, approximately 18,000 cases of H1N1 had been reported in the United States. A total of 74 countries were affected by the pandemic. The CDC estimates that 43 million to 89 million people were infected with H1N1 between April 2009 and April 2010. There were an estimated 8,870 to 18,300 H1N1 related deaths. On August 10, 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared an end to the global H1N1 flu pandemic. 376 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 330 CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19), 2019-2024 COVID-19 was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2). First identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, the virus quickly spread throughout China and then globally. In the United States, COVID-19 was first identified in late January in Washington State and rapidly spread throughout the Country, with large epicenters on both the east and west coasts. On March 13, 2020 the U.S. enters a nationwide emergency and by March 15, 2020 U.S. states begin to shut down to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Almost a year later the U.S. has administered over 100 million vaccinations. In June 2021 the first major variant, the Delta variant, becomes dominant in the U.S. which kicks off a third wave of infections during the summer of 2021. By December 20, 2021, Omicron, the second and most dominant variant in the U.S., had been detected in most U.S. states and territories. The Omicron variant spread more easily than the original virus that caused COVID-19 and the Delta variant. According to the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, from the start of the pandemic to March 2023, there were over 103 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the U.S. resulting in over 1.1 million deaths. In North Carolina, there were over 3.4 million confirmed cases and 28,432 deaths due to COVID- 19. Johns Hopkins stopped collecting data as of March 10, 2023. The COVID-19 virus has transitioned to endemic but maintains dual seasonality, with cases peaking twice a year. PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES – OTHER PANDEMICS ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS, 1964-2005 Between 1964 and 2005, there were 4,651 confirmed cases of SLE in the United States. It should be noted, however, that less than 1 percent of SLE infections are clinically apparent, so the vast majority of infections remain undiagnosed. Illnesses range from mild headaches and fever to convulsions, coma, and paralysis. The last major outbreak of SLE occurred in the Midwest from 1974 to 1977, when over 2,500 cases were reported in 35 states. The most recent outbreak of St. Louis encephalitis was in 1999 in New Orleans, Louisiana, with 20 reported cases. The disease is generally milder in children than in adults, with the elderly at highest risk for severe illness and death. Approximately 3 to 30 percent of cases are fatal; no vaccine against SLE exists. In 2014, two U.S. cases were reported and were the first human cases since 2002. MENINGITIS, 1996-1997, 2005 During 1996 and 1997, 213,658 cases of meningitis were reported, with 21,830 deaths, in Africa. According to the North Carolina Division of Public Health, an average of 20 reported cases of Meningitis occurred annually between 2005-2013 following the initial outbreak. In 2023, the CDC confirmed 438 cases of meningitis across the U.S. which is the largest number of cases reported since 2013. LYME DISEASE, 2015 In the United States, Lyme disease is mostly found in the northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and upper north- central regions, and in several counties in northwestern California. In 2019, 93-percent of confirmed Lyme Disease cases were reported from 14 states: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States. According to the CDC, recent estimates based on insurance records suggest that approximately 476,000 Americans are diagnosed and treated with Lyme disease each year. This disease does not occur nationwide and is concentrated heavily in the northeast and upper Midwest. Between 2018 to 2022 the average incidence rate of Lyme disease in North Carolina was 2.82 confirmed and probable cases per 100,000 residents, which is significantly lower than the national average. In 2022, only Orange and Person Counties had confirmed cases of Lyme Disease within the Eno-Haw Region, two confirmed cases in Orange County and one case in Person County. 377 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 331 SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME, 2003 During November 2002-July 2003, a total of 8,098 probable SARS cases were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) from 29 countries. In the United States, only 8 cases had laboratory evidence of infection. Since July 2003, when SARS transmission was declared contained, active global surveillance for SARS disease has detected no person-to-person transmission. CDC has therefore archived the case report summaries for the 2003 outbreak. Across North Carolina, there was one confirmed SARS case – a man in Orange County tested positive in June 2003. ZIKA VIRUS, 2015 In May 2015, the Pan American Health Organization issued an alert noting the first confirmed case of a Zika virus infection in Brazil. Since that time, Brazil and other Central and South America countries and territories, as well as the Caribbean, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have experienced ongoing Zika virus transmission. In August 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued guidance for people living in or traveling to a 1-square-mile area Miami, Florida, identified by the Florida Department of Health as having mosquito-borne spread of Zika. In October 2016, the transmission area was expanded to include a 4.5-square-mile area of Miami Beach and a 1-squre mile area of Miami-Dade County. In addition, all of Miami-Dade County was identified as a cautionary area with an unspecified level of risk. As of the end of 2018, the CDC reported 74 cases of Zika across the United States. As of November 2024, there are no current local transmission of Zika virus in the continental U.S. or territories. The last cases of local Zika transmission by mosquitos in the continental U.S. were in Florida and Texas in 2016-17 and no reported cases from U.S. territories since 2019. EBOLA, 2014-2016 Most recently, in March 2014, West Africa experienced the largest outbreak of Ebola in history. Widespread transmission was found in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea with the number of cases totaling 28,616 and the number of deaths totaling 11,310. In the United States, four cases of Ebola were confirmed in 2014 including a medical aid worker returning to New York from Guinea, two healthcare workers at Texas Presbyterian Hospital who provided care for a diagnosed patient, and the diagnosed patient who traveled to Dallas, Texas from Liberia. All three healthcare workers recovered. The diagnosed patient passed away in October 2014. In March 2016, the WHO terminated the public health emergency for the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE It is impossible to predict when the next pandemic will occur or its impact. The CDC continually monitors and assesses pandemic threats and prepares for an influenza pandemic. Novel influenza A viruses with pandemic potential include Asian lineage avian influenza A (H5N1) and (H7N9) viruses. These viruses have all been evaluated using the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT) to assess their potential pandemic risk. Because the CDC cannot predict how severe a future pandemic will be, advance planning is needed at the national, state and local level; this planning is done through public health partnerships at the national, state and local level. Today, a much larger percentage of the world’s population is clustered in cities, making them ideal breeding grounds for epidemics. Additionally, the explosive growth in air travel means the virus could literally be spread around the globe within hours. Under such conditions, there may be very little warning time. Most experts believe we will have just one to six months between the time that a dangerous new influenza strain is identified and the time that outbreaks begin to occur in the United States. Outbreaks are expected to occur simultaneously throughout much of the nation, preventing shifts in human and material resources that normally occur with other natural disasters. These and many other aspects make influenza pandemic unlike any other public health emergency or community disaster. 378 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 332 Probability: 2 – Possible CLIMATE CHANGE According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the influences of climate change on public health is significant and varied. The influences range from the clear threats of temperature extremes and severe storms to less obvious connections related to insects. Climate and weather can also affect water and food quality in particular areas, with implications for public health. Hot days can be unhealthy—even dangerous. High air temperatures can cause heat stroke and dehydration, and affect people’s cardiovascular and nervous systems. Midwestern cities like St. Louis are vulnerable to heat waves, because many houses and apartments lack air conditioning, and urban areas are typically warmer than their rural surroundings. In recent decades, severe heat waves have killed hundreds of people across the Midwest. Heat stress is expected to increase as climate change brings hotter summer temperatures and more humidity. Certain people are especially vulnerable, including children, the elderly, the sick, and the poor. Higher temperatures and wetter conditions tend to increase mosquito and tick activity, leading to an increased risk of zoonotic diseases. Mosquitos are known to carry diseases such as West Nile virus (WNV), La Crosse/California encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon virus, St. Louis encephalitis, and Eastern equine encephalitis. The two major concerns associated with warmer and wetter conditions are that the mosquito species already found in North Carolina and the diseases that they carry will become more prevalent, and that new species carrying unfamiliar diseases will start to appear for the first time. Warmer winters with fewer hard freezes in areas that already see WNV-carrying mosquitos are likely to observe both a higher incidence of WNV and a longer WNV season, ultimately leading to an increase in human cases. Non-native mosquito species may move into North Carolina if the climate becomes more suitable for them, bringing with them diseases such as Jamestown Canyon virus, Chikungunya, and Dengue Fever. Ticks are also well-known disease vectors in North Carolina, carrying pathogens such as Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, Powassan virus, and Babesiosis. Warmer, wetter weather can lead to an increase in algal blooms and declining beach health. An increase in flood events may also be associated with an increased incidence of mold problems in homes and businesses, as well as contamination of wells and surface waters due to sewer overflows and private septic system failures. If these predictions come true, communities must contend with the human health impacts related to the increased prevalence of infectious diseases, heat waves, and changes in air and water quality. Public health officials will need to focus on spreading information and enacting pest and disease reduction. Floodprone communities will need to focus on continuously improving flood controls and mitigation strategies, including restricting building and chemical storage in floodplains, upgrading well and septic requirements, and providing water testing kits to residents. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES AND ASSUMPTIONS Vulnerability to infectious disease was assessed based on past occurrences nationally and internationally as well as publicly available information on these vulnerabilities, as well as attacks occurring in the region. 379 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 333 PEOPLE Disease spread and mortality is affected by a variety of factors, including virulence, ease of spread, aggressiveness of the virus and its symptoms, resistance to known antibiotics and environmental factors. While every pathogen is different, diseases normally have the highest mortality rate among the very young, the elderly or those with compromised immune systems. As an example, the unusually deadly 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic had a mortality rate of 20%. If an influenza pandemic does occur, it is likely that many age groups would be seriously affected. The greatest risks of hospitalization and death— as seen during the last two pandemics in 1957 and 1968 as well as during annual outbreaks of influenza— will be to infants, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions. However, in the 1918 pandemic, most deaths occurred in young adults. Few people, if any, would have immunity to a new virus. Approximately twenty percent of people exposed to West Nile Virus through a mosquito bite develop symptoms related to the virus; it is not transmissible from one person to another. Preventive steps can be taken to reduce exposure to mosquitos carrying the virus; these include insect repellent, covering exposed skin with clothing and avoiding the outdoors during twilight periods of dawn and dusk, or in the evening when the mosquitos are most active. PROPERTY For the most part, property itself would not be impacted by a human disease epidemic or pandemic. However, as concerns about contamination increase, property may be quarantined or destroyed as a precaution against spreading illness. Furthermore, staffing shortages could affect the function of critical facilities. ENVIRONMENT A widespread pandemic would not have an impact on the natural environment unless the disease was transmissible between humans and animals. However, affected areas could result in denial or delays in the use of some areas, and may require remediation. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.118 summarizes the potential consequences of infectious disease. Table 4.118 – Consequence Analysis – Infectious Disease Category Consequences Public Adverse impact expected to be severe for unprotected personnel and moderate to light for protected personnel. Responders Adverse impact expected to be severe for unprotected personnel and uncertain for trained and protected personnel, depending on the nature of the incident. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Danger to personnel in the area of the incident may require relocation of operations and lines of succession execution. Disruption of lines of communication and destruction of facilities may extensively postpone delivery of services. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Access to facilities and infrastructure in the area of the incident may be denied until decontamination completed. 380 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 334 Category Consequences Environment Incident may cause denial or delays in the use of some areas. Remediation needed. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction Local economy and finances adversely affected, possibly for an extended period of time. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Ability to respond and recover may be questioned and challenged if planning, response, and recovery not timely and effective. HAZARD SUMMARY BY JURISDICTION The following table summarizes infectious disease hazard risk by jurisdiction. Infectious disease risk is uniform across the planning area; there is no variation in risk by jurisdiction. Jurisdiction Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Priority All Jurisdictions 2 3 4 1 4 2.8 M 381 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 335 4.5.16 RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY HAZARD BACKGROUND A radiological incident is an occurrence resulting in the release of radiological material at a fixed facility (such as power plants, hospitals, laboratories, etc.) or in transit. Radiological incidents related to transportation are described as an incident resulting in a release of radioactive material during transportation. Transportation of radioactive materials through North Carolina over the interstate highway system is considered a radiological hazard. The transportation of radioactive material by any means of transport is licensed and regulated by the federal government. As a rule, there are two categories of radioactive materials that are shipped over the interstate highways: — Low level waste consists of primarily of materials that have been contaminated by low level radioactive substances but pose no serious threat except through long-term exposure. These materials are shipped in sealed drums within placarded trailers. The danger to the public is no more than a wide array of other hazardous materials. — High level waste, usually in the form of spent fuel from nuclear power plants, is transported in specially constructed casks that are built to withstand a direct hit from a locomotive. Radiological emergencies at nuclear power plants are divided into classifications. Table 4.119 shows these classifications, as well as descriptions of each. Table 4.119 – Radiological Emergency Classifications Emergency Classification Description Notification of Unusual Event (NOUE) Events are in progress or have occurred which indicate a potential degradation of the level of safety of the plant or indicate a security threat to facility protection has been initiated. No releases of radioactive material requiring offsite response or monitoring are expected unless further degradation of safety systems occurs. Alert Events are in progress or have occurred which involve an actual or potential substantial degradation of the level of safety of the plant or a security event that involves probable life-threatening risk to site personnel or damage to site equipment because of hostile action. Any releases are expected to be limited to small fractions of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Protective Action Guides (PAGs) Site Area Emergency (SAE) Events are in progress or have occurred which involve actual or likely major failures of plant functions needed for protection of the public or hostile action that results in intentional damage or malicious acts; 1) toward site personnel or equipment that could lead to the likely failure of or; 2) that prevent effective access to, equipment needed for the protection of the public. Any releases are not expected to result in exposure levels which exceed EPA PAG exposure levels beyond the site boundary. General Emergency Events are in progress or have occurred which involve actual or imminent substantial core degradation or melting with potential for loss of containment integrity or hostile action that results in an actual loss of physical control of the facility. Releases can be reasonably expected to exceed EPA PAG exposure levels offsite for more than the immediate site area. 382 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 336 Warning Time: 4 – Less than 6 hours Duration: 4 – More than one week LOCATION Harris Nuclear Plant, which is located in southwest Wake County south of the planning area, is a single- unit 928-megawatt power plant. The plant began commercial operation in 1987 and now employs approximately 800 people. Its reactor is a pressurized water reactor and the plant operates with a very high level of security. This is the location from which the most catastrophic nuclear accident might occur and will be the focal point of the nuclear analysis in this plan. However, it should also be noted that there is a 1-megawatt PULSTAR research reactor located on North Carolina State University’s campus in downtown Raleigh. Although its impacts would potentially be less far-reaching than Harris Nuclear Plant’s in the event of an accident, it should still be noted that the effects could be extremely detrimental. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear plants: — Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ) – The EPZ is a 10-mile radius around nuclear facilities. It is also known as the Plume Exposure Pathway. Areas located within this zone are considered to be at highest risk of exposure to radioactive materials. Within this zone, the primary concern is exposure to and inhalation of radioactive contamination. Predetermined action plans within the EPZ are designed to avoid or reduce dose from such exposure. Residents within this zone would be expected to evacuate in the event of an emergency. Other actions such as sheltering, evacuation, and the use of potassium - iodide must be taken to avoid or reduce exposure in the event of a nuclear incident. — Ingestion Pathway Zone (IPZ) – The IPZ is delineated by a 50-mile radius around nuclear facilities as defined by the federal government. Also known as the Ingestion Exposure Pathway, the IPZ has been designated to mitigate contamination in the human food change resulting from a radiological accident at a nuclear power facility. Contamination to fresh produce, water supplies, and other food produce may occur when radionuclides are deposited on surfaces. Figure 4.53 shows the location of Harris Nuclear Plant and the approximate 10-mile Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ) buffer and 50-mile Ingestion Pathway Zone (IPZ) around the plant. While none of the counties or communities in the planning area fall into the 10-mile EPZ, areas of Alamance and Person counties, and the entirety of Orange and Durham counties are included in the 50-mile IPZ. 383 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 337 Figure 4.53 - Harris Nuclear Plant Location in Relation to Planning Area Source: USEIA 384 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 338 The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear plants. Areas located within 10 miles of the station are considered to be within the zone of highest risk to a nuclear incident and this radius is the designated evacuation radius recommended by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Within the 10-mile zone, the primary concern is exposure to and inhalation of radioactive contamination. The most concerning effects in the secondary 50-mile zone are related to ingestion of food and liquids that may have been contaminated. All areas of the county that are not located within the 10- mile radius are located within this 50-mile radius that is still considered to be at risk from a nuclear incident. Spatial Extent: 2 – Small EXTENT The International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) developed the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale to quantify the magnitude of radiological events. This scale is logarithmic, meaning each increasing level represents a 10-fold increase in severity compared to the previous level. Figure 4.54 – International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale Source: International Atomic Energy Association Impact: 4 – Catastrophic HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES As reported in the 2023 State Hazard Mitigation Plan, Harris Nuclear Plant is one of only three plants in the country to have had no Nuclear Regulatory Commission findings as of November 2024. Therefore, there are no recent historical occurrences of any serious incidents at the Harris Plant. However, there have been events that warranted emergency declarations at both the Harris Nuclear Plant and the PULSTAR research reactor at North Carolina State University. Table 4.120 and Table 4.121 lists emergency declarations reported at the Harris Nuclear Plant and the PULSTAR research reactor between 1986 and 2023. 385 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 339 Table 4.120 - Emergency Declarations at Harris Nuclear Plant, 1986-2023 Emergency Declaration Date Description Alert 08/12/1988 Loss of greater than 50% of main control board (MCB) alarms due to electrical problems; normal power supply to annunciator panel failed and did not transfer to its backup inverter. Alert 10/09/1988 Fire on “B” Main Electrical Transformer; release of flammable gas in the Protected Area. Unusual Event 11/28/1986 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display Safety Parameter Display System (SPDS) (55 lapsed minutes). Unusual Event 11/29/1986 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS (58 lapsed minutes). Unusual Event 11/30/1986 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS (48 lapsed minutes). Unusual Event 12/03/1986 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS (27 lapsed minutes). Unusual Event 12/11/1986 Safety Injection (an Emergency Core Cooling System) actuated while testing electronic circuitry. Unusual Event 01/27/1987 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS (23 lapsed minutes). Unusual Event 07/11/1987 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS (22 lapsed minutes). Unusual Event 07/24/1987 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS (32 lapsed minutes). Unusual Event 07/25/1987 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS (28 lapsed minute). Unusual Event 02/04/1988 Fire within the Protected Area greater than 10 minutes; smoke observed coming from the motor for the reactor auxiliary building supply fan. Unusual Event 10/06/1988 RCS leakage in excess of Tech Specs (unidentified leakage > 1.0 gpm). Unusual Event 10/20/1988 RCS leakage in excess of Tech Specs; pressure operated relief valve opened and admitted RCS inventory to the pressurized relief tank (PRT). Unusual Event 11/17/1988 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS for > 60 minutes. Unusual Event 12/01/1988 Reactor coolant system (RCS) leakage in excess of Tech Specs (unidentified leakage > 1.0 gpm). Unusual Event 12/16/1988 High level alarm on radiological effluent release monitor the (Treated Laundry and Hot Shower high level alarm was set just above background). Unusual Event 03/13/1989 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS for > 60 minutes. Unusual Event 01/24/1991 Plant shutdown required by Technical Specifications. Excessive leakage of a containment penetration; leakage discovered during surveillance testing. Unusual Event 02/15/1991 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS for > 4 hours. Unusual Event 03/05/1991 Plant shutdown required by Technical Specifications (testing of “A” Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP) electrical protection function). Unusual Event 04/14/1992 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS for > 4 hours. Unusual Event 02/06/1993 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS for > 4 hours. Unusual Event 02/17/1994 Loss of ERFIS computer system to display SPDS for > 4 hours. Unusual Event 07/22/1994 Loss of both emergency diesel generators - “B” diesel generator was being worked on; in accordance with test procedures, “A” diesel generator is required to be tested within 24 hours following having redundant diesel out-of-service; did not pass test. Unusual Event 11/05/1995 Unplanned emergency core cooling system (ECCS) discharge to the reactor vessel; reactor trip and safety injection (SI) occurred during the performance of testing. 386 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 340 Emergency Declaration Date Description Unusual Event 12/14/1995 Train derailment on site - while removing empty cask car from the Protected Area, the rail cars were moved onto the Engine Spur to allow passage of the CSX engine on adjacent Plant Spur; cask car shifted; 4 wheels of the car left the rails. Unusual Event 01/22/1997 Security Event - while working Work Request and Authorization (WR&A), I&C Tech investigation found cut wire in a Turbine Building radiation monitor. Later determined to not be vandalism (i.e., not a security threat). Unusual Event 04/02/2000 Loss of Emergency Response Facility Information System (ERFIS) computer system to display Safety Parameter Display System (SPDS) for more than 4 hours. Unusual Event 08/23/2011 Seismic activity at the site due to a magnitude 5.8 earthquake near Mineral, VA. Source: Nuclear Regulatory Commission Table 4.121 - Emergency Declarations at the PULSTAR Research Reactor, 1986-2023 Emergency Declaration Date Description None 12/13/2010 A radiography technician walked in front of a 30 REM per hour beam of radiation for 60 seconds due to a shutter being left open. This incident was reported to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), but no assistance was required from the City of Raleigh or Wake County. None 07/02/2011 PULSTAR shut down due to a 10 gallon per hour leak. No emergency was declared (less than 350 gallons per hour reporting threshold), and no action was required from the City of Raleigh or Wake County. Unusual Event 08/23/2011 Seismic activity at the site due to a magnitude 5.8 earthquake near Mineral, VA. Source: Nuclear Regulatory Commission PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE Radiological hazards are highly unpredictable. Nuclear reactors present the possibility of catastrophic damages, yet the industry is highly regulated and historical precedence suggests an incident is unlikely. Probability: 1 – Unlikely VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PEOPLE People within the 50-mile EPZ are at risk of exposure through ingestion of contaminated food and water. Low levels of radiation are not considered harmful, but a high exposure to radiation can cause serious illness or death. PROPERTY A radiological incident could cause severe damage to the power station itself but would not cause direct property damage outside the station, especially with the distance between the reactor and the planning 387 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 341 area. However, property values could drop substantially if a radiological incident resulted in contamination of nearby areas. ENVIRONMENT A radiological incident could result in the spread of radioactive material into the environment, which could contaminate water and food sources and harm animal and plant life. These impacts are lessened the further an area is to the plant site. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.122 summarizes the potential detrimental consequences of radiological incident. Table 4.122 – Consequence Analysis – Radiological Incident Category Consequences Public High levels of radiation could cause serious illness or death. Those living and working closest to the nuclear plant would face the greatest risk of exposure. Responders Responders face potential for heightened exposure to radiation, which could cause severe chronic illness and death. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) An incident at the nuclear plant could interrupt power generation and cause power shortages. Regular operations would likely be affected by the response effort an event would require. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure The plant itself could be damaged by a radiological incident. Nearby property and facilities could be affected by contamination. Environment Water supplies, food crops, and livestock within 50 miles of the nuclear plant could be contaminated by radioactive material in the event of a major incident. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction The local economy could be affected if a radiological incident caused contamination of nearby areas. Property values and economic activity could decline as a result. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance A radiological incident would likely cause severe loss of public confidence given that the hazard is human-caused and highly regulated. Public confidence can also be affected by false alarms. 388 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 342 4.5.17 TERRORISM / MASS CASUALTY HAZARD BACKGROUND There is no universal globally agreed-upon definition of terrorism. In a broad sense, terrorism is the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims. For this analysis, this hazard encompasses the following sub-hazards: enemy attack, biological terrorism, agro-terrorism, chemical terrorism, conventional terrorism, cyber terrorism, radiological terrorism and public disorder. These hazards can occur anywhere and demonstrate unlawful force, violence, and/or threat against persons or property causing intentional harm for purposes of intimidation, coercion or ransom in violation of the criminal laws of the United States. These actions may cause massive destruction and/or extensive casualties. The threat of terrorism, both international and domestic, is ever present, and an attack can occur when least expected. Enemy attack is an incident that could cause massive destruction and extensive casualties throughout the world. Some areas could experience direct weapons’ effects: blast and heat; others could experience indirect weapons’ effect. International political and military activities of other nations are closely monitored by the federal government and the State of North Carolina would be notified of any escalating military threats. Use of conventional weapons and explosives against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidations, coercion, or ransom is conventional terrorism. Hazard effects are instantaneous; additional secondary devices may be used, lengthening the time duration of the hazard until the attack site is determined to be clear. The extent of damage is determined by the type and quantity of explosive. Effects are generally static other than cascading consequences and incremental structural failures. Conventional terrorism can also include tactical assault or sniping from remote locations. Biological terrorism is the use of biological agents against persons or property. Liquid or solid contaminants can be dispersed using sprayers/aerosol generators or by point of line sources such as munitions, covert deposits and moving sprayers. Biological agents vary in the amount of time they pose a threat. They can be a threat for hours to years depending upon the agent and the conditions in which it exists. Chemical terrorism involves the use or threat of chemical agents against persons or property. Effects of chemical contaminants are similar to biological agents. Radiological terrorism is the use of radiological materials against persons or property. Radioactive contaminants can be dispersed using sprayers/aerosol generators, or by point of line sources such as munitions, covert deposits and moving sprayers or by the detonation of a nuclear device underground, at the surface, in the air or at high altitude. Electronic attack using one computer system against another in order to intimidate people or disrupt other systems is a cyber-attack. All governments, businesses and citizens that conduct business utilizing computers face these threats. Cyber-security and critical infrastructure protection are among the most important national security issues facing our country today. The North Carolina State Bureau of investigation’ Computer Crime Unit helps law enforcement across North Carolina solve sophisticated crimes involving digital evidence. Mass demonstrations, or direct conflict by large groups of citizens, as in marches, protect rallies, riots, and non-peaceful strikes are examples of public disorder. These are assembling of people together in a manner to substantially interfere with public peace to constitute a threat, and with use of unlawful force or violence against another person, or causing property damage or attempting to interfere with, disrupting, or 389 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 343 destroying the government, political subdivision, or group of people. Labor strikes and work stoppages are not considered in this hazard unless they escalate into a threat to the community. Vandalism is usually initiated by a small number of individuals and limited to a small target or institution. Most events are within the capacity of local law enforcement. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) reports 50 active hate groups in North Carolina. Groups located statewide or within the Eno-Haw Region are listed in Table 4.123. The SPLC defines a hate group as any group with “beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people – particularly when the characteristics being maligned are immutable.” It is important to note that inclusion on the SPLC list is not meant to imply that a group advocates or engages in violence or other criminal activity. Table 4.123 – Hate Groups Active in North Carolina in 2023 Group Type Location Moms for Liberty - Orange County, NC Chapter Antigovernment General Orange County North Carolina Moms for America Antigovernment General North Carolina Parents Involved in Education Antigovernment General Tactical Civics - North Carolina Antigovernment General GDL - North Carolina Antisemitism III% United Patriots Militia Movement Statewide Identity Dixie Neo-Confederate Statewide Asatru Folk Assembly Neo-Volkisch Statewide National Assembly Sovereign Citizens Movement Statewide The American States Assembly Sovereign Citizens Movement Statewide Active Club White Nationalist Statewide National Justice Party - North Carolina White Nationalist Statewide Patriot Front White Nationalist Statewide Source: Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/hate-map A branch of Moms for Liberty is located in Orange County, and it is likely that groups found statewide have a footprint in the region. Warning Time: 4 – Less than 6 hours Duration: 4 – More than one week Generally, no warning is given for mass shootings. Duration is dependent on the parameters of the incident; while the incidents themselves are usually relatively short, residual impacts on the community can be long-lasting. This score takes into account a prolonged scenario with continuous impacts. LOCATION An active shooter incident could occur at any location across the region, but are more likely to target highly populated areas, critical infrastructure, or symbolic locations. Churches, schools and malls have all been the site of recent attacks nationwide. Spatial Extent: 1 – Negligible EXTENT The extent of a shooting incident is tied to many factors, including the incident site, weapon(s), location, time of day, and other circumstances; for this reason, it is difficult to put assess a single definition or 390 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 344 conclusion of the extent of “terrorism.” As a general rule, shooting incidents are targeted to where they can do the most damage and have the maximum impact possible, though this impact is tempered by the weapon used in the attack itself. Impact: 4 – Catastrophic HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES According the non-profit Gun Violence Archive, 659 mass shootings across America in 2023 (defined as four or more people shot or killed in a single incident, not counting the shooter); 33 were recorded in North Carolina, resulting in 33 fatalities and 118 injuries. Examples of mass shooting incidents include: Old Salisbury Road Shooting, Winston-Salem, NC, July 1988. A gunman shot nine passersby from the centerline of Old Salisbury Road; four people were killed. Carthage Nursing Home Shooting, Carthage, NC, March 2009. A gunman opened fire at Pinelake Health and Rehabilitation nursing home. The shooter killed eight people and wounded a ninth. University of North Carolina Shooting, Charlotte, NC, April 2019. A shooting on the last day of classes for the spring semester sent six people to the hospital, resulting in two fatalities. Sudbury Road Shooting, Durham, NC, January 31, 2023. Two local gunman opened fire at a house located on Sudbury Rd shortly after 1 AM. One victim was pronounced dead at the scene while another later died from his injuries at the hospital. Two additional men were taking to a hospital but ultimately survived with non-life-threatening injuries. The following additional incidents were also of concern to the planning committee, as they could have escalated to mass casualty events: March 2006 – An alumnus drove a sport-utility vehicle through the Pit, a central gathering location on the UNC Chapel-Hill campus, with the intention of killing students, faculty, and staff. No one was killed in the attack, but nine people were injured. August 2019 – The KKK held a rally in Hillsborough and later returned to spread propaganda and recruitment flyers throughout the Town. The rally and materials promoted racism, anti-gay statements, and other hate speech that has fueled other mass casualty events across the country in recent years. January 2023 – On New Years Day a drive by shooting occurred outside of a Subway restaurant in the City of Durham. No one was killed in the attack, but one juvenile and four adults were injured with gunshot wounds. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE While difficult to estimate when a deliberate act like a shooting may occur, it can be inferred that the probability of an attack in any one area in the Region is very low at any given time. However, given the record of three incidents in the past 20 years that could have escalated to mass casualty events, the HMPC considers the probability of future incidents to be possible. When identified, credible threats may increase the probability of an incident; these threats are generally tracked by law enforcement. Probability: 2 – Possible 391 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 345 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PEOPLE People can and do suffer direct impacts from a shooting incident, with the potential for both injuries and fatalities. The number of injuries and fatalities are variable, dependent on many factors surrounding the attack including the location, the number of type of weapons used, the shooter’s skill with weapons, the amount of people at the location and law enforcement response time. PROPERTY The potential for damage to property is highly dependent on the type of attack. Buildings and infrastructure may be damaged. Impacts are highly localized to the target of the attack. ENVIRONMENT Most shooting attacks do not cause widespread damage to the environment. CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS Table 4.124 summarizes the potential detrimental consequences of a mass shooter threat. Table 4.124 – Consequence Analysis – Terrorism / Mass Shooter Category Consequences Public Injuries and fatalities are probable; these impacts would be highly localized to the attack. Widespread stress and psychological suffering may occur. Responders Responders face increased risks during an effort to stop an attack or rescue others while an attack is underway. Continuity of Operations (including Continued Delivery of Services) Critical infrastructure may be targeted by an attack; therefore, continuity of operations may be affected. Property, Facilities and Infrastructure Impacts depend of the type of attack. Building damage could occur during attack. Environment Incident specific; widespread environmental damage not likely. Economic Condition of the Jurisdiction The local economy could be disrupted, depending on the location and scale of an attack. Public Confidence in the Jurisdiction’s Governance Loss of public confidence likely should an attack be carried out; additional loss of confidence and trust may result if response and recovery are not swift and effective 392 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 346 4.6 CONCLUSIONS ON HAZARD RISK PRIORITY RISK INDEX As discussed in Section 4.3 Risk Assessment Methodology and Assumptions, the Priority Risk Index was used to rate each hazard on a set of risk criteria and determine an overall standardized score for each hazard. For some hazards, PRI ratings vary by jurisdiction. In these cases, the overall PRI rating reflects the highest risk that applies to the region. The conclusions drawn from this process are summarized below by classifying hazards into three categories—high, moderate, or low risk—based on the assigned risk value. General assumptions for high, moderate, and low risk hazards are described below, and hazard risk ratings are summarized in Table 4.125. — High Risk – Widespread potential impact. This ranking carries a high threat to the general population and/or built environment. The potential for damage is widespread. — Medium Risk – Moderate potential impact. This ranking carries a moderate threat level to the general population and/or built environment. Here the potential damage is more isolated and less costly than a more widespread disaster. — Low Risk – Minimal potential impact. The occurrence and potential cost of damage to life and property is negligible or nonexistent. This is not a priority hazard for mitigation projects. Table 4.125 – Summary of Hazard Risk Classification High Risk (> 3.0) Excessive Heat Flooding Drought Hurricane & Tropical Storm Critical Infrastructure Failure Severe Winter Storm Moderate Risk (2.0 – 2.9) Dam Failure Tornadoes & Thunderstorms Wildfire Cyber Threat Civil Unrest Hazardous Materials Incident Infectious Disease Terrorism / Mass Casualty Radiological Emergency Low Risk (< 2.0) Earthquake Landslide Note: Low risk hazards are not prioritized for mitigation. Table 4.126 summarizes the degree of risk assigned to each identified hazard using the PRI method. Where PRI ratings varied by jurisdiction, the range is shown. Additionally, where a hazard encompasses several sub-hazards, the PRI rating for each sub-hazard is provided. 393 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT Eno Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 347 Table 4.126 – Summary of PRI Results Hazard Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration PRI Score Dam Failure1 Unlikely-Possible Limited-Critical Negligible Less than 6 hrs Less than 1 week 1.8-2.4 Drought1 Likely Limited-Critical Large More than 24 hrs More than 1 week 2.8-3.1 Earthquake Unlikely Minor Large Less than 6 hrs Less than 6 hrs 1.9 Excessive Heat Highly Likely Critical Large More than 24 hrs Less than 1 week 3.3 Flooding1 Likely-Highly Likely Critical Small-Moderate 6 to 12 hrs Less than 1 week 2.8-3.3 Hurricane & Tropical Storm1 Likely Critical-Catastrophic Large More than 24 hrs Less than 24 hrs 2.9-3.2 Landslide Unlikely Minor Negligible 6 to 12 hrs Less than 6 hrs 1.2 Severe Winter Storm Highly Likely Critical Large More than 24 hrs More than 1 week 3.0 Thunderstorm: Hail Highly Likely Minor Negligible Less than 6 hrs Less than 6 hours 2.2 Thunderstorm: Lightning2 Highly Likely Minor Negligible Less than 6 hrs Less than 6 hours 2.2 Thunderstorm: Winds1, 2 Highly Likely Minor-Limited Large Less than 6 hrs Less than 6 hours 2.6-2.9 Tornado2 Likely Critical Small Less than 6 hrs Less than 6 hours 2.7 Wildfire1 Possible-Likely Limited Moderate Less than 6 hrs Less than 1 week 2.5-2.8 Civil Disturbance Possible Limited Small Less than 6 hrs Less than 1 week 2.3 Critical Infrastructure Failure Likely Critical Moderate Less than 6 hrs More than 1 week 3.2 Cyber Threat Possible Limited Small Less than 6 hrs More than 1 week 2.4 Hazardous Substances Likely Minor Negligible Less than 6 hrs Less than 24 hrs 2.0 Infectious Disease Possible Critical Large More than 24 hrs More than 1 week 2.8 Radiological Emergency Unlikely Catastrophic Small Less than 6 hrs More than 1 week 2.7 Terrorism/Mass Casualty Possible Catastrophic Negligible Less than 6 hrs More than 1 week 2.8 1Note: PRI ratings for this hazard vary by jurisdiction. The range of ratings are shown here. 2Note: This is a sub-hazard of the Tornadoes & Thunderstorms hazard. The overall hazard rating is an average of these sub-hazards. 394 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 348 5 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT This section discusses the capability of the Eno-Haw region to implement hazard mitigation activities. It consists of the following four subsections: 5.1 Overview 5.2 Conducting the Capability Assessment 5.3 Capability Assessment Findings 5.4 Conclusions on Local Capability 5.1 OVERVIEW The purpose of conducting a capability assessment is to determine the ability of a local jurisdiction to implement a comprehensive mitigation strategy, and to identify potential opportunities for establishing or enhancing specific mitigation policies, programs, or projects. As in any planning process, it is important to try to establish which goals, objectives, and actions are feasible, based on an understanding of the organizational capacity of those agencies or departments tasked with their implementation. A capability assessment helps to determine which mitigation actions are practical and likely to be implemented over time given a local government’s planning and regulatory framework, level of administrative and technical support, fiscal resources, and current political climate. A capability assessment has two primary components: 1) an inventory of a local jurisdiction’s relevant plans, ordinances, and programs already in place; and 2) an analysis of its capacity to carry them out. Careful examination of local capabilities will detect any existing gaps, shortfalls, or weaknesses with ongoing government activities that could hinder proposed mitigation activities and possibly exacerbate community hazard vulnerability. The capability assessment also highlights the positive mitigation measures already in place or being implemented at the local government level, which should continue to be supported and enhanced through future mitigation efforts. The capability assessment completed for the Eno-Haw region serves as a critical planning step toward developing an effective mitigation strategy. Coupled with the risk assessment, the capability assessment helps identify and target effective goals, objectives, and mitigation actions that are realistically achievable under given local conditions. 5.2 CONDUCTING THE CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT This capability assessment was originally developed using feedback from the HMPC through a detailed Local Capability Self-Assessment worksheet. The self-assessment requested information on a variety of “capability indicators” such as existing local plans, policies, programs, or ordinances that contribute to and/or hinder the region’s ability to implement hazard mitigation actions. Other indicators included information related to the region’s fiscal, administrative, and technical capabilities, such as access to local budgetary and personnel resources for mitigation purposes, and existing education and outreach programs that can be used to promote mitigation. Community representatives were also asked to comment on the current political climate with respect to hazard mitigation, an important consideration for any local planning or decision-making process. The self-assessment results provided an extensive and consolidated inventory of existing local plans, ordinances, programs, and resources in place or under development. In completing the self-assessment, local officials were also asked to rate their jurisdiction’s specific capabilities. The survey instrument 395 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 349 thereby not only helps accurately assess the degree of local capability, but it also serves as a good source of introspection for counties and local jurisdictions that want to improve their capabilities. Identified gaps, weaknesses, or conflicts can be recast as opportunities for specific actions to be proposed as part of the mitigation strategy. The information provided in response to the survey questionnaire was incorporated into a database for further analysis. A general scoring methodology was then applied to quantify each jurisdiction’s overall capability. According to the scoring system, each capability indicator was assigned a point value based on its relevance to hazard mitigation. Additional points were added based on the jurisdiction’s self- assessment of their own planning and regulatory capability, administrative and technical capability, fiscal capability, education and outreach capability, and political capability. Using this scoring methodology, a total score and an overall capability rating of “High,” “Moderate,” or “Limited” could be determined according to the total number of points received. These classifications are designed to provide nothing more than a general assessment of local government capability. In combination with the narrative responses provided by local officials, the results of this capability assessment provide critical information for developing an effective and meaningful mitigation strategy. 5.3 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT FINDINGS The findings of the capability assessment are summarized in this plan to provide insight into the relevant capacity of the Eno-Haw region to implement hazard mitigation activities. All information is based upon the input provided by local government officials through the Local Capability Self-Assessment and subsequent updates by the planning team and the HMPC. 5.3.1 PLANNING AND REGULATORY CAPABILITY Planning and regulatory capability is based on the implementation of plans, ordinances, and programs that demonstrate a local jurisdiction’s commitment to guiding and managing growth, development, and redevelopment in a responsible manner, while maintaining the general welfare of the community. It includes emergency response and mitigation planning, comprehensive land use planning, and transportation planning. Regulatory capability also includes the enforcement of zoning or subdivision ordinances and building codes that regulate how land is developed and structures are built, as well as protecting environmental, historic, and cultural resources in the community. Although some conflicts can arise, these planning initiatives generally present significant opportunities to integrate hazard mitigation principles and practices into the local decision-making process. Table 5.1 provides a summary of the relevant local plans, ordinances, and programs already in place or under development for the Eno-Haw region. A checkmark (✓) indicates that the given item is currently in place and being implemented. An asterisk (*) indicates that the given item is currently being developed for future implementation. A plus sign (+) indicates that a jurisdiction is covered for that item under a county-implemented version. Each of these local plans, ordinances, and programs should be considered available mechanisms for incorporating the requirements of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. This information will help identify opportunities to address gaps, weaknesses, or conflicts with other initiatives and integrate the implementation of this plan with existing planning mechanisms where appropriate. 396 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 350 Table 5.1 – Relevant Plans, Ordinances, and Programs Jurisdiction Hazard Mitigation Plan Comprehensive Land Use Plan Floodplain Management Plan Open Space Management Plan Stormwater Management Plan Emergency Operations Plan SARA Title III Plan Radiological Emergency Plan Continuity of Operations Plan Evacuation Plan Disaster Recovery Plan Capital Improvements Plan Economic Development Plan Historic Preservation Plan Transportation Plan Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance Zoning Ordinance Subdivision Ordinance Site Plan Review Requirements Unified Development Ordinance Post-Disaster Redevelopment Ordinance Building Code Fire Code Community Wildfire Protection Plan National Flood Insurance Program Community Rating System Alamance County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Burlington ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ + ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Graham ✓ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + City of Mebane + ✓ ✓ + + + + + + ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Elon ✓ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Town of Green Level ✓ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Town of Haw River ✓ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Town of Ossipee ✓ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Town of Swepsonville ✓ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Village of Alamance ✓ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Durham County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Durham ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Orange County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Carrboro ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Chapel Hill ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Hillsborough ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ + ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Person County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Roxboro ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ + + ✓ + ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Source: Local Capability Assessment Survey 397 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 351 Based upon the responses summarized in the above table, jurisdictions in the Eno-Haw Region could improve regulatory capability by developing post-disaster redevelopment ordinances. Additionally, the Region could work cooperatively to develop a Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP); however, the basics of a CWPP are now included in this plan update. A more detailed discussion on the region’s planning and regulatory capability follows, along with the incorporation of additional information based on the narrative comments provided by local officials in response to the survey questionnaire. 5.3.1.1 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT Hazard mitigation is widely recognized as one of the four primary phases of emergency management, as is shown in Figure 5.1. In reality, mitigation is interconnected with all other phases and is an essential component of effective preparedness, response, and recovery. Opportunities to reduce potential losses through mitigation practices are most often implemented before a disaster event, such as through the elevation of flood-prone structures or by regular enforcement of policies that regulate development. However, mitigation opportunities can also be identified during immediate preparedness or response activities, such as installing storm shutters in advance of a hurricane. Furthermore, incorporating mitigation during the long-term recovery and redevelopment process following a disaster event is what enables a community to become more resilient. Figure 5.1 – The Four Phases of Emergency Management Planning for each phase is a critical part of a comprehensive emergency management program and a key to the successful implementation of hazard mitigation actions. As such, the Local Capability Self- Assessment asked several questions across a range of emergency management plans to assess the region’s willingness to plan and their level of technical planning proficiency. HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN A hazard mitigation plan is a community’s blueprint for how it intends to reduce the impact of natural, and in some cases human-caused, hazards on people and the built environment. The essential elements of a hazard mitigation plan include a risk assessment, capability assessment, and mitigation strategy. — All participating jurisdictions previously participated in and adopted the 2020 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. 398 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 352 DISASTER RECOVERY PLAN A disaster recovery plan serves to guide the physical, social, environmental, and economic recovery and reconstruction process following a disaster event. In many instances, hazard mitigation principles and practices are incorporated into local disaster recovery plans with the intent of capitalizing on opportunities to break the cycle of repetitive disaster losses. Disaster recovery plans can also lead to the preparation of disaster redevelopment policies and ordinances to be enacted following a hazard event. — 14 of the 18 participating jurisdictions have a disaster recovery plan either in place or under development. (6 jurisdictions have one in place; 8 covered under a county plan) EMERGENCY OPERATIONS PLAN An emergency operations plan outlines responsibilities and how resources will be deployed during and following an emergency or disaster. — All participating jurisdictions have an emergency operations plan either in place or are covered under a county plan. CONTINUITY OF OPERATIONS PLAN A continuity of operations plan establishes a chain of command, line of succession, and plans for backup or alternate emergency facilities in case of an extreme emergency or disaster event. — 15 of the 18 participating jurisdictions have a continuity of operations plan either in place or are covered under a county plan. 5.3.1.2 GENERAL PLANNING The implementation of hazard mitigation activities often involves agencies and individuals beyond the emergency management profession. Stakeholders may include local planners, public works officials, economic development specialists, and others. In many instances, concurrent local planning efforts will help to achieve or complement hazard mitigation goals, even though they may not be designed as such. The Local Capability Self-Assessment asked questions regarding general planning capabilities and the degree to which hazard mitigation is integrated into other ongoing planning efforts in the region. COMPREHENSIVE/GENERAL PLAN A comprehensive land use plan, or general plan, establishes the overall vision for what a community wants to be and serves as a guide for future governmental decision making. Typically, a comprehensive plan contains sections on demographic conditions, land use, transportation elements, and community facilities. Given the broad nature of the plan and its regulatory standing in many communities, the integration of hazard mitigation measures into the comprehensive plan can enhance the likelihood of achieving risk reduction goals, objectives, and actions. — All participating jurisdictions have a comprehensive land use plan in place or are covered by county planning efforts. Some communities are currently in the process of updating their comprehensive plans. CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS PLAN A capital improvements plan guides the scheduling of spending on public improvements. A capital improvements plan can serve as an important mechanism for guiding future development away from identified hazard areas. Limiting public spending in hazardous areas is one of the most effective long- term mitigation actions available to local governments. — All participating jurisdictions have a capital improvements plan in place or are covered by county capital improvements planning. 399 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 353 HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN A historic preservation plan is intended to preserve historic structures or districts within a community. An often-overlooked aspect of the historic preservation plan is the assessment of buildings and sites located in areas subject to natural hazards, and the identification of ways to reduce future damages. This may involve retrofitting or relocation techniques that account for the need to protect buildings that do not meet current building standards or are within a historic district that cannot easily be relocated out of harm’s way. — All but one of the participating jurisdictions have a historic preservation plan in place or are covered by a county plan. ZONING ORDINANCE Zoning represents the primary means by which land use is controlled by local governments. As part of a community’s police power, zoning is used to protect the public health, safety, and welfare of those in a given jurisdiction that maintains zoning authority. A zoning ordinance is the mechanism through which zoning is typically implemented. Since zoning regulations enable municipal governments to limit the type and density of development, a zoning ordinance can serve as a powerful tool when applied in identified hazard areas. — All participating jurisdictions have a zoning ordinance in place. SUBDIVISION ORDINANCE A subdivision ordinance is intended to regulate the development of residential, commercial, industrial, or other uses, including associated public infrastructure, as land is subdivided into buildable lots for sale or future development. Subdivision design that accounts for natural hazards can dramatically reduce the exposure of future development. — All participating jurisdictions have a subdivision ordinance in place. BUILDING CODES, PERMITTING, AND INSPECTIONS Building codes regulate construction standards. In many communities, permits and inspections are required for new construction. Decisions regarding the adoption of building codes (that account for hazard risk), the type of permitting process required both before and after a disaster, and the enforcement of inspection protocols all affect the level of hazard risk faced by a community. — All participating jurisdictions have building codes in place. The adoption and enforcement of building codes by local jurisdictions is routinely assessed through the Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule (BCEGS) program, developed by the Insurance Services Office, Inc. (ISO). In North Carolina, the North Carolina Department of Insurance assesses the building codes in effect in a particular community and how the community enforces its building codes, with special emphasis on mitigation of losses from natural hazards. The results of BCEGS assessments are routinely provided to ISO’s member private insurance companies, which in turn may offer ratings credits for new buildings constructed in communities with strong BCEGS classifications. The expectation is that communities with well-enforced, up-to-date codes should experience fewer disaster-related losses, and as a result should have lower insurance rates. In conducting the assessment, ISO collects information related to personnel qualification and continuing education, as well as number of inspections performed per day. This type of information combined with local building codes is used to determine a grade for that jurisdiction. The grades range from 1 to 10, with a BCEGS grade of 1 representing exemplary commitment to building code enforcement, and a grade of 10 indicating less than minimum recognized protection. 400 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 354 5.3.1.3 FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT Flooding represents the greatest natural hazard facing the nation, yet the tools available to reduce the impacts associated with flooding are among the most developed when compared to other hazard-specific mitigation techniques. In addition to approaches that cut across hazards such as education, outreach, and the training of local officials, the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) contains specific regulatory measures that enable government officials to determine where and how growth occurs relative to flood hazards. Participation in the NFIP is voluntary for local governments; however, program participation is strongly encouraged by FEMA as a first step for implementing and sustaining an effective hazard mitigation program. It is therefore used as part of this capability assessment as a key indicator for measuring local capability. In order for a county or municipality to participate in the NFIP, they must adopt a local flood damage prevention ordinance that requires jurisdictions to follow established minimum building standards in the floodplain. These standards require that all new buildings and substantial improvements to existing buildings be protected from damage by a 100-year flood event, and that new development in the floodplain not exacerbate existing flood problems or increase damage to other properties. A key service provided by the NFIP is the mapping of identified flood hazard areas. Once completed, the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) are used to assess flood hazard risk, regulate construction practices, and set flood insurance rates. FIRMs are an important source of information to educate residents, government officials, and the private sector about the likelihood of flooding in their community. Table 5.2. provides NFIP policy and claim information for each participating jurisdiction in the Eno-Haw region. All but one jurisdiction in the region participate in the NFIP and will continue to comply with all required provisions of the program. Floodplain management is managed through zoning ordinances, building code restrictions, and the county and municipal building inspection programs. The jurisdictions will coordinate with NCEM and FEMA to develop maps and regulations related to Special Flood Hazard Areas within their jurisdictional boundaries and, through a consistent monitoring process, will design and improve their floodplain management program in a way that reduces the risk of flooding to people and property. COMMUNITY RATING SYSTEM An additional indicator of floodplain management capability is active participation in the Community Rating System (CRS). The CRS is an incentive-based program that encourages communities to undertake defined flood mitigation activities that go beyond the minimum requirements of the NFIP. Each of the CRS mitigation activities is assigned a point value. As a community earns points and reaches identified thresholds, they can apply for an improved CRS class. Class ratings, which range from 10 to 1 and increase on 500-point increments, are tied to flood insurance premium reductions. Every class improvement earns an additional 5 percent discount for NFIP policyholders, with a starting discount of 5 percent for Class 9 communities and a maximum possible discount of 45 percent for Class 1 communities. Community participation in the CRS is voluntary. Any community that is in full compliance with the rules and regulations of the NFIP may apply to FEMA for a CRS classification better than class 10. The CRS application process has been greatly simplified over the past several years, based on community comments intended to make the CRS more user friendly, and extensive technical assistance available for communities who request it. — Durham County, the City of Durham, and Orange County participate in the Community Rating System. Each community’s CRS Class is shown in Table 5.2. 401 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 355 Table 5.2 – NFIP and CRS Information Jurisdiction Date of Initial FIRM or FHBM CRS Class Current Effective Map Date Alamance County 01/03/75 - 11/17/17 City of Burlington 06/21/74 - 11/17/17 City of Graham 07/11/75 - 11/17/17 City of Mebane 11/05/80 - 11/17/17 Town of Elon 06/05/89 - 11/17/17 Town of Green Level 12/22/98 - 11/17/17 Town of Haw River 07/18/75 - 11/17/17 Town of Ossipee* 09/06/06 - 11/17/17 Town of Swepsonville 01/03/75 - 11/17/17 Village of Alamance 01/03/75 - 11/17/17 Durham County 01/25/74 8 07/19/22 City of Durham 01/25/74 7 07/19/22 Orange County 06/16/78 6 12/06/19 Town of Carrboro 02/22/74 - 11/17/17 Town of Chapel Hill 06/21/74 - 10/19/18 Town of Hillsborough 05/19/78 - 11/17/17 Person County 02/10/78 - 12/06/19 City of Roxboro 01/13/78 - 12/06/19 Total - - - Source: FEMA NFIP Policy Statistics via NCEM Risk Management Tool; revised by HMPC *Communities not currently participating in the NFIP. FLOOD DAMAGE PREVENTION ORDINANCE A flood damage prevention ordinance establishes minimum building standards in the floodplain with the intent to minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions. — All communities participating in the NFIP are required to adopt a local flood damage prevention ordinance. All counties and all but one municipality participating in this hazard mitigation plan also participate in the NFIP and they all have adopted flood damage prevention regulations and have appointed floodplain administrators to oversee enforcement and implementation of the ordinance. Each community’s flood damage prevention regulations and designated Floodplain Administrator are outlined in Table 5.3. FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT PLAN A floodplain management plan (or a flood mitigation plan) provides a framework for action regarding corrective and preventative measures to reduce flood-related impacts. — 16 of the 18 participating jurisdictions have a floodplain management plan in place or are covered by a county plan. OPEN SPACE MANAGEMENT PLAN An open space management plan is designed to preserve, protect, and restore largely undeveloped lands in their natural state, and to expand or connect areas in the public domain such as parks, greenways, and 402 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 356 other outdoor recreation areas. In many instances open space management practices are consistent with the goals of reducing hazard losses, such as the preservation of wetlands or other flood-prone areas in their natural state in perpetuity. — 15 of the 18 participating jurisdictions have an open space management plan in place or are covered by a county plan. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN A stormwater management plan is designed to address flooding associated with stormwater runoff. The stormwater management plan is typically focused on design and construction measures that are intended to reduce the impact of more frequently occurring minor urban flooding. — 17 of the 18 participating jurisdictions have a stormwater management plan in place or are covered by a county plan. SUBSTANTIAL DAMAGE PROCEDURES The NFIP requires that participating communities regulate and enforce substantial damage and substantial improvement procedures. Properties in communities that participate in the NFIP that are determined to be “substantially damaged” following a flood event must be brought into compliance with the local flood damage prevention ordinance. Determination of substantial damage is a coordinated effort between emergency management, police and fire departments, and permitting departments such as planning and building inspections departments. Substantial damage estimating procedures for participating jurisdictions are detailed below in Table 5.3. When identifying and enforcing substantial damage and substantial improvement requirements during permitting, all NFIP participating communities follow the process outlined below: For applications for building permits to improve buildings and structures, including alterations, movement, enlargement, replacement, repair, change of occupancy, additions, rehabilitations, renovations, substantial improvements, repairs of substantial damage, and any other improvement of or work on such buildings and structures, the Floodplain Administrator, in coordination with the Building Official, shall follow the procedures outlined below: — Estimate the market value, or require the applicant to obtain an appraisal of the market value prepared by a qualified independent appraiser, of the building or structure before the start of construction of the proposed work; in the case of repair, the market value of the building or structure shall be the market value before the damage occurred and before any repairs are made; — Compare the cost to perform the improvement, the cost to repair a damaged building to its pre- damaged condition, or the combined costs of improvements and repairs, if applicable, to the market value of the building or structure; — Determine and document whether the proposed work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage; and — Notify the applicant if it is determined that the work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage and that compliance with the flood resistant construction requirements of the NC Building Code and the flood damage prevention ordinance is required. 403 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 357 Table 5.3 – Floodplain Management and Substantial Damage/Improvement (SD/SI) Procedures Jurisdiction Applicable local floodplain management regulations Designated officials for SD/SI determinations and staff training Processes used by the community to make SD/SI determinations Communication procedures for SD/SI requirements Alamance County Maintains a countywide flood damage ordinance and participates in the NFIP Alamance County Planning Director designated as the Floodplain Administrator. Alamance County Emergency Management Coordinator supports post-event damage assessment and SD determinations. — SD/SI is determined during the permitting process by Floodplain Administrator and Building Official by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure and determining whether the proposed work constitutes SI or repair of SD. — Following a major event, damage assessment teams are coordinated by Alamance County Emergency Management. Structures in the floodplain with significant damage are evaluated for SD determinations. Damage estimates are compared to market value from Assessor’s Office and properties deemed substantially damaged are flagged with door hangers and tracked by Building Department. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified when they apply for a permit and compliance with building codes and flood prevention ordinance required. City of Burlington Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP. City of Burlington Director of Inspections designated as the Floodplain Administrator. City Emergency Management Director support post-event SD management activities. — SD/SI is determined during the permitting process by Floodplain Administrator and Building Official by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure and determining whether the proposed work constitutes SI or repair of SD. — Post-event, the City coordinates with Alamance County Emergency Management to conduct damage assessments. Properties determined to be substantially damaged are tracked for enforcement in the permitting system. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified when they apply for a permit and compliance with building codes and flood prevention ordinance required. City of Graham Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP. City of Graham Planning Director designated as the Floodplain Administrator. — SD/SI determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Official coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure and determining whether the proposed work constitutes SI or repair of SD. — Post-event, the City coordinates with Alamance County Emergency Management to conduct damage assessments. Properties determined to be substantially damaged are tracked for enforcement in the permitting system. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified and compliance with building codes and flood prevention ordinance required. 404 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 358 Jurisdiction Applicable local floodplain management regulations Designated officials for SD/SI determinations and staff training Processes used by the community to make SD/SI determinations Communication procedures for SD/SI requirements City of Mebane Maintains flood damage prevention regulations as part of the unified development ordinance and participates in the NFIP. City of Mebane Zoning Administrator designated as the Floodplain Administrator. — SD/SI determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Official coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure. — Post-event, the City coordinates with Alamance County Emergency Management to conduct damage assessments. Properties determined to be substantially damaged are tracked for enforcement in the permitting system. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified when they apply for a permit and compliance with building codes and flood prevention ordinance required. Town of Elon Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP. The Town Manager designated as Floodplain Administrator. — SD/SI determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Official coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure. — Post-event determinations are coordinated with Alamance County Emergency Management following County procedures. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified and compliance with building codes and flood prevention ordinance required. Town of Green Level Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP. The Town Administrator designated as Floodplain Administrator. SD/SI is identified and enforced during permitting. Post- event SD determinations are coordinated with Alamance County Emergency Management following County procedures. SD/SI requirements are communicated to applicants during permitting process. Town of Haw River Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP. The County Building Inspector designated as Floodplain Administrator. SD/SI is identified and enforced during permitting. Post- event SD determinations are coordinated with Alamance County Emergency Management following County procedures. SD/SI requirements are communicated to applicants during permitting process. Town of Ossipee* Community does not participate in NFIP. N/A N/A N/A Town of Swepsonville Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP. Alamance County oversees Swepsonville’s floodplain ordinance. The Alamance County Planning Director designated as Floodplain Administrator for Town of Swepsonville. — SD/SI determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Official coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure. — Post-event determinations are coordinated with Alamance County Emergency Management following County procedures. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified and compliance with building codes and flood prevention ordinance required. 405 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 359 Jurisdiction Applicable local floodplain management regulations Designated officials for SD/SI determinations and staff training Processes used by the community to make SD/SI determinations Communication procedures for SD/SI requirements Village of Alamance Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP. Floodplain Administrator — SD/SI determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Official coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure. — Post-event determinations are coordinated with Alamance County Emergency Management following County procedures. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified and compliance with building codes and flood prevention ordinance required. Durham County Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP and is a CRS community (class 8). The Durham City-County Planning Director designated as Floodplain Administrator. — SD/SI determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Official coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure. — Following a hazard event, Durham County Emergency Management coordinates damage assessment teams with staff from multiple departments. Following an initial window survey, structures in the floodplain with significant damage are further evaluated and damages are estimated. Damage estimates are compared to the structure’s market value according to the Assessor’s Office. Properties determined to be substantially damaged are flagged with door hangers and tracked in the permitting system for subsequent enforcement during permitting. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified and compliance with building codes and flood prevention ordinance required. City of Durham Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP and is a CRS community (class 7). The Durham City-County Planning Director designated as Floodplain Administrator. See Durham County procedures. See Durham County procedures. 406 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 360 Jurisdiction Applicable local floodplain management regulations Designated officials for SD/SI determinations and staff training Processes used by the community to make SD/SI determinations Communication procedures for SD/SI requirements Orange County Maintains local flood damage prevention regulations in the unified development ordinance and participates in the NFIP and is a CRS community (class 6). The Planning Director designated as Floodplain Administrator. — SD/SI determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Official coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure. — Following a major event, damage assessment teams are coordinated by Orange County Emergency Management. Initial damage assessment teams conduct windshield surveys. Structures in the floodplain with significant damage are further evaluated for SD determinations. Damage estimates are compared to market value from the Tax Assessor. Properties that are determined to be substantially damaged are tracked in the permitting system by Building Inspections. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified and compliance with building codes and unified development ordinance required. Town of Carrboro Maintains local flood damage prevention regulations in the land use ordinance and participates in the NFIP. The Land Use Administrator designated as Floodplain Administrator — SD/SI determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Official coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure. — Post-event determinations are coordinated with Orange County Emergency Management following County procedures. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified and compliance with building codes and land use ordinance required. Town of Chapel Hill Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP. The Town Manager designated as Floodplain Administrator — SD/SI is determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Official coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure. — Post-event, the Town coordinates with Orange County Emergency Management to conduct damage assessments. Properties determined to be substantially damaged are tracked for enforcement in the permitting system. N/A 407 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 361 Jurisdiction Applicable local floodplain management regulations Designated officials for SD/SI determinations and staff training Processes used by the community to make SD/SI determinations Communication procedures for SD/SI requirements Town of Hillsborough Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP. The Planning Director designated as Floodplain Administrator. — SD/SI is determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Official coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure. — Post-event determinations are coordinated with Orange County Emergency Management following County procedures. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified and compliance with building codes and flood prevention ordinance required. Person County Maintains a local flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP. The Zoning Administrator designated as Floodplain Administrator. Person County Building Inspections support enforcement during permitting and post- event. — SD/SI is determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Inspections coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure. — Following a major event, damage assessment teams are coordinated by Person County Emergency Management. Structures in the floodplain with significant damage are evaluated for SD determinations. Damage estimates are compared to market value from the Tax Assessor and properties deemed substantially damaged are tracked using Survey 123. Enforcement is handled during permitting. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, applicants are notified and compliance with building codes and flood prevention ordinance required. City of Roxboro Maintains a flood damage prevention ordinance and participates in the NFIP. City of Roxboro has a contract for services with Person County Building Inspections, who make SD/SI determinations and report back to the City of Roxboro Planning and Development Department. — SD/SI is determined during permitting by Floodplain Administrator with Building Inspections coordination for all properties in the floodplain by comparing the cost of repairs or improvements to the market value of the structure. — Post-event determinations are coordinated with Person County Inspections Department following County procedures. If work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, Person County Building Inspections reports the determination to City of Roxboro Planning and Development Department. Applicants are notified of ordinance requirements. 408 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 362 5.3.2 ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL CAPABILITY The ability of a local government to develop and implement mitigation projects, policies, and programs is directly tied to its ability to direct staff time and resources for that purpose. Administrative capability can be evaluated by determining how mitigation-related activities are assigned to local departments and if there are adequate personnel resources to complete these activities. The degree of intergovernmental coordination among departments will also affect administrative capability for the implementation and success of proposed mitigation activities. Technical capability can generally be evaluated by assessing the level of knowledge and technical expertise of local government employees, such as personnel skilled in using GIS to analyze and assess community hazard vulnerability. The Local Capability Self-Assessment was used to capture information on administrative and technical capability through the identification of available staff and personnel resources. Table 5.4 provides a summary of the Local Capability Self-Assessment results for the region with regard to relevant staff and personnel resources. A checkmark indicates the presence of a staff member(s) in that jurisdiction with the specified knowledge or skill. Note that while all but one jurisdiction are participants in the NFIP, several jurisdictions in Alamance County do not have a local floodplain manager. In these cases, due to the limited capacity of these small jurisdictions, Alamance County is the designated floodplain administrator for the jurisdiction. 409 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 363 Table 5.4 – Relevant Staff/Personnel Resources Jurisdiction Planners with knowledge of land development and land management practices Engineers or professionals trained in construction practices related to buildings and/or infrastructure Planners or engineers with an understanding of natural and/or human-caused hazards Building Official Emergency manager Floodplain manager Land surveyors Scientist familiar with the hazards of the community Staff with education or expertise to assess the community vulnerability to hazards Personnel skilled in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and/or HAZUS Resource development staff or grant writers Maintenance programs to reduce risk Warning systems/services Mutual Aid Agreements Alamance County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Burlington ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Graham ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Mebane ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Elon ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Green Level ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Haw River ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Ossipee ✓ Town of Swepsonville ✓ Village of Alamance ✓ ✓ Durham County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Durham ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Orange County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Carrboro ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Chapel Hill ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Hillsborough ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Person County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Roxboro ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Source: Local Capability Assessment Survey 410 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 364 5.3.3 FISCAL CAPABILITY The ability of a local government to implement mitigation actions is often dependent on the amount of money available. This may take the form of outside grant funding awards or locally based revenue and financing. The costs associated with mitigation policy and project implementation vary widely. In some cases, policies are tied primarily to staff time or administrative costs associated with the creation and monitoring of a given program. In other cases, direct expenses are linked to an actual project such as the acquisition of flood-prone houses, which can require a substantial commitment from local, state, and federal funding sources. The Local Capability Self-Assessment was used to capture information on the region’s fiscal capability through the identification of locally available financial resources. Table 5.5 provides a summary of the results for the region with regard to relevant fiscal resources. A checkmark indicates that the given fiscal resource is locally available for hazard mitigation purposes (including match funds for state and federal mitigation grant funds). Table 5.5 – Relevant Fiscal Resources Jurisdiction Capital Improvement Programming Community Development Block Grants (CDBG) Special Purpose Taxes Gas/Electric Utility Fees Water/Sewer Fees Stormwater Utility Fees Development Impact Fees General Obligation Bonds Revenue Bonds Special Tax Bonds Other Alamance County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Burlington ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Graham ✓ ✓ City of Mebane ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Elon ✓ ✓ Town of Green Level ✓ ✓ Town of Haw River ✓ ✓ Town of Ossipee ✓ ✓ Town of Swepsonville ✓ ✓ Village of Alamance ✓ ✓ Durham County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Durham ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Orange County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Carrboro ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Chapel Hill ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Hillsborough ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Person County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Roxboro ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Source: Local Capability Assessment Survey 411 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 365 Within the past five years, several communities in the Eno-Haw Region submitted applications for BRIC and/or HMGP grant funding to increase fiscal resources for mitigation. The following projects were selected for funding through the BRIC program: - City of Burlington – May’s Lake Regional Stormwater Project - City of Mebane – Sewer Rehab Projects - The Town of Chapel Hill – Chapel Hill Transit Zero-Emissions Fleet & Facilities Resilience Plan - Town of Hillsborough – River Pumping Station Relocation from Floodway - Town of Hillsborough – Resilient Regional Water Supply Project Additionally, the City of Durham received HMGP funding for several acquisition projects. 5.3.4 EDUCATION AND OUTREACH CAPABILITY This type of local capability refers to education and outreach programs and methods already in place that could be used to implement mitigation activities and communicate hazard-related information. Examples include natural disaster or safety related school programs; participation in community programs such as Firewise or StormReady; and activities conducted as part of hazard awareness campaigns such as a Tornado Awareness Month. Table 5.6 provides a summary of the results for the region with regard to relevant education and outreach resources. A checkmark indicates that the given resource is locally available for hazard mitigation purposes. Table 5.6 – Education and Outreach Resources Jurisdiction Local citizen groups or non-profit organizations focused on environmental protection, emergency preparedness, access and functional needs populations, etc. Ongoing public education or information program (e.g., responsible water use, fire safety, household preparedness, environmental education) Natural disaster or safety related school programs StormReady certification Firewise Communities certification Public-private partnership initiatives addressing disaster-related issues Other Alamance County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Burlington ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Graham ✓ City of Mebane ✓ ✓ Town of Elon ✓ Town of Green Level ✓ Town of Haw River ✓ Town of Ossipee ✓ 412 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 366 Jurisdiction Local citizen groups or non-profit organizations focused on environmental protection, emergency preparedness, access and functional needs populations, etc. Ongoing public education or information program (e.g., responsible water use, fire safety, household preparedness, environmental education) Natural disaster or safety related school programs StormReady certification Firewise Communities certification Public-private partnership initiatives addressing disaster-related issues Other Town of Swepsonville ✓ Village of Alamance ✓ Durham County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Durham ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Orange County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Carrboro ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Chapel Hill ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Hillsborough ✓ ✓ Person County ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Roxboro ✓ ✓ Source: Local Capability Assessment Survey 5.3.5 MITIGATION CAPABILITY This type of local capability refers to the mitigation strategies and actions that are developed by the communities in this plan. Table 5.7 provides a summary of the results for the planning area with regard to relevant mitigation resources. A checkmark (✓) indicates that the given resource is locally available for hazard mitigation purposes. Table 5.7 – Mitigation Resources Jurisdiction Do you apply for mitigation grant funding? Do you perform reconstruction projects? Do you perform building elevations? Do you perform acquisitions? Alamance County ✓ City of Burlington ✓ City of Graham City of Mebane Town of Elon Town of Green Level 413 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 367 Jurisdiction Do you apply for mitigation grant funding? Do you perform reconstruction projects? Do you perform building elevations? Do you perform acquisitions? Town of Haw River Town of Ossipee Town of Swepsonville Village of Alamance Durham County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ City of Durham ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Orange County ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Carrboro ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Town of Chapel Hill Town of Hillsborough ✓ Person County ✓ ✓ City of Roxboro ✓ Within the last five years, the City of Durham completed one property acquisition funded through HMGP and has another acquisition nearly completed, also funded through HMGP. 5.3.6 POLITICAL CAPABILITY One of the most difficult capabilities to evaluate involves the political will of a jurisdiction to enact meaningful policies and projects designed to reduce the impact of future hazard events. Hazard mitigation may not be a local priority, or it may conflict with or be seen as an impediment to other goals of the community, such as growth and economic development. Therefore, the local political climate must be considered in designing mitigation strategies, as it could be the most difficult hurdle to overcome in accomplishing their adoption and implementation. The Local Capability Self-Assessment was used to capture information on political capability of the region. Survey respondents were asked to rate political support as they perceive it and identify general examples of local political capability, such as guiding development away from identified hazard areas, restricting public investments or capital improvements within hazard areas, or enforcing local development standards that go beyond minimum state or federal requirements. HMPC representatives from many participating jurisdictions responded that political leaders are at least potentially willing to implement mitigation measures. In Person County and Roxboro, respondents noted mixed support and that current leaders have not been faced with a hazard event requiring immediate implementation of mitigation. Therefore, leaders here may not be motivated to pursue mitigation. A few participating jurisdictions noted having local standards that exceed state requirements, which exemplifies local political will to implement mitigation. For example, the Town of Hillsborough has standards in its flood damage prevention ordinance and fire prevention ordinance that exceed state standards. 414 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 368 5.3.7 LOCAL SELF-ASSESSMENT RATING Staff representatives from each of the participating communities were asked to rate their community’s perceived capability across each of the capability categories and overall, as either “limited,” “moderate,” or “high.” Table 5.8 summarizes the self-assessment ratings for each community in the Eno-Haw Region. Table 5.8 – Self-Assessment of Capability Jurisdiction Plans, Ordinances, Codes and Programs Administrative and Technical Capability Fiscal Capability Education and Outreach Capability Mitigation Capability Political Capability Overall Capability Alamance County Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate City of Burlington Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate City of Graham Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate City of Mebane High High High Moderate Limited Moderate Moderate Town of Elon Moderate Moderate Limited Limited Limited Limited Moderate Town of Green Level Moderate Moderate Limited Limited Limited Limited Moderate Town of Haw River Moderate Moderate Limited Limited Limited Limited Moderate Town of Ossipee Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Town of Swepsonville Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Village of Alamance Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Durham County High High Moderate Moderate Moderate Limited Moderate City of Durham High High Moderate Moderate Moderate Limited Moderate Orange County High High Moderate High High Moderate Moderate Town of Carrboro High High Moderate High High Moderate Moderate Town of Chapel Hill High Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Town of Hillsborough Moderate Moderate Moderate Limited Limited Moderate Moderate Person County Moderate Moderate Moderate Limited Moderate Limited Moderate City of Roxboro Moderate Limited Limited Moderate Limited Limited Limited Source: Local Capability Assessment Survey 5.4 CONCLUSIONS ON LOCAL CAPABILITY In order to form meaningful conclusions on the assessment of local capability, a quantitative scoring methodology was designed and applied to results of the Local Capability Assessment Survey. This methodology attempts to assess the overall level of capability of the Eno-Haw region to implement hazard mitigation actions. Table 5.9 shows the results of the capability assessment using the designed scoring methodology. The capability score is based solely on the information provided by local officials in response to the Local Capability Self-Assessment. According to the assessment, the average local capability score for all responding jurisdictions is 85, which falls into the Moderate capability ranking. This score indicates that there has been little change in overall capability over the last five years since the previous plan. 415 SECTION 5: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 369 Table 5.9 – Capability Assessment Results Jurisdiction Overall Capability Score Overall Capability Rating Alamance County 105 High City of Burlington 109 High City of Graham 74 Moderate City of Mebane 91 Moderate Town of Elon 67 Low Town of Green Level 62 Low Town of Haw River 63 Low Town of Ossipee 56 Low Town of Swepsonville 56 Low Village of Alamance 57 Low Durham County 107 High City of Durham 107 High Orange County 114 High Town of Carrboro 105 High Town of Chapel Hill 103 High Town of Hillsborough 93 Moderate Person County 78 Moderate City of Roxboro 78 Moderate Source: Local Capability Assessment Survey, NCEM Risk Management Tool As previously discussed, one of the reasons for conducting a capability assessment is to examine local capabilities to detect any existing gaps or weaknesses within ongoing government activities that could hinder proposed mitigation activities and possibly exacerbate community hazard vulnerability. These gaps or weaknesses have been identified, for each jurisdiction, in the tables found throughout this section. The participating jurisdictions used the capability assessment as part of the basis for the mitigation actions that are identified in Section 7; therefore, each jurisdiction addresses their ability to expand on and improve their existing capabilities through the identification of their mitigation actions. 416 SECTION 6: MITIGATION STRATEGY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 370 6 MITIGATION STRATEGY This section describes the process for developing the mitigation strategy for the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. It describes how the Region met the requirements for Planning Step 6 (Set Goals), Planning Step 7 (Review Possible Activities), and Planning Step 8 (Draft an Action Plan). This section includes the following sub-sections: 6.1 Goals and Objectives 6.2 Identification & Analysis of Mitigation Activities 6.1 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Goal setting builds upon the findings of Section 4, which documents the hazards and associated risks that threaten the Eno-Haw Region, and Section 5, which evaluates each jurisdiction’s capacity of the to reduce the impact of hazards. The intent of goal setting is to identify areas where feasible actions can be taken or improvements to existing capabilities can be made so that community vulnerability to hazards is reduced. Goals also guide the review of possible mitigation measures. This plan needs to make sure that recommended actions are consistent with what is appropriate for the Region. Mitigation goals need to reflect community priorities and should be consistent with other local plans. — Goals are general guidelines that explain what is to be achieved. They are usually broad-based policy type statements, long term and represent global visions. Goals help define the benefits that the plan is trying to achieve. — Objectives are short term aims that, when combined, form a strategy or course of action to meet a goal. Unlike goals, objectives are specific and measurable. 6.1.1 COORDINATION WITH OTHER PLANNING EFFORTS The goals of this plan need to be consistent with and complement the goals of other local planning efforts. The primary planning documents that the goals of this plan should complement and be consistent with are the participating jurisdictions’ comprehensive plans. Comprehensive plans are important because they are developed and designed to guide future growth within their communities so they encompass long-term strategies and can be critical to reducing long term vulnerabilities. Keeping the Hazard Mitigation Plan and Comprehensive Plans consistent ensures that land development is done with awareness and understanding of hazard risk and that mitigation projects complement rather than contradict community development objectives. Requirement §201.6(c)(3): [The plan shall include] a mitigation strategy that provides the jurisdiction’s blueprint for reducing the potential losses identified in the risk assessment, based on existing authorities, policies, programs and resources, and its ability to expand on and improve these existing tools. Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(i): [The mitigation strategy section shall include a] description of mitigation goals to reduce or avoid long-term vulnerabilities to the identified hazards. 417 SECTION 6: MITIGATION STRATEGY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 371 6.1.2 GOAL SETTING At the third planning meeting, the HMPC reviewed and discussed the goals and objectives from the 2020 plan. The HMPC largely approved of the existing goals. Objective 3.1 was revised to encompass general capability improvement efforts, Objective 4.1 was revised for clarity, and Objective 4.2 was revised to incorporate the protection of existing property from hazard impacts. All other goals and objectives remained unchanged. The revised and reaffirmed goals of this plan update are detailed below in Section 6.1.3. 6.1.3 RESULTING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The HMPC agreed upon four general goals for this planning effort and included specific objectives in support of each goal. The refined goals and objectives are as follows: Goal 1 – Change, enhance, or adopt plans, ordinances, policies, regulations, and other local tools and mechanisms to better facilitate risk reduction activities and improve overall resiliency. Objective 1.1: Strive to ensure that development occurs in such a way as to protect wetlands, floodplains, erosion control measures, and other natural features that serve to reduce hazard risk. Objective 1.2: Pursue policies that incorporate hazard mitigation into new development and post-disaster redevelopment. Goal 2 – Protect the public health, safety and welfare by increasing training, education, and public awareness of hazards and by encouraging collective and individual responsibility for mitigating hazard risks. Objective 2.1: Implement a public awareness campaign to educate citizens of possible hazards and mitigation options. Objective 2.2: Pursue strategies and technologies to improve warning and notification of hazard events and ensure that emergency services are adequate to protect public health and safety. Goal 3 – Improve technical, administrative, financial, and political capability to implement effective mitigation projects and respond to hazards. Objective 3.1: Improve operations for hazards and emergencies that cause disruptions to traffic, release times, power outages, sheltering, and communications, and increase mitigation capability. Objective 3.2: Improve regular regional communication and foster the creation of more multi- jurisdictional regional planning efforts related to risk reduction and resiliency. Goal 4 – Implement structure and infrastructure projects to improve public safety, reduce risk to vulnerable populations, and protect buildings, transportation, and other critical and essential functions of the Eno-Haw Region. Objective 4.1: Strive to keep infrastructure extensions out of known hazardous areas in order to actively discourage development in high risk areas. Objective 4.2: Retrofit or otherwise protect existing property, critical facilities, and infrastructure against damages. 418 SECTION 6: MITIGATION STRATEGY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 372 6.2 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF MITIGATION ACTIVITIES To identify and select mitigation projects that support the mitigation goals and objectives, the risks and vulnerabilities associated with all hazards identified and evaluated in Section 4 Risk Assessment were evaluated for mitigation opportunities. The identification of mitigation actions for technological and human-caused hazards was left to the discretion of each jurisdiction. The HMPC analyzed viable mitigation options that supported the identified goals and objectives, addressed key problems, risks, or vulnerabilities, and aligned with other local plans and efforts. The HMPC was provided with the following list of mitigation categories which are utilized as part of the CRS planning process but are also applicable to multi-hazard mitigation: — Prevention — Property Protection — Natural Resource Protection — Emergency Services — Structural Projects — Public Information and Outreach The HMPC was also provided with examples of potential mitigation actions for each of the above categories. The HMPC was instructed to consider both future and existing buildings in evaluating possible mitigation actions. Facilitated discussions took place to examine and analyze the options. The HMPC also considered which actions from the previous plan that were not already completed should be continued in this action plan. More details on mitigation alternatives considered by the HMPC are provided in Appendix C. 6.2.1 PRIORITIZATION PROCESS In the process of identifying continuing and new mitigation actions, the HMPC was asked to consider a set of prioritization criteria to assist in deciding why one recommended action might be more important, more effective, or more likely to be implemented than another. Criteria were grouped into three categories: Suitability, Risk Reduction, and Cost. The criteria for the prioritization process included the following: — Suitability — Appropriateness of Action — Community Acceptance — Technical and Administrative Feasibility — Environmental Impact — Legal Conformance Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(ii): [The mitigation strategy section shall include a] section that identifies and analyzes a comprehensive range of specific mitigation actions and projects being considered to reduce the effects of each hazard, with particular emphasis on new and existing buildings and infrastructure. All plans approved by FEMA after October 1, 2008, must also address the jurisdiction’s participation in the NFIP, and continued compliance with NFIP requirements, as appropriate. 419 SECTION 6: MITIGATION STRATEGY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 373 — Consistency with Existing Plans and Other Community Goals — Risk Reduction — Scope of Benefits — Potential to Save Lives — Importance of Benefits — Level of Inconvenience or Unintended Consequence — Losses Avoided — Number of People to Benefit — Cost — Estimate of Upfront Cost — Estimate of Ongoing Cost — Benefit to Cost Ratio — Financing Availability — Affordability — Elimination of Repetitive Damages In accordance with the DMA requirements, an emphasis was placed on the importance of a benefit-cost analysis in determining action priority, as reflected in the prioritization criteria above. For each action, the HMPC considered the benefit-cost analysis in terms of: — Ability of the action to address the problem — Contribution of the action to save life or property — Available technical and administrative resources for implementation — Availability of funding and perceived cost-effectiveness The consideration of these criteria helped to prioritize and refine mitigation actions but did not constitute a full benefit-cost analysis. The cost-effectiveness of any mitigation alternative will be considered in greater detail through performing benefit-cost project analyses when seeking FEMA mitigation grant funding for eligible actions associated with this plan. Using these prioritization criteria, the HMPC assigned each action a ranking of High, Medium, or Low priority. The prioritization ranking for each mitigation action considered by the HMPC is provided in Section 7 Mitigation Action Plans. 420 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 374 7 MITIGATION ACTION PLANS This section provides the mitigation action plans for each participating jurisdiction. The plans are organized as follows: — Table 7.1 – Mitigation Action Plan, Alamance County — Table 7.2 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Burlington — Table 7.3 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Graham — Table 7.4 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Mebane — Table 7.5 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Elon — Table 7.6 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Green Level — Table 7.7 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Haw River — Table 7.8 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Ossipee — Table 7.9 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Swepsonville — Table 7.10 – Mitigation Action Plan, Village of Alamance — Table 7.11 – Mitigation Action Plan, Durham County-Durham City — Table 7.12 – Mitigation Action Plan, Orange County — Table 7.13 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Carrboro — Table 7.14 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Chapel Hill — Table 7.15 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Hillsborough — Table 7.16 – Mitigation Action Plan, Person County — Table 7.17 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Roxboro Note that Durham County and the City of Durham opted to coordinate on a joint mitigation action plan. Additionally, several actions pursued by multiple Alamance County jurisdictions are consolidated into the Alamance County Mitigation Action Plan. These projects will provide mitigation to all applicable jurisdictions, but the County is serving as the lead party responsible for implementation. Person County and the City of Roxboro previously coordinated on a joint mitigation action plan but have opted to work independently for this plan update. Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(iii): [The mitigation strategy section shall include an] action plan describing how the actions identified in section (c)(3)(ii) will be prioritized, implemented, and administered by the local jurisdiction. Prioritization shall include a special emphasis on the extent to which benefits are maximized according to a cost benefit review of the proposed projects and their associated costs. 421 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 375 Table 7.1 – Mitigation Action Plan, Alamance County Action # Action Description Applicable Jurisdictions Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Alamance County, Town of Green Level, Town of Ossipee, Town of Swepsonville, Village of Alamance Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New P-2 Review methods of school construction to ensure that all new schools are constructed to the maximum cost feasible standards of wind resistance, flood resistance, and access so that they can be used as shelters for evacuees during and after natural hazard events. Alamance County All Hazards 1.2 Medium Alamance County Inspections Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. Our Inspections department will follow all guidelines on new projects. P-3 Review the subdivision regulations and make appropriate changes to encourage alternatives to placing lots in flood-prone areas and to minimize impervious surface coverings, if necessary. Alamance County Flooding 1.2 Medium Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward Planning is still working on this. Progress is being made by adding details to subdivision regulations in flood prone areas. Property Protection PP-1 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Alamance County Flooding 4.2 Low Alamance County Emergency Management, Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward EM monitors flood prone areas. PP-2 Monitor structures affected by flood and track damages and repair costs. If damages and repair costs are high relative to the value of the structure, consider mitigation including elevation, acquisition, or floodproofing. Alamance County Flooding 4.2 High Alamance County Emergency Management, Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress was made on this project. The County will continue to monitor county properties which are or may be impacted by flooding events. No structures were impacted by flooding since last plan. PP-3 Monitor recreational facilities located in the floodplain and evaluate flood resistance of county structures. Alamance County Flooding 4.2 Medium Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress was made on this project. The County will monitor the county properties which are or may be impacted by flooding events. PP-4 Monitor reservoirs for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Alamance County Flooding 4.2 High Alamance County Emergency Management Staff time 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress was made on this project. The County will coordinate with Municipal watershed owners and operators to monitor levels and control of the dams and gates for flooding. PP-5 Assess the need for Critical County Offices to bury overhead power, and data lines. Alamance County Severe Winter Weather Medium Alamance County Emergency Management County 2025-2030 New 422 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 376 Action # Action Description Applicable Jurisdictions Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and County-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. Alamance County All Hazards 4.2 Medium Alamance County Buildings and Inspections Department, Alamance County Planning Department, Alamance County Emergency Management State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress was made on this project due to limited funding. Will evaluate resilience needs and look for grants and resource funding to retrofit county facilities. SP-2 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Alamance County Flooding 4.2 Medium Alamance County Planning Department, Alamance County Emergency Management State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage builders, developers, and architects to become familiar with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) land use and building standards by attending annual workshops presented by the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management (NCEM). This can be accomplished by creating a mailing list and providing it to NCEM to use for its announcements. This task can be further supported by distributing copies of NCEM's announcements from the Alamance County Inspections Department when builders and developers apply for permits. Alamance County, Town of Green Level, Town of Haw River, Town of Swepsonville Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress was made on this project due to limited staff resources. PEA-2 Encourage citizens and businesses/industries to develop emergency preparedness plans. Alamance County, Town of Green Level All Hazards 2.1 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management; Alamance County LEPC LEPC 2025-2030 Carry Forward County EM has been working directly with local chemical facilities on developing Emergency Response Plans for 1st responder response. Also, Website, and social media campaigns have been completed with an all-hazards preparedness approach. PEA-3 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. Alamance County All Hazards 2.1 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management To be determined 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress made on this project due to limited staff. Plan to add this to the Emergency Management website. PEA-4 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. Alamance County All Hazards 2.1 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management To be determined 2025-2030 Carry Forward We have shared information via our website pertaining to preparation and planning for disasters. We have also created a social media campaign to target all hazards preparedness. 423 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 377 Action # Action Description Applicable Jurisdictions Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PEA-5 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. Alamance County Flooding 1.2 Medium Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward Planning Department Staff makes citizens aware of the additional compliance of developing in a flood zone. PEA-6 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protections, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Alamance County Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress made on this project due to limited staff. PEA-7 Maintain GIS system at www.alamance-nc.com. From this site anyone from a private citizen, builder, insurance company, etc. can see if a property is located in the 1-percent-annual-chance (100-year) floodplain. Alamance County, Town of Haw River, Town of Ossipee, Town of Swepsonville, Village of Alamance Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County GIS Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward The County Land Use plan is in progress and a land-use GIS layer is expected as a deliverable once the plan is complete. PEA-8 Provide local real estate agents with handouts that will advise potential buyers to investigate the flood hazard for the property they are considering purchasing. Alamance County, Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County Planning Department To be determined 2025-2030 Carry Forward In Progress. Implementation delayed due to limited staff resources. PEA-9 Educate citizens to listen for the watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service Alamance County, Town of Green Level, Town of Haw River, Town of Ossipee, Village of Alamance All Hazards 2.2 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management County 2025-2030 Carry Forward The County has utilized our website and social media outlets to share information to the public and local municipalities on listening to and having a warning system in the home. The County is now working with hearing impaired and distributing hearing impaired weather alert radios devices to those who request them. PEA-10 Maintain Alamance County Communications' capability to monitor weather conditions and advise all emergency services regarding watches and warnings. Alamance County, Flooding 2.2 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management County 2025-2030 Carry Forward We have updated our Nixle alert system and are promoting personnel to sign up for the service. Will continue to monitor and push weather information to PSAP's and other Emergency Services in the county to keep them aware of impending weather. PEA-11 Conduct focused public outreach events to educate the public on hazards faced by our community, and how they can properly prepare themselves and their family. Alamance County All Hazards 2.1 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management County 2025-2030 New 424 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 378 Table 7.2 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Burlington Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2020 Status 2020 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward This is ongoing as determined in Planning and Zoning ordinances. The City works with developers and property owners on a case-by-case basis. P-2 Adopt policy prohibiting the development of critical public facilities in the 100-year floodplain in cases where viable alternatives exist. Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is ongoing. This is not an adopted policy, but the City of Burlington Floodplain Manager oversees construction and acquisition of property in flood-prone areas. It is not the policy of the City to place critical systems in areas subject to flooding. P-3 Expand the City’s Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include more hazard specific information. All Hazards 1.2 Medium City of Burlington GIS Division Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is ongoing and continually evaluated for effectiveness and modified as needed. Current capability includes the ability to define hazard areas from historical data as well as the ability to project potential areas of concern. GIS and EM are looking at ways to enhance dashboards to provide a common operating picture. Also, looking at products that are able to combine current and forecasted weather to create real-time flood modeling. The City will also continue to monitor opportunities to enhance GIS technologies and appropriate datasets for hazard mitigation planning. P-4 Continue the City’s participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City maintained active participation in the NFIP. P-5 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium City of Burlington Fire Department, City of Burlington Water Department Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is ongoing based on regular maintenance schedules and is continually evaluated for effectiveness and modified as needed. P-6 Develop a detailed hazard assessment for dams in Alamance County and add to county hazard mitigation plan. Dam Failure 3.2 Medium City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward Dam Emergency Action Plans were updated in 2024/2025. P-7 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Monitor structures affected by flood and track damages and repair costs. If damages and repair costs are high relative to the value of the structure, consider mitigation including elevation, acquisition, or floodproofing. Flooding 4.2 High City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management, City Planning Department General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity was implemented as needed following hazard events. The City has the capability to conduct damage assessments with assistance from the County and the State. PP-2 Monitor recreational facilities located in the floodplain and evaluate flood resistance of city structures. Flooding 4.2 Medium City of Burlington, City Planning Department General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to limited administrative resources. 425 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 379 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2020 Status 2020 Implementation Status Comments PP-3 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 1.1 High City of Burlington N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward All reservoirs and water sources located throughout the city have been processed by various companies (i.e. dam review, etc.). City of Burlington reservoirs are assessed each year for potential problems as well as security issues. Structural Projects SP-1 Retrofit critical facilities and City-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections, Office of Emergency Management, City Planning Department Internal staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to fiscal limitations. The City will continue to seek opportunities to implement retrofits as needed. SP-2 Install backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed county/town critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections, Office of Emergency Management, City Planning Department Local, State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward Some generators have been replaced (PD) or repaired (City Hall). Additional needs remain, such as adding an additional transfer switch to the generator at city hall so that should there be a failure in the main generator, a generator could be sourced and integrated seamlessly. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management, City Planning Department State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium City of Burlington Fire Department Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is implemented annually. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage builders, developers, and architects to become familiar with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) land use and building standards by attending annual workshops presented by the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management (NCEM). Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections, City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to limited staff resources. PEA-2 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The City gives presentations to HOAs and neighborhood groups and distributes literature. PEA-3 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management, Burlington Office of Public Information Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is ongoing and continually evaluated for effectiveness and modified as needed. Recent outreach methods include giving presentations and maintaining a presence at public events. PEA-4 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protection, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Flooding 2.1 Low City of Burlington, Alamance County Planning Department N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is ongoing. The City will continue to support maintaining these materials at local libraries and government offices. 426 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 380 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2020 Status 2020 Implementation Status Comments PEA-5 Provide local real estate agents with handouts that will advise potential buyers to investigate the flood hazard for the property they are considering purchasing. Flooding 2.1 Low City of Burlington, City Planning Department Unknown 2025-2030 Carried Forward No new resources were developed due to limited staff and fiscal resources. PEA-6 Educate citizens to listen for the watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service. All Hazards 2.2 Medium City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management conducted annual presentations to Burlington Housing authority, Burlington Senior center, and Burlington Community network and has maintained a presence at local community events such as the annual Carousel Festival. Presentations include NWS information as well as inclement and hazardous weather planning/preparation. 427 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 381 Table 7.3 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Graham Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Propose a policy prohibiting the development of critical public facilities in the 100-year floodplain in cases where viable alternatives exist. Presently, most critical facilities located in the floodplain are waste pump stations because they must be located at low elevations because the handle gravity flowing sewage. Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Graham Public Works Department General fund 2030 Carried Forward Flood damage prevention regulations are included in the City of Graham Development Ordinance. Graham will consider future revisions to include critical facility protection and other higher standards. P-2 Consider expanding the County's Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include maintaining Elevation Certificates in a computer database. Flooding 1.2 Medium Alamance County GIS Department Staff time, General fund 2030 Carried Forward Graham has centralized our Floodplain permitting and Elevation Certificates such that they are ready when requested. Further integration opportunities will be evaluated. P-3 Continue City of Graham's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Graham complied with the most recent update of the regulations and maps. P-4 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium City of Graham Fire Department Staff time 2030 Carried Forward No progress reported due to administrative barriers. Timeline based on Rating Schedule dictated by Office of State Fire Marshal. P-5 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Monitor recreational facilities located in the floodplain and evaluate flood resistance of county structures. Flooding 4.2 Medium City of Graham Public Works Department Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward Graham will continue to monitor and identify specific mitigation needs. PP-2 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 4.2 Medium City of Graham/ Alamance County EM General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Graham will continue to monitor and identify specific mitigation needs. PP-3 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium City of Graham Public Works Department, Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium City Buildings and Inspections Department, City Planning Department, City Emergency Services Local, State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No completed projects to report. The City will continue to identify and implement retrofits as needed. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium City Buildings and Inspections Department, City Planning Department, City Emergency Services Local, State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No new progress to report. Additional facilities to be identified. 428 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 382 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium City Planning Department, City Emergency Services State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report. Fire Chief will coordinate with State Forester and reestablish this link. ES-2 Coordinate with the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to maintain adequate and effective snow and ice removal plans by the towns/cities and NCDOT. "Adequate" means that all major thoroughfares are cleared and remain clear within 12 hours of last snowfall. Severe Winter Weather 2.2 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City continues to coordinate with NCDOT and is attempting to take over some primary routes. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage builders, developers, and architects to become familiar with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) land use and building standards by attending annual workshops presented by the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management (NCEM). This can be accomplished by creating a mailing list and providing it to NCEM to use for its announcements. This task can be further supported by distributing copies of NCEM's announcements from the Alamance County Inspections Department when builders and developers apply for permits. Flooding 2.1 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City of Graham works with Alamance County to ensure that developers are up-to-date when applying for permits and by attending workshops. City staff attends CFP trainings, and reviews all NFIP regulations. PEA-2 Encourage citizens and businesses/industries to develop emergency preparedness plans. All Hazards 2.1 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress reported due to limited staff resources. The City will maintain an Emergency Preparedness page on the City website in conjunction with the County to help inform local residents. PEA-3 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress reported due to limited staff resources. The City will maintain an Emergency Preparedness page on the City website in conjunction with the County to help inform local residents. PEA-4 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The usage of NIXLE has increased awareness of the frequency of hazards. The City will continue to push notifications regarding hazardous weather over this and other media. PEA-5 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. All Hazards 1.2 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Graham will continue to educate the public about the 2’ freeboard requirement. PEA-6 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protections, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Flooding 2.1 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Documents are made available at City Hall. 429 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 383 Table 7.4 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Mebane Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Maintain Shelter Agreements with the County Emergency Services All Hazards 2.2 Medium Alamance County/ City General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City has a contract with Alamance County Emergency Services and will assess the contract as-needed. P-2 Continue the City of Mebane’s participation in the National Flood Insurance Program Flooding 1.2 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City has maintained compliance with the NFIP and will continue to do so as part of plan review and permitting process. P-3 Monitor Reservoirs, Lakes, and Streams for Potential Flooding Problems and Note any Unexpected Flooding Issues Flooding 1.2 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward City has checked culverts and streams along outfalls ahead of large predicted storm events and cleared debris as necessary to prevent flooding. The City of Mebane began a construction project to replace the Lake Michael Dam Spillway in 2024. P-4 Review All Fire Districts Coverage to Ensure there are Adequate Quantities of Water for Fire Fighting Purposes and that all Water Points are Maintained on a Regular Basis Wildfire 2.2 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward OSFM conducted ISO inspections in 2022. Will review with OSFM upon next inspection. P-5 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Monitor Structures Affected by Flood and Track Damages and Repair Costs. Flooding 4.2 Low City Hazard Mitigation Grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report due to low priority. City owned structures will be monitored and tracked. Private structures will be tracked by building permits. PP-2 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium City General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to retrofit critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium City State Grants, UHMA Grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward As buildings are upgraded, we will look into retrofitting facilities with the latest technology. Many facilities have backup generators installed and low water consumption fixtures. SP-2 Seek funding to install backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed county/town critical facilities All Hazards 4.2 Medium City Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward Backup generators have now been installed at nearly all existing facilities. All new construction facilities will be evaluated as part of plan review. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium City State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New 430 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 384 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Emergency Services ES-1 Meet Annually with State Forester for Alamance County to Improve Coordination of Wildfire Control and Response Wildfire 3.2 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress due to limited staff resources. Fire department to meet annually with State forester to coordinate Wildfire Control and Response. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage Familiarity with National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Flooding 2.1 Medium Planning, Zoning and Inspections Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward No new progress to report due to limited administrative resources. Will continue existing outreach as part of plan review and permitting process. PEA-2 Encourage Citizens and Businesses to Develop Emergency Preparedness Plans All Hazards 2.1 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward Relevant City departments will continue to work with the Public Information Officer to produce videos and post information on the website encouraging development of emergency preparedness plans. In 2024 and 2025, the City of Mebane has produced educational videos related to emergency preparedness and response. PEA-3 Encourage Homeowners to Review Insurance Policies as Part of an Overall Family Disaster Plan All Hazards 2.1 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward Educational material is posted on website/handouts PEA-4 Increase Awareness of the Natural Hazards Potential to Officials, Public and Industry All Hazards 2.1 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward Code Red information is placed on the City’s website. Citizens are informed by Code Red notifications as hazards arise. The City of Mebane hired a Public Information Officer in 2022 and is actively using CodeRed and other tools to share information. PEA-5 Provide Local Real Estate Agents with Handouts that Will Advise Potential Buyers to Investigate the Flood Hazards for the Property Under Consideration Flooding 2.1 Low City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward Planning department provides information to agents and developers. 431 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 385 Table 7.5 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Elon Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Consider adopting a policy prohibiting the development of critical public facilities in the 100-year floodplain in cases where viable alternatives exist. Presently, most critical facilities located in the floodplain are waste pump stations because they must be located at low elevations because the handle gravity flowing sewage. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Elon Public Works Department, Town of Elon Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. The Town of Elon Public Works along with Town of Elon Planning(TRC) coordinate an inventory of all public facilities and identify the facilities that are within the 100 year floodplain-if any. P-2 Expand the County's Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include maintaining Elevation Certificates in a computer database. Flooding 1.2 Medium Alamance County, Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. The Town of Elon works in conjunction with Alamance Co. GIS in computer based driven software on this. P-3 Continue Town of Elon's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. Elon actively participates in the NFIP for its citizens. P-4 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Alamance County, Town of Elon Fire Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. Town of Elon contracts with 3rd party testing company to model and project needed water supplies for firefighting and domestic use on a yearly basis to keep up with growth and to help with FD ISO rating. Estimated cost $10,000. P-5 When the county land use plan is complete, create a land use map with an overlay of flood hazards and any other natural hazards that can be mapped. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Elon N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. Town participated with Alamance Co EM on flood mapping. Mapping was completed in 2015-2016. P-6 Direct Town of Elon to assess how it can better incorporate hazard mitigation plan goals and objectives into its planning and implementation of its duties with the County's plans. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Alamance County/Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. The Town of Elon Planning department has adopted the Land Management Ordinance which incorporates the use of the Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance and the Jordan Lake Riparian Buffer Ordinance at TRC. P-7 Develop and implement policies to enhance the urban tree canopy in ways that protect pedestrians and bicyclists from heat and pollution exposure through the use of the Land Management Ordinance requirements for street trees and parking lot landscaping. Excessive Heat 1.2 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 New P-8 Integrate climate change planning and solutions into emergency planning and preparedness, with a focus on heat and flooding. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 New P-9 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New 432 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 386 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Property Protection PP-1 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Elon, Alamance County N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. No new flood risks were identified in the last five years, but the Town and the County will continue to monitor for any new potential flood issues within the area. PP-2 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town- owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town Buildings and Inspections Department, Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services General Fund, Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Towns TRC committee together with plans review have been able to review and approve all new construction builds from 2015-2020 particularly with new construction at Elon University with backup generators (where applicable and required by the NC Fire Code) along with fire resistant materials, wind retrofits and upgrades, as well as 911 communications requirements in buildings for effective radio transmissions. The Town Hall has recently installed a generator to increase resiliency. As of 2025 the Town has also partnered with Waste Reduction Partners to conduct an energy audit on municipal buildings. Currently the Town Hall and Fire Station 8 been audited as of February 2025. SP-2 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Planning Department, Emergency Services State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Strive to ensure future development occurs in a manner that protects floodplains, streams, wetlands, and other natural features which work to reduce flood hazard susceptibility and continue to enforce existing regulations pertaining to stormwater management and erosion control standards contained within the Town of Elon Land Management Ordinance, Jordan Lake Riparian Buffer Ordinance, and Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance Flooding 1.1 High Town of Elon Staff Time 2025- 2030 New NRP-2 Implement the tree preservation and landscaping standards outlined in the Town of Elon Land Management Ordinance to preserve the tree canopy and reduce urban heat island effect. Excessive Heat 1.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Alamance County, Town of Elon Fire Department NA 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Elon FD conducts monthly meeting with the local arson task force and topics such as wildland fires are discussed occasionally with local FS Rep. 433 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 387 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments ES-2 Coordinate with the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to maintain adequate and effective snow and ice removal plans by the towns/cities and NCDOT. "Adequate" means that all major thoroughfares are cleared and remain clear within 12 hours of last snowfall. Severe Winter Weather 2.2 Medium Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town's Public Works Department provided completed snow removal from the Towns streets during every snow storm from 2015-2020. This was for any storm which produced enough precipitation to cover the roads and maintained them clear. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage builders, developers, and architects to become familiar with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) land use and building standards by attending annual workshops presented by the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management (NCEM). This can be accomplished by creating a mailing list and providing it to NCEM to use for its announcements. This task can be further supported by distributing copies of NCEM's announcements from the Alamance County Inspections Department when builders and developers apply for permits. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Elon along with Alamance County provides this information during the Town's Technical Review Committee meetings with contractors, architects, etc. The Town continues to provide this information to the institutions with the most development activity such as Elon University, Blakey Hall and Twin Lakes Retirement Centers. A link to the Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance has been placed on the Town's website. PEA-2 Encourage citizens and businesses/industries to develop emergency preparedness plans. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town will continue to coordinate efforts to meet with the major institutions and businesses (Elon University, Twin Lakes, Blakey Hall, Labcorp, Carolina Biological, Sonoco, and Engineering Controls) to encourage continued development of their plans as their operations expand. PEA-3 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Elon FD's Emergency Management currently maintains an updated preparedness page on their website. This information will continue to be updated periodically to help inform town residents. PEA-4 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward In the Town of Elon FD preparedness page on the Town’s website and a link also is added to the Alamance Co. Emergency Preparedness website. PEA-5 Maintain hazard mitigation plan and floodplain information on the Town's website (www.elonnc.com). All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The website carries you to the Hazard Mitigation Plan, NFIP website, and flood damage prevention ordinance (which is already in the Planning Departments documentation for download). PEA-6 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protections, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Flooding 2.1 Medium Town of Elon, Alamance County General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Elon is the FEMA repository for all related documents within its jurisdiction. The Town also works closely in conjunction with Alamance County concerning flooding issues. PEA-7 Maintain GIS system at www.alamance-nc.com. From this site anyone from a private citizen, builder, insurance company, etc. can see if a property is located in the 1-percent-annual-chance (100-year) floodplain. Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town provides a link on the Town's website to the County's GIS. The Town will continue to maintain this link. PEA-8 Provide local real estate agents with handouts that will advise potential buyers to investigate the flood hazard for the property they are considering purchasing. Flooding 2.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town provides links or info to the County GIS and NC FRIS website. 434 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 388 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PEA-9 Educate citizens to listen for the watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service Flooding 2.2 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Elon in conjunction with Alamance Co. inform the residents via website as well as the countywide emergency alert system, Nixle, of upcoming warnings and watches. PEA-10 During extreme heat and severe winter weather, organize community check-ins on elderly and sensitive populations. Program can be run at the neighborhood level through buddy systems where neighbors are aware of and check on those at risk of health impacts. Excessive Heat, Severe Winter Weather 2.2 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 New PEA-11 Develop a community-wide communications and outreach program on how to prepare and recover from climate hazards. The program may focus on a target population or a target hazard, or may be more broad. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 New PEA-12 Identify and plan for the use of municipal and county facilities (e.g., library, community buildings) as temporary shelter from storms or as cooling centers. Consider partnering with area nonprofits and faith-based organizations to help run the shelters during storms and extreme heat. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Town of Elon General Fund and Partnerships with local non-profits 2025-2030 New 435 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 389 Table 7.6 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Green Level Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Review the subdivision regulations and make appropriate changes to encourage alternatives to placing lots in flood-prone areas and to minimize impervious surface coverings, if necessary. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Green Level Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to administrative limitations. P-2 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Green Level Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. P-3 Expand the County's Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include maintaining Elevation Certificates in a computer database Flooding 1.2 Low Alamance County Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town maintains ECs, but they are not yet made available on the County’s GIS website. P-4 Continue the Town of Green Level's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Green Level Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town has remained an active participant in the NFIP. P-5 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Town of Green Level, Town of Haw River Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to administrative limitations. P-6 When the county land use plan is complete, create a land use map with an overlay of flood hazards and any other natural hazards that can be mapped. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Green Level Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward County land development plan was completed and adopted in 2020. Flood hazard and land use mapping remains to be completed. Property Protection PP-1 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Low Town of Green Level General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town Buildings and Inspections Department, Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited administrative and fiscal resources. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town Buildings and Inspections Department, Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited administrative and fiscal resources. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town Planning Department, Emergency Services State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Town of Green Level, Town of Haw River Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited staff resources. 436 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 390 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage residents to sign up for the countywide emergency notification system. Greater awareness of hazard events will help make residents more aware of their risks and encourage them to take preparedness and property protection actions to mitigate their individual hazard risk. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Green Level Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward Green Level has an updated website and will work to incorporate links and information encouraging residents to sign up for the countywide emergency notification system. 437 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 391 Table 7.7 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Haw River Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Expand the County's Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include maintaining Elevation Certificates in a computer database. Flooding 1.2 Medium Alamance County GIS Department Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Haw River maintains ECs and will work in conjunction with Alamance County GIS Department to make them available in a computer database. P-2 Continue Town of Haw River's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Haw River Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Haw River has participated in the NFIP Program since 07/18/1975. P-3 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Town of Haw River Fire Department Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward Water/fire flow study completed in 2021. Maintenance and monitoring efforts will continue. P-4 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Monitor recreational facilities located in the floodplain and evaluate flood resistance of county structures. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Haw River Public Works Department Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward Red Slide Park is in the floodplain and experiences regular flooding and has been closed on several occasions. Regular monitoring will continue. PP-2 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Haw River Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town will continue to monitor flooding problems. PP-3 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Haw River General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town- owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town Buildings and Inspections Department, Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Haw River will continue to look for grant money regarding upgrading critical facilities to improve resilience to all hazards and to improve energy usage. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town Buildings and Inspections Department, Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward Ongoing. The Haw River Police Department purchased a generator in 2021 using grant money. The Town will continue to upgrade pump stations to install generators when possible. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New 438 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 392 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Town of Haw River Fire Department Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward This has been performed annually with the Haw River Fire Chief and the Alamance County Fire Marshall’s office. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage citizens and businesses/industries to develop emergency preparedness plans. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Haw River Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Haw River Fire Department has continued to work with business owners on developing emergency response plans. PEA-2 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Haw River, Alamance County Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Haw River Fire Department continued to work with homeowners on developing family emergency plans. PEA-3 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Haw River Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Haw River Fire Department continued to promote awareness on natural hazards through education at local schools. PEA-4 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Haw River Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report due to limited administrative capability. The Town of Haw River reviews all new development through the TRC process. PEA-5 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protections, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County, Town of Haw River Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Haw River works in conjunction with Alamance County GIS Department on this, and the Town is the repository for all flood documents PEA-6 Encourage residents to sign up for the countywide emergency notification system. Greater awareness of hazard events will help make residents more aware of their risks and encourage them to take preparedness and property protection actions to mitigate their individual hazard risk. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Haw River Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Haw River will continue to work in conjunction with Alamance County on this. 439 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 393 Table 7.8 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Ossipee Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited administrative resources. P-2 When the county land use plan is complete, create a land use map with an overlay of flood hazards and any other natural hazards that can be mapped. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The County land use plan update was completed. Mapping for Ossipee remains to be done. Property Protection PP-1 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited administrative resources. PP-2 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Ossipee General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to lack of funding. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town has a new Town Hall and will seek funding to secure a backup generator. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Ossipee State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited administrative resources. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Ossipee Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to administrative limitations. PEA-2 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Ossipee Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to administrative and technical limitations. PEA-3 Encourage residents to sign up for the countywide emergency notification system. Greater awareness of hazard events will help make residents more aware of their risks and encourage them to take preparedness and property protection actions to mitigate their individual hazard risk. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Ossipee Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Ossipee will work with Alamance County on this effort. 440 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 394 Table 7.9 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Swepsonville Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Review the subdivision regulations and make appropriate changes to encourage alternatives to placing lots in flood-prone areas and to minimize impervious surface coverings, if necessary. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations P-2 Continue Town of Swepsonville's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town has maintained compliance with NFIP requirements for continued participation. P-3 Develop specific regulations that prohibit dumping in the county's watersheds Flooding 1.1 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations P-4 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations Property Protection PP-1 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations PP-2 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local, State Grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to staff and funding limitations. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local, State Grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to staff and funding limitations. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage citizens and businesses/industries to develop emergency preparedness plans. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to lack of administrative resources for outreach. PEA-2 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to lack of administrative resources for outreach. PEA-3 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to lack of administrative resources for outreach. PEA-4 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to lack of administrative resources for outreach. PEA-5 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protections, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Flooding 2.1 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to lack of administrative resources for outreach. 441 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 395 Table 7.10 – Mitigation Action Plan, Village of Alamance Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Continue to expand the County's Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include maintaining Elevation Certificates in a computer database. Flooding 1.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Village will work to compile and provide ECs to the County. P-2 Continue the Village of Alamance's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Village has maintained compliance with the NFIP P-3 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. Property Protection PP-1 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 4.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. PP-2 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium Village of Alamance General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Village-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local, State Grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative and fiscal limitations. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local, State Grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative and fiscal limitations. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium City Planning Department, City Emergency Services State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Village of Alamance Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. PEA-2 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Village of Alamance Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. PEA-3 Maintain hazard mitigation plan and floodplain information on the Village's website. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Village of Alamance Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Village has an updated website and will work to incorporate hazard mitigation and floodplain information. 442 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 396 Table 7.11 – Mitigation Action Plan, Durham County-Durham City Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Seek funding to install backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed County or City critical facilities All Hazards 4.2 Medium Buildings and Inspections Department, Planning Department, Emergency Services, Public Works Local, State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward Emergency Services will continue to seek funding for back- up generators. PP-2 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties, including repetitive loss properties and substantially damages properties. Flooding 4.2 Medium County Engineering and Environmental Services, Public Works Local, State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Acquisition and elevation projects were completed and are in progress in the City. Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Identify and obtain additional properties to increase protected open space as a land-use tool to reduce adverse impacts from floods. Flooding 1.2 Medium City-County Planning Department, Public Works HMGP or BRIC with local or State match 2025-2030 Carried Forward Acquisition projects were completed and are in progress in the City. City and County will work to identify more properties to pursue additional acquisitions. NRP-2 Complete one (1) stream restoration project to reduce flooding risk by restoring or enhancing stream channels to improve natural flow and capacity of streams, allowing them to better handle increased water volume during storms. Flooding 1.1, 4.2 Medium County Engineering and Environmental Services; Stormwater and Erosion Control Division County Stormwater Utility fee 2025-2030 New The Stormwater and Erosion Control Division is working on this plan now and plan to begin construction in 2026. Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to retrofit critical facilities and City- and County-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Buildings and Inspections Department, Planning Department, Emergency Services, Public Works Local, State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City and County will work to identify existing facilities in need of retrofits. Emergency Services will continue to seek funding for those retrofits. The County is currently prioritizing suggestions from an assessment done to reduce the carbon footprint and increase energy efficiency throughout the buildings. SP-2 Complete at least one (1) stormwater management project. The stormwater management project will include either a new stormwater control measure (SCM) to treat previously untreated impervious area or retrofit an existing SCM to increase runoff capture and treatment. All Hazards 4.1, 4.2 Moderate County Engineering and Environmental Services; Stormwater and Erosion Control Division, Public Works County Stormwater Utility fee 2025-2030 New 443 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 397 Table 7.12 – Mitigation Action Plan, Orange County Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Incorporate relevant HMP priorities into drafted 2050 Land Use Plan for adoption; in the meantime, continue implementation of the Orange County 2030 Comprehensive Plan. All Hazards 1.1 Medium Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward This action has been revised to incorporate priorities into the drafted 2050 Land Use Plan. Implementation of the 2030 Comprehensive Plan is ongoing. P-2 Continue participation in the Community Rating System (CRS) and annual recertification in order to increase public safety, reduce property damage, avoid economic loss, and allow for a decrease in flood insurance premiums for Orange County residents. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.1 High Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) Ongoing Carried Forward The CRS re-certification period runs from August 1st to August 1st for each fiscal year. Staff works with CRS every July to submit our annual CRS recertification application. Orange County’s 2024 CRS rating was a score of Class 6, which qualifies our constituents for a 20% discount in FEMA flood insurance premiums. Staff hopes to maintain our relatively high CRS score for FY25, with potential eventual score increase (perhaps to Class 5), once staff is able to procure Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM) status. P-3 Continue to enforce floodplain regulations through the county's Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) Overlay District contained within the Orange County Unified Development Ordinance and continue training efforts for the Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM). Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 High Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) Ongoing Carried Forward Orange County underwent a successful Floodplain Management program (NFIP) audit by the NC Department of Public Safety (NCDPS) in June 2023. Current feedback from NCDPS is that the program is in full compliance; with only a few minor deficiencies noted, of which staff is aware of and actively working to address into FY25. Staff hopes to procure Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM) status in FY25. P-4 Continue to collaborate and support municipal mitigation strategies All Hazards 3.2 Medium Orange County Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County remains committed to supporting municipal mitigation strategies. Orange County Emergency Management is assisting UNC Chapel Hill with a generator project funded through the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) from Hurricane Florence. Additionally, Orange County Emergency Management is supporting the Town of Carrboro in applying for HMGP funding for a property acquisition related to flood damage from Hurricane Helene. P-5 Climate Action Plan All Hazards 2.1 High Orange County Sustainability General Fund (existing staff salaries), CIP, Federal and State grants 2023-2032 New The Orange County Climate Action Plan was adopted in November 2023 and is currently in implementation. The plan addresses climate mitigation strategies as well as resilience and adaptation. P-6 Continue to develop, review, update, and implement recommendations in local and regional plans to improve the reliability, redundancy, and resiliency of water resources (water, wastewater, reclaimed water). All Hazards 3.1 Medium OWASA, Orange County Planning and Inspections Department CIP and Operating Budgets 2025-2030 Carried Forward Moving into FY25, Orange County continues to coordinate with City of Mebane and Town of Hillsborough and commit active County CIP funds for relevant public water/sewer system extensions, where applicable. Currently, the County has no active public water/sewer extension projects in the queue with remaining public utilities (i.e., City of Durham, OAWS, OWASA) that are geographically capable of serving County constituents. OWASA remains committed to ensuring the reliability, redundancy, and resiliency of the water resources that sustain the water supply for our customers and community 444 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 398 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments P-7 Home weatherization for low-to-Medium income residents. Excessive Heat, Severe Winter Weather 4.2 Medium Orange County Housing Department, Orange County Home Preservation Coalition General Fund (existing staff salaries), grants 2025-2030 New P-8 Tree giveaway program. Excessive Heat 4.2, 2.1 Medium Orange County Sustainability General Fund (existing staff salaries), grants 2025-2030 New P-9 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Continue enforcement of the North Carolina State Building Code. All Hazards 1.2 High Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Currently operating under the 2018 edition of the NC State Building Codes and 2017 edition of the National Electrical Code. The updated codes were adopted in 2025 with implementation occurring in 2026 or later. PP-2 Continue participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to reduce the impact of a future flood event, mitigate effects of flooding, and allow citizens to be eligible for affordable flood insurance. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 High Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) Ongoing Carried Forward Orange County underwent a successful Floodplain Management program (NFIP) audit by the NC Department of Public Safety (NCDPS) in June 2023. Current feedback from NCDPS is that the program is in full compliance; with only a few minor deficiencies noted, of which staff is aware of and actively working to address into FY25. Staff hopes to procure Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM) status in FY25. Orange County’s 2024 CRS rating was a score of Class 6, which qualifies our constituents for a 20% discount in FEMA flood insurance premiums. Staff hopes to maintain our relatively high CRS score for FY25, with potential eventual score increase (perhaps to Class 5), once staff is able to procure CFM status. PP-3 Identify potential flood hazards of critical infrastructure and mitigation measures to address. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 4.2 High OWASA CIP and Operating Budgets 2025-2030 Carried Forward OWASA is developing a Climate Action Plan in 2025 to identify vulnerabilities and outline mitigation measures to address the highest climate risks, including flood hazards of critical infrastructure. PP-4 Explore expanding situational awareness tools and strategies for increased monitoring of local hazards such as installation of additional stream gauges All Hazards 2.2 Medium Emergency Services, OWASA General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County has collaborated with NC Dam Safety to assess local stream and dam gauges. To enhance situational awareness, CONTRAIL access has been granted to all fire chiefs with dam gauges in their jurisdiction. PP-5 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties, including repetitive loss properties and substantially damages properties. Flooding 4.2 Medium Orange County Planning and Inspections Department Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New 445 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 399 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Strive to ensure future development occurs in a manner that protects floodplains, streams, wetlands, and other natural features which work to reduce flood hazard susceptibility and continue to enforce existing regulations pertaining to stormwater management and erosion control standards contained within the Orange County Unified Development Ordinance. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.1 High Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) Ongoing Carried Forward Moving into FY25, Orange County’s ongoing stance (as defined in the UDO) is no new development within the SFHA, barring extraneous/rare circumstances in which a property owner has fully justified that there are no feasible alternatives for by-right development. Substantial improvements to existing structures within the SFHA are permitted; however, any/all construction (new construction and/or or substantial improvements) will continue to require complete floodproofing per FEMA standards. Staff will continue to require No-Rise studies for any fill within the SFHA, and staff will continue to process CLOMR/LOMR applications per regulatory requirements. Structural Projects SP-1 Explore the possibility of retrofitting critical facilities to harden against high winds and lightning. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Emergency Services, Asset Management Unified hazard Mitigation Assistance (UHMA) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County will continue to identify opportunities to protect critical facilities from wind and lightning. SP-2 Conduct a cost-benefit review during the planning and design phase of construction of new government owned facilities or critical facilities to determine the feasibility of equipping the facility with back-up generators, lightening protection, high wind protection, and/or 361 compliant tornado shelters. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Emergency Services, Asset Management Unified hazard Mitigation Assistance (UHMA) 2025-2030 Carried Forward This is being completed on a case-by-case basis with each new facility and major retrofit. SP-3 Continue to identify and explore possibility of improving or retrofitting existing critical facilities with on site energy generation. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Emergency Services, Asset Management, OWASA Unified hazard Mitigation Assistance (UHMA) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County, in partnership with the Central Pines Regional Council, is applying for a grant to assess generator specifications for existing County facilities and estimate associated costs. SP-4 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Emergency Services, Planning and Inspections Department State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Engage with regional stakeholders in comprehensive emergency response planning including Complex Coordinated Terror Attack response and Mass Casualty Incident response planning. All Hazards 3.2 Medium Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County continues to provide ASIM training to onboarding EMS personnel and others upon request. Emergency Services initially began the application process for an Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG) to fund mass casualty incident (MCI) equipment and training but has instead incorporated it into the 2023-2024 budget. Additionally, Orange County Emergency Services is in the initial planning phase of developing a comprehensive MCI plan. Following the 2019 Regional Complex Coordinated Terrorist Attack (CCTA) Plan, Orange County, in partnership with Durham and Wake counties, hosted a series of trainings to strengthen identified capabilities. 446 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 400 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments ES-2 Continue to provide warming/cooling centers during extreme temperatures. Excessive Heat, Severe Winter Weather 2.2 Medium Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New ES-3 Explore a box fan giveaway program for residents without central air conditioning. Excessive Heat 2.1, 2.2 Medium Orange County Social Services/Aging General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New ES-4 Develop a comprehensive Emergency Operations Plan update with integration of all three municipal Emergency Operations Plans. All Hazards 3.1 High Emergency Services State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2027 New ES-5 Develop a Countywide Tactical Interoperable Communications Plan, addressing both voice communication and data. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Emergency Services General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New ES-6 Improve situational awareness and interagency coordination during hazard events by using mobile geospatial tools that support real-time data sharing, location tracking, and operational overlays that can support both public safety and non-public safety assets. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Emergency Services General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Provide education and outreach to Orange County residents in multiple languages before, during, and after a hazardous weather event and maintain a link to the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan on Orange County's Website. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County continues to host and sponsor Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) training, offering two CERT basic training courses annually and meeting regularly with the CERT Council. Orange County Emergency Services partners with Orange County Cooperative Extension to host an annual summer camp that enhances youth resilience to hazards. Additionally, Orange County Emergency Management collaborates with NCEM to host the Emergency Management Experience, an all-girls summer camp focused on careers in emergency management and first response. Orange County remains committed to public education on hazard risks and has developed a multilingual repository of preparedness information. In 2024, the County updated the Ready Orange website to support easy translation into multiple languages and to clearly communicate hazard information and preparedness measures. Emergency Management continues to leverage social media and other platforms to educate residents about natural hazards, including the creation of multilingual preparedness graphics for targeted outreach and social media use. Efforts are ongoing to ensure all communications, especially OC Alert notifications, use plain language for accessibility and clarity. 447 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 401 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PEA-2 Engage in regional events, activities, and training opportunities related to natural hazards in order to improve communication, enhance, partnerships, and improve planning efforts with other local jurisdictions. All Hazards 3.2 Medium Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County actively participates in local and regional exercises. In 2023, Orange County Emergency Services partnered with OWASA to conduct a dam failure tabletop exercise. Currently, Emergency Services is engaged in a Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA) to identify capability gaps related to various hazards. Additionally, in 2021, Orange County hosted a full-scale active shooter exercise at UNC Hillsborough PEA-3 Provide staff support and information on Orange County's website to provide education and assistance to residents experiencing floodplain, stormwater, and erosion control issues. Flood, Hurricane and Tropical Storm 2.1 Medium Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Updated information was posted in 2024 at Floodplain Protection | Orange County, NC. Information also available on https://www.orangecountync.gov/3427/Floods PEA-4 Continue to support strategies identified in Orange County’s Climate Action Plan All Hazards 3.2 Medium Orange County Sustainability Multiple 2023-2050 New Information on the Climate Action Plan and current progress can be found at https://www.orangecountync.gov/3096/Climate-Action-Plan PEA-5 Provide utility bill assistance to income eligible residents. Excessive Heat, Winter Weather 3.2 Medium Orange County Housing General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New PEA-6 Conduct periodic heat mapping to understand which parts of Orange County are most vulnerable to excessive heat. Excessive Heat 3.2 Medium Orange County Sustainability General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New PEA-7 Develop and begin implementing a countywide Heat Action Plan. Excessive Heat 2.2 Medium Orange County Sustainability, Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New 448 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 402 Table 7.13 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Carrboro Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 The Town of Carrboro, as a member of the Orange County hazard Mitigation Planning Team, will coordinate with Orange County to reevaluate and update its hazard mitigation planning component at least once every five years or sooner as deemed appropriate by the Orange County Planning Director All Hazards 1.2 High Town of Carrboro Self-funded 2025-2030 Carried Forward Actively participating in update process with local government partners in Eno-Haw Region. P-2 The Town of Carrboro intends to submit a Community Rating System (CRS) application to the ISO for a flood insurance rating that will benefit owners of flood-prone properties Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town is still interested in submitting a CRS application to ISO. The Town is assessing current programs and will conduct further research to determine if applying for the CRS is in the best interest of the community; P-3 The Town of Carrboro will continue to monitor ongoing efforts by the State and the US Army Corps of Engineers to complete new floodplain mapping for the planning area. Local staff resources will be needed to implement and encourage the completion of these activities. Flooding 1.1 High Town of Carrboro - Planning Department N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town’s Stormwater Utility was established in 2017, and the Stormwater Division created in 2018. The Planning Department and GIS administrator ensure local floodplain maps are updated. The Town also utilizes the Flood Risk Information System as needed. P-4 Establish comprehensive framework for plans, policies, and regulations pertaining to land use, generally, and the relationship to natural hazard mitigation All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department Self-funded 2025-2030 Carried Forward Incorporated into Carrboro Connects Comprehensive Plan which was adopted on 7 June 2022. Will continue in this area with the implementation of a new Unified Development Ordinance. P-5 Establish framework for assessing urban wildfire risk, communicating with the public on measures that can reduce risk. Wildfire 2.1 Medium Town of Carrboro - Fire Department Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 Carried Forward Will partner with other local fire departments, the Orange County Fire Marshal’s Office, and the North Carolina Forestry Service to assess and mitigate wildfire hazards with a concentration on the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). P-6 Explore opportunities to pilot cool pavement. Excessive Heat 1.2 Medium Town of Carrboro – Sustainability Division TBD 2025-2030 New Piloted cool pavement titanium dioxide additive to pavement resurfacing in several neighborhoods in 2024 using NC DOT Powell Bill Funding. P-7 Home weatherization for low-to-moderate income residents. Excessive Heat, Severe Winter Weather 4.2 Medium Town of Carrboro – Housing and Community Services Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 New Work with Orange County Housing and other partner agencies to continue weatherization of homes in the community. P-8 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 New Will partner with other local fire departments, the Orange County Fire Marshal’s Office, and the North Carolina Forestry Service to assess and mitigate wildfire hazards with a concentration on the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). 449 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 403 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Property Protection PP-1 Seek funding to retrofit critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, solar and battery electric storage systems, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town will continue to assess facilities and seek funding sources related to needs identified. PP-2 Manage watersheds and stormwater by promoting active maintenance of stormwater infrastructure, reducing impacts of increased impervious surfaces, and minimizing impact to waterways. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Landslide 1.2 High Town of Carrboro - Stormwater Division Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 Carried Forward Action Revised. The Town of Carrboro established a Stormwater Utility Fee in 2017 to fund stormwater services/operations and provide residential and commercial assistance for stormwater related issues by expanding technical assistance, outreach, and other program components. The Town has an active MS4 permit and is subject to requirements, including post- construction stormwater control measures. Stormwater control measures are often designed to exceed state minimum requirements. PP-3 Look for opportunities to mitigate repetitive loss structures, and to increase resilience by ensuring critical infrastructure is not in locations susceptible to flooding. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New This mitigation measure includes pursuing the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties, including repetitive loss properties and substantially damaged properties. Currently in discussions with one property owner and expect the process to begin in earnest in 2025. This mitigation measure also includes the possibility of relocating Carrboro Public Works. Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Development of greenways and parklands dedicated to public use along streams and utility easements. The Town will seek to secure funding from federal, state, and local sources to implement the Town's greenway system, which will in turn mitigate flood hazards. Flood 1.1 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department Federal and county grants, and Town funded. 2025-2030 Carried Forward Phase 1B/Homestead-Chapel Hill High School Multi-use Path is completed. The Morgan Creek and Jones Creek greenway projects are expected to begin construction in 2025/2026. The Town will continue to develop greenways along streams to protect natural resources. NRP-2 Protect and conserve land with environmental and natural hazard mitigation value as open space. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Landslide 1.1 High Town of Carrboro - Planning Department Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 Carried Forward Implementation underway for several projects and multiple approaches including land use regulations for developments, policy analysis/framework for comprehensive planning, and grant funding for repetitive loss properties. NRP-3 Coordinate with OWASA for planning for long-term and emergency water supply measures. All Hazards 1.1 High Town of Carrboro – Fire Department Self-funded 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Require new developments to install electric, cable, and telephone wires underground to increase critical infrastructure resilience. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Carrboro will continue to require new developments to install electric, cable, telephone wires underground to the extent allowed by local utilities—Duke Power/Piedmont Electric Coop. 450 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 404 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments SP-2 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Stormwater Division State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New The Town has Capital Projects included in the adopted Capital Improvement Plan to implement public projects within the jurisdiction to manage stormwater within the community. Emergency Services ES-1 Provide misting tents and cold-water giveaways at fire stations during extreme heat days. Excessive Heat 2.2 Medium Town of Carrboro Fire General fund 2025-2030 New Partial implementation in-progress. Will work to formalize actions based on pre-established thresholds. ES-2 Develop a comprehensive Emergency Operations Plan update with integration of all three municipal Emergency Operations Plans. All Hazards 3.1 High Town of Carrboro – Fire Department State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2027 New ES-3 Work with partners across Orange County on the development a Countywide Tactical Interoperable Communications Plan, addressing both voice communication and data. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Research phase. Current plan is to implement mesh network or a similar technology for communications redundancy. ES-4 Improve situational awareness and interagency coordination during hazard events by using mobile geospatial tools that support real-time data sharing, location tracking, and operational overlays that can support both public safety and non-public safety assets. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Supporting Orange County Emergency Services efforts to transition to a new CAD system that will provide geospatial capabilities. Working with local response partners to enhance capabilities. Currently planning to implement Team Accountability Kit (TAK) for to increase situational awareness and improve inter-agency operations. ES-5 Develop a unified damage assessment process. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Work with local and regional response partners to enhance capabilities for damage assessment and tracking on a local and regional level. ES-6 Develop a Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) for the Town of Carrboro. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2027-2030 New Begin the COOP planning process after completion of the comprehensive EOP update. ES-7 Engage in regional events, activities, and training opportunities related to natural hazards to improve communication, enhance partnerships, and improve planning efforts both within the across jurisdictions. All Hazards 3.2 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Engage with local, regional, state, and federal emergency management services to increase capabilities and enhance interoperability. ES-8 Identify and implement strategies, processes, and procedures to enhance hazardous materials leak and spill response capabilities. Hazardous Materials 3.1 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Maintenance and implementation of adopted (2017) Community Climate Action Plan All Hazards 1.2 High Town of Carrboro - Sustainability Division Self-funded; grants, other revenue as available 2025-2030 Carried Forward Includes implementation of 2014 Energy and Climate Protection Plan. Will serve as coordinating focus of actions underscoring Town's emphasis on building community resilience. Could potentially be included under Structural Projects, Prevention and Property Protection as well. 451 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 405 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PEA-2 Create and maintain web-based resources for hazard risk, mitigation, and preparedness information. All Hazards 1.2 High Town of Carrboro – Fire Department Self-funded 2025-2030 Carried Forward A web page was created during the 2020-2025 implementation phase. Will update the page and add additional resources in the next implementation phase. This action item also includes utilization of social media and other web-based tools for public education. PEA-3 Conduct periodic heat mapping to understand which parts of Carrboro are most vulnerable to excessive heat. Excessive Heat 3.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Sustainability Division General Fund 2025-2030 New Partnering with UNC to conduct heat mapping in 2025. PEA-4 Develop and begin implementing a countywide Heat Action Plan. Excessive Heat 2.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Sustainability Division General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Working with Orange County and other local partners to develop and implement a comprehensive Heat Action Plan. PEA-5 Encourage and educate private property owners regarding Nature-Based Hazard Mitigation nutrient management. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Landslide 2.1 Medium Town of Carrboro - Stormwater Division Self-funded 2025-2030 New Conducted 90 property assessments and are developing conservation plans for those properties. Goal is to complete approximately 50 assessments and associated conservation plans annually. PEA-6 Provide increased public outreach before, during, and after a natural hazard or emergency. All Hazards 2.2 High Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New 452 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 406 Table 7.14 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Chapel Hill Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Consider creative zoning options. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department/ Managers Office General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. ToCH continues to try to engage with developers to pursue creative zoning options including conditional zoning which allows flexible and open conversations. The Blue Hill District and the Innovative, Light Industrial Conditional Zoning District are other examples of creative zoning options. The Town Council and Town staff review zoning requirements and making adjustments as needed to achieve hazard mitigation goals. For example, developers now commonly volunteer to design their stormwater management to meet the 100-year storm, up from the 25-year storm. P-2 Encourage mixed-use development forms. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department/ Managers Office General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. ToCH continues to emphasize mixed-use redevelopment in the downtown and in future focus areas, as per the comprehensive plan. In 2021, the Town adopted a new future land use map called "Charting Our Future.". This initiative charts a course for mixed-use and compact development along major transportation corridors. P-3 Establish a growth management protocol to maintain sufficient infrastructure capacity. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 4.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town will continue existing growth management protocols to maintain sufficient infrastructure capacity including the Town's urban services district and the rural buffer, both of which continue to guide development decisions within the municipal boundaries. In 2021, the Town adopted a new future land use map called "Charting Our Future.". This initiative charts a course for mixed-use and compact development along major transportation corridors. P-4 Improve the Development Review Process Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. This continues to be an ongoing effort since 2009. The Town is in the process of a complete rewrite of the development ordinance, which will include a comprehensive review of the Development Review Process. P-5 Continue to enforce the stormwater management regulations through the Town's Land Use Management Ordinance and the floodplain regulations through the town's Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance. Continue training initiatives to maintain the Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM) registrations. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Stormwater Division Stormwater Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town has made updates to the stormwater management regulations that modernize and streamline our rules, including a design standard that moved from the 25-year storm to the 100-year storm for large new construction. The Town now has a Certified Floodplain Manager and will continue to support training. P-6 Continue to participate in county-wide collaborative efforts and mitigation strategies All Hazards 3.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. Engage in regular Emergency Management meetings, training, and data sharing to strengthen community resilience and organizational response to hazards. P-7 Continue enforcement of the North Carolina State Building Code. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town continues to enforce the building code by maintaining a staff with multiple trade certifications for all forms of development. 453 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 407 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments P-8 Continue participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to allow citizens to be eligible for affordable flood insurance. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Stormwater Division Stormwater Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town continues to administer its Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance, consistent with federal and state regulations, to maintain compliance with the National Flood Insurance Program. P-9 Explore expanding situational awareness tools and strategies for increased monitoring of local hazards All Hazards 2.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. In collaboration with ESRI consultants, we continue to work on building and enhancing dashboard viewers to monitor real-time conditions and aid in the decision-making process. P-10 Pursue grants and other resources to support tree planting. Excessive Heat 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill – Parks & Recreation, Office of Sustainability & Resilience Grants, donations, general fund 2025-2030 New P-11 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Develop a network of greenways with regional connections. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Parks and Recreation and Planning Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town continues to implement the Mobility Plan, which will create a future Chapel Hill where you don’t need a car to get around. This work also includes planning for Everywhere-to-Everywhere greenways. The Town is also in the process of updating the Parks Master Plan, which will integrate greenway and other off-road connections with the Town’s parks system. PP-2 Preserve open space in residential developments through the application of conservation development principles. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department/ Managers Office General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2050 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town is in the process of rewriting the development ordinance, which will include an evaluation of conservation measures like tree and habitat protection. PP-3 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties, including repetitive loss properties and substantially damages properties. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department/ Managers Office Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Manage watersheds, stormwater, and water quality and seek funding to design and construct projects on the subwatershed study reports' priority project lists, which have been identified and approved by the Town Council. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Stormwater Division Stormwater Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. In 2014, the Town Council adopted the Stormwater Master Plan, which included a recommendation for conducting subwatershed studies. These studies evaluate existing conditions and identify problems – failing/undersized infrastructure, drainage and flooding, water quality, and stream conditions – then develop integrated watershed plans for improvements based on a full build-out condition, using zoning and land use plans. The Town has completed several of these studies and will continue to implement the identified improvement strategies in accordance with Council’s direction. 454 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 408 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments NRP-2 Strive to ensure future development occurs in a manner that protects floodplains, streams, wetlands, and other natural features which work to reduce flood hazard susceptibility and continue to enforce existing regulations. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department/ Managers Office General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town’s future land use map includes a resiliency map series that identifies important climate stressors like flooding and extreme heat. Town is now in the process rewriting our development ordinance, which will include an evaluation of resiliency standards and regulations that can help to mitigate hazard impacts on new development and redevelopment. NRP-3 Coordinate with OWASA on long-term water supply planning and local conservation measures. Drought, Extreme Heat 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability & Resilience OWASA 2025-2030 Carried Forward In progress. The Town continues to work closely with OWASA as it updates its emergency and long-range water supply plan. NRP-4 Strategically preserving, acquiring, or protecting additional open spaces to provide environmental buffer. Work to implement open space recommendations as outlined in the Recreation Standards and Needs Assessment included as a component of the Comprehensive Parks Plan, adopted 5/29/2013. (https://www.townofchapelhill.org/town- hall/departments-services/parks-recreation/planning- and-development/comprehensive-parks-plan-adopted- may-29-2013). Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. ToCH has open space standards in the ordinances for residential property. In addition, there are environmental resections for development town-wide. The Town has adopted the Jordan Watershed Stormwater Management for New Develop ordinance in an effort to further protect land with environmental value. The Town is also in the process of updating the Parks Master Plan, which will evaluate opportunities for protecting open space. NRP-5 Encourage public and private partnerships to restore and maintain the Town's environmental resources. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. These types of partnerships are negotiated on a case-by-case basis. As an example, the town worked with UNC Healthcare at Eastowne to preserve a natural area as part of the development approval. Structural Projects SP-1 Continue to identify and explore possible retrofits to critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, back up generators, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, anchoring fixed building equipment. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Public Works General Fund (existing staff salaries) / Unified Hazard Mitigation Assistance (UHMA) 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to funding limitations. SP-2 Seek funding to install backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed county/town critical facilities. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Local, State grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to funding limitations. 455 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 409 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments SP-3 Coordinate with utility partners and property owners regarding the use of microgrids and other forms of distributed energy to provide backup power to critical facilities. Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability & Resilience General Fund, Utilities, Developers, Federal Grants (DOE) 2020-2025 Carried Forward In progress. Town is actively planning for solar and battery storage upgrades to critical facilities over the next five years. SP-4 Coordinate with OWASA to enhance the capacity of regional water system interconnects, as needed. Drought, Excessive Heat 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability & Resilience OWASA 2020-2025 Carried Forward In progress. The Town continues to work closely with OWASA on water system interconnects. SP-5 Coordinate with OWASA to limit the impacts of water supply leaks through infrastructure planning, maintenance and design. Critical Infrastructure Failure 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability & Resilience OWASA 2020-2025 Carried Forward In progress. The Town continues to work closely with OWASA as it maintains and upgrades critical infrastructure. SP-6 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Public Works State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Engage in regional events, activities, and training opportunities related to natural hazards in order to improve communication, enhance, partnerships, and improve planning efforts both within the Town and with other local jurisdictions. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 3.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town of Chapel Hill Office of Emergency Management (EM) routinely engages with emergency management services in surrounding jurisdictions and participates in joint meetings, planning sessions, and briefings with other agencies and jurisdictions. The Town has maintained an agreement for a countywide alert system. ES-2 Identify and implement strategies to increase swift water rescue capacity. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 3.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Fire Department Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town is part of the NC Task Force 8 Team assigned by the State of North Carolina and has certified several staff within the Fire Department for swift water rescue. The department will continue to advance this work going forward. ES-3 Engage with regional and county stakeholders in comprehensive emergency response planning including Complex Coordinated Terror Attack response and Mass Casualty Incident response planning. All Hazards 3.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. Public safety agencies undergo regular training, and currently, all municipalities in the county are revising a comprehensive Emergency Operations Plan. This revision includes annexes addressing regional responses, mass casualty incidents (MCIs), and responses to terror attacks. ES-4 Connect unhoused populations to services/resources during extreme temperatures. Excessive Heat, Severe Winter Weather 2.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Police Department (CARE team, Crisis Unit) General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage low-impact development for addressing stormwater quality and quantity concerns. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. Low Impact Design (LID) is encouraged throughout the Town. The central theme of these regulations is to encourage "low-impact design" that disperses pavement into small modules, and replicates the natural hydrological system of the site." LUMO Article 5 Design and Development Standards). The Town will explore ways of modernizing these and similar measures as part of rewriting of our land development regulations. 456 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 410 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PEA-2 Provide education and outreach to Chapel Hill residents in multiple languages in order to increase awareness of natural hazard potential in the town. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division and Communications and Public Affairs General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town’s community connections team conducts neighborhood-scale engagement throughout the year that includes information about hazards with translation services. PEA-3 Strive to improve communication and outreach in multiple languages to Town of Chapel Hill residents before, during, and after hazard weather event with the county's website, press releases, social media accounts in order to keep residents informed and improve public safety in and around the Town. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division and Communications and Public Affairs General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. Unified hazardous weather messaging continues to be shared across multiple forms of social media and printed flyers as appropriate, and exploring the use of mass notification platforms and automated translation technologies continues . PEA-4 Conduct periodic heat mapping to understand which parts of Chapel Hill are most vulnerable to excessive heat. Excessive Heat 3.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability and Resilience and Technology Solutions General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New PEA-5 Install water level and rain gauge sensors to provide early warning alerts for downstream flooding. Flooding 2.2 High Town of Chapel Hill Public Works, Office of Emergency Preparedness and Risk Management, Office of Sustainability and Resilience General Fund (existing staff salaries), Stormwater Fees 2025-2030 New PEA-6 Develop and begin implementing a countywide Heat Action Plan. Excessive Heat 2.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability and Resilience in collaboration with Orange County General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New 457 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 411 Table 7.15 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Hillsborough Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency/Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Work with State efforts to study hydrology and maps/designate any new flood prone areas Flooding 1.1 High Town of Hillsborough Planning Department N/A 2025-2030 Carry Forward New flood maps and GIS maps were drawn for much of our jurisdiction as of 2017, but the northwest, south, and southwest areas of town continue to utilize 2007 FIRM panels. P-2 Ensure public safety is prioritized through investing in building trust and legitimacy with the community All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Police Department Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-3 Coordinate with community organizations to prepare for and respond to emergencies together. All Hazards 2.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Police Department, Communications Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-4 Ensure employee safety through regular maintenance of facilities and by establishing an open-door policy, conducting hazard assessments, and addressing staff concerns in a timely manner. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Safety and Risk Management Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-5 Revise the Urban Service Boundary to reflect a 2040 actual water and sewer capacity and availability with already identified improvement as well as incorporate preferred future land use and growth patterns. Drought 1.1 High Town of Hillsborough Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection, Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-6 Update the Water and Sewer Management, Planning and Boundary Agreement and Central Orange Coordinated Area Land Use Plan to reflect revisions represented in the Comprehensive Sustainability plan. Drought 3.2 High Town of Hillsborough Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection, Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-7 Rewrite the Unified Development Ordinance to reflect current development trends and patterns to incorporate sustainability, environmental and climate best practices, economic resiliency measures, and equity in development and redevelopment as well as meet water and sewer system-wide needs. Incorporate additional hazard mitigation measures in the new UDO. All Hazards 1.1, 1.2, 4.1 High Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. This action has been updated here to reflect the Town’s ongoing UDO rewrite, which is scheduled to conclude in 2027. P-8 In the UDO rewrite, ensure development review processes are clear, responsive, predictable, and equitable while ensuring flexibility within design. Include requirement to obtain capacity assurance and Water and Sewer Extension Contract prior to rezoning or annexation requests. Drought 1.1 High Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-9 Clarify the roles and responsibilities of internal town department reviewers, appointed boards, and the town board in the development review process. Evaluate building staff capacity by transferring floodplain administration to Stormwater and Environmental Services. All Hazards 4.3 Medium Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development, Administrative Services, and Town Board Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. This action has been updated here to reflect internal discussions regarding floodplain administration. 458 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 412 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency/Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments P-10 Update Town drought policy and monitor drought conditions to best protect water supplies. Drought 1.1, 1.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Stormwater and Environmental Services, Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-11 Develop and adopt reforestation plans for town- owned and town-maintained properties. All Hazards 1.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-12 Develop and adopt forest management plans and policies for town-owned and maintained properties. All Hazards 1.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-13 Map critical environmental and sensitive areas and significant landforms, such as slopes, ridges, streams, and wetlands, to inform other plans and development decisions. All Hazards 1.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-14 Develop and adopt a green infrastructure policy for town projects All Hazards 1.2 High Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Public Works Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-15 Develop and adopt a tree preservation policy for town-owned and town-maintained properties. All Hazards 1.1 High Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-16 Advocate for and endorse regulations that advance best management practices for development projects. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development, Stormwater and Environmental Services Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-17 Employ land suitability analysis to guide built environment policy and development decisions. All Hazards 1.1, 1.2 High Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-18 Develop and adopt regulations that limit development to slopes that are 3 to 1 or gentler. Landslide 1.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-19 Update recommended and prohibited plants list to incorporate drought-tolerant, deer resistant, and climate hardy species. Drought, Excessive Heat 2.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-20 Assess renewable energy generation potential (i.e., generating capacity) for solar photovoltaics and wind energy projects on town-owned properties and identify priority sites for planning and implementation. Critical Infrastructure Failure 4.2 High Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-21 Implement a water conservation and efficiency program marketed towards residents and local businesses with the aim of reducing water treatment loads and associated energy use. Drought 2.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Utilities Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. 459 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 413 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency/Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments P-22 Evaluate best practices for resilient power, such as backup generation sources, fuel, micro-grids, telecommunications, and emergency service providers. Prepare a community-wide GHG emissions inventory to understand how to reduce emissions associated with the broad set of activities occurring within town’s jurisdictional boundary (e.g., energy consumption in residential buildings, on-road transportation, waste generation). Critical Infrastructure Failure 4.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Public Works, Utilities, Police, Fire Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-23 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Investigate opportunities and incorporate to the greatest extent possible sustainability and climate initiatives in facility development including geothermal, solar, weatherization, and green infrastructure. All Hazards 1.2, 4.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. PP-2 For on-site renewable energy generation, explore the feasibility of energy storage systems (e.g., solar PV plus battery storage). Critical Infrastructure Failure 4-2 High Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Public Works Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. PP-3 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties, including repetitive loss properties and substantially damages properties. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Stormwater and Environmental Services, Planning and Economic Development Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Implement green infrastructure projects on town- owned and town-maintained properties. All Hazards 4.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Stormwater and Environmental Services Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. NRP-2 Support floodplain reclamation projects. Flooding 4.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Stormwater and Environmental Services, Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. NRP-3 Investigate opportunities to restore the Eno River to its natural channel in Gold Park. Flooding 4.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Stormwater and Environmental Services Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. NRP-4 Develop a rainwater harvesting or rain barrel cost- sharing program. Drought, Flooding 2.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Stormwater and Environmental Services Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. NRP-5 Coordinate with housing partners to incorporate green infrastructure and best management practices into housing developments and property management policies. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development, Stormwater and Environmental Services Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. 460 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 414 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency/Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments NRP-6 Develop and adopt incentives to expand the use of green infrastructure (such as bioswales, rain gardens, and green roofs) for development sites. Drought, Excessive Heat, Flooding 1.2 High Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. Structural Projects SP-1 Relocate the Public Works operation to a non- floodprone site. This is a sizable project and is expected to be completed in the next 5-7 years. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Works Department Town Budget 2025-2026 Carry Forward This was originally budgeted for a contract for the 2016-2017 budget cycle. The Public Works department is slated to move to the Town’s NC Hwy 86 N facility, but now with construction expected to begin in summer 2025. SP-2 Develop and implement a capital improvement projects plan for stormwater infrastructure improvements. Flooding 1.1, 1.2 High Town of Hillsborough Stormwater and Environmental Services, Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. Emergency Services ES-1 Provide public Wi-Fi in town parks and at town facilities. Critical Infrastructure Failure, Cyber Threat 2.2 Medium Information Technology Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. ES-2 Coordinate with organizations and agencies to expand access to high-speed internet. Critical Infrastructure Failure, Cyber Threat 2.2 Medium Information Technology Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. ES-3 Explore a box fan giveaway program for residents without central air conditioning. Excessive Heat 2.1, 2.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Develop and begin implementing a countywide Heat Action Plan. Excessive Heat 3.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Administration in collaboration with Orange County General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New 461 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 415 Table 7.16 – Mitigation Action Plan, Person County Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Status Comments Prevention P-1 Update the Person County Subdivision Ordinance by reviewing and incorporating hazard mitigation objectives. All Hazards 1.1 Low PLAN Local 2030 Carried Forward No progress to report. Staff remains interested in updating the Subdivision Ordinance in general and plans to address this item. P-2 Revise and update the regulatory floodplain maps. Flooding 4.1 Medium PLAN & GIS Local 2030 Carried Forward Floodplain map updates are in progress (per FEMA). P-3 Identify at risk-populations that may be exceptionally vulnerable in the event of long-term power outages. Excessive Heat, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms, Severe Winter Weather 2.2 High PLAN & ES Local 2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. P-4 Organize outreach to vulnerable populations during long-term power outage events Excessive Heat, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms, Severe Winter Weather 2.1 High ES Local 2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. P-5 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium ES, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties. Flooding 4.2 Low PLAN, INSP Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New PP-2 Create and maintain a list of repetitive flood loss properties. Flooding 4.2 Medium PLAN, GIS, & INSP Local 2030 Carried Forward No flood FEMA designated repetitive loss properties as of 2025. County will continue to track flood loss properties through GIS and Building Inspections using Crisis Track Software. PP-3 Retrofit existing public facilities and critical facilities to withstand impacts from all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High ES Federal; State; Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward Revised to property protection action; previously SP-2. Have previously applied for grant funding for critical facility protection. This action remains a priority. PP-4 Identify and strengthen public facilities to act as shelters for all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High ES Federal; State; Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward Revised to property protection action, previously SP-3. Have previously applied for grant funding for critical facility protection. This action remains a priority. PP-5 Encourage the identification and retrofitting of safe rooms in public buildings, critical facilities, schools, and nursing homes. Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 4.2 Medium ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward Revised to property protection action, previously SP-5. No progress to report. This action remains a priority. Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Establish Enhanced Voluntary Ag District (EVAD) Ordinance Flooding 1.1 Medium SW Local 2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. NRP-2 Develop a conservation easement program Flooding 1.1 Medium SW Federal; Local; State 2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. NRP-3 Encourage participation in State & Federal Cost Share programs Drought, Flooding 1.1 High SW, NRCS, & NC Forest Service Federal; Local; State 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. NRP-4 Conduct landowner/farmer workshops on conservation practices Drought, Flooding 1.1 Medium SW & AG State; Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. Structural Projects SP-1 Identify at risk facilities and evaluate potential mitigation techniques for all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High PLAN, GIS, & ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. SP-2 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium PLAN, ES State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New 462 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 416 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Status Comments Emergency Services ES-1 Ensure adequate evacuation warning in case of major hazard event. All Hazards 3.1 High ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward County has emergency notification system, social & news media, message boards, etc. Will continue to re-evaluate after events. ES-2 Maintain/improve shelter capacities with alternative power/heat sources. All Hazards 4.2 High ES Federal; State; Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward Shelters do not have alternative power sources. Previously submitted a grant application for this action. ES-3 Review program to maintain continuity of government operations. All Hazards 3.1 Low ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward County's COOP Plan is reviewed annually. ES-4 Identify alternate/new Emergency Operations Center locations. All Hazards 3.1 High ES Local 2030 Carried Forward Identification of alternate EOC site in progress. ES-5 Update and maintain Emergency Plan. Review and update EOP every four years. All Hazards 3.1 Low ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward OEM reviews the EOP annually and updates as needed. The EOP is re-adopted every four years. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 The Emergency Services Department will periodically make various hazard education items available through various media outlets including websites, newspaper, radio All Hazards 2.1 Medium ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward OEM and Plans Dept. conduct hazard awareness activities. PEA-2 The Emergency Services Department will establish an annual hazard awareness week in coordination with the media to promote hazard awareness. All Hazards 2.1 Medium ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward OEM conducts hazard awareness along with Emergency Preparedness week annually or as requested and we host regular NWS Storm Ready/Spotter seminars or as requested. PEA-3 Place flood protection and other hazard mitigation education materials in public buildings (i.e. City Hall, County offices, library etc.). All Hazards 2.1 Medium PLAN & ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward OEM and Planning will maintain educational materials in county offices. PEA-4 Post warning signage at local parks and outdoor venues with information about severe weather. Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 2.1 High ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report. County will continue to seek opportunities for implementation. PEA-5 Ensure school officials are aware of the best area of refuge in school buildings during orientation. Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 2.1 High ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward OEM will continue to coordinate with public school officials on hazard preparedness. Lead Agency/Department: INSP = INSPECTIONS / ES = EMERGENCY SERVICES / SW = SOIL & WATER / AG = AG EXTENSION / PLAN = PLANNIN G 463 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 417 Table 7.17 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Roxboro Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2020 Status 2020 Status Comments Prevention P-1 Assess purchasing, permitting, and employment policies to ensure compliance with FEMA, NCDPS, and NCEMS requirements for funding eligibility to seek BRIC or other mitigation grant opportunities. All Hazards 3.1 High Admin Staff Local 2030 New P-2 Update Street Specifications and UDO Development standards to discourage street development in flood hazard areas and/or increase minimum standards to withstand flood damage. Flooding 1.1, 1.2 High Planning and Public Services Local 2030 New P-3 Revise and update the regulatory floodplain maps. Flooding 4.1 Medium Planning Local 2030 Carried Forward Staff contacted members of the NCDPS about this work needing to be complete, but COR/Person County are not due for new maps yet. P-4 At the next update of the Unified Development Ordinance (UDO), incorporate Greenway and/or Open Space requirements to increase and protect natural areas. Flooding 2.1 Medium Planning Local 2030 Carried Forward Action revised. Existing UDO is 10 years old and updates are currently pending budget allowance. P-5 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Create a registry of historic properties, including photos and key features. Use registry to identify opportunities for unique hazard mitigation techniques for historically sensitive properties/areas and communicate to property owners. Flooding, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 2.1, 4.2 Medium Planning and PIO Local 2030 New PP-2 Create and maintain a list of areas that are repeatedly impacted by flash flood events. Flooding 4.2 Medium Planning Local 2021 Carried Forward Incomplete. There are no significant floods in our community, but there are areas that could be better documented. Action revised. PP-3 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties. Flooding 4.2 Low PLAN, INSP Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Assess local water source for vulnerability to various hazards and develop a specific mitigation plan to reduce/avoid impacts. Drought, Flooding, Wildfire 1.1, 4.1 Medium Planning, Public Services, and Emergency Services Local 2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Identify at risk facilities and evaluate potential mitigation techniques for all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High Planning Local 2030 Carried Forward The City is actively working to better identify/map critical facilities and infrastructure in the community. SP-2 Retrofit existing public facilities and critical facilities to withstand impacts from all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High Public Services, Planning Federal; State; Local 2030 Carried Forward New staff members are actively working to improve these elements SP-3 Identify and strengthen public facilities to act as shelters for all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High Person County Emergency Services Federal; State; Local 2025 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. SP-4 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Public Services State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New 464 SECTION 7: MITIGATION ACTION PLANS Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 418 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2020 Status 2020 Status Comments SP-5 Encourage the identification and retrofitting of safe rooms in public buildings, critical facilities, schools, and nursing homes. Tornados & Thunderstorms 4.2 Medium Public Services, Planning Local 2025 Carried Forward Some work completed, but this action remains a priority. Emergency Services ES-1 Develop equipment and supply inventory forms/checklists to ensure departments are adequately prepared for various hazardous events. All Hazards 3.1 High Admin Staff, Public Services, Planning, Fire, and Police Local 2030 New ES-2 Maintain/improve shelter capacities with alternative power/heat sources. All Hazards 4.2 High Person County Emergency Services Federal; State; Local 2025 Carried Forward Efforts are ongoing to identify funding and install backup power for shelters. ES-3 Develop an emergency response communications plan with PIO. All Hazards 3.1 High Admin Staff and PIO Local 2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-3 Place flood protection and other hazard mitigation education materials in public buildings (i.e. City Hall, County offices, library etc.). All Hazards 2.1 Medium Planning Local 2025 Carried Forward Shared information and now have a PIO that can improve upon what has been done. 465 SECTION 8: PLAN MAINTENANCE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 419 8 PLAN MAINTENANCE Implementation and maintenance of the plan is critical to the overall success of hazard mitigation planning. This section discusses how the Mitigation Action Plans will be implemented by participating jurisdictions and outlines the method and schedule for monitoring, updating, and evaluating the plan. This section also discusses incorporating the plan into existing planning mechanisms and how the public will continue to be involved in the planning process. It consists of the following three subsections: 8.1 Implementation 8.2 Monitoring, Evaluation, and Enhancement 8.3 Continued Public Involvement 8.1 IMPLEMENTATION Each jurisdiction participating in this plan update is responsible for implementing specific mitigation actions as prescribed in their Mitigation Action Plan (found in Section 7). In each Mitigation Action Plan, every proposed action is assigned to a specific local department or agency to ensure responsibility and accountability for each action. Additionally, a timeline or target date for implementation is provided for each action to help assess whether reasonable progress is being made toward implementation. When applicable, potential funding sources have also been identified for actions. The participating jurisdictions will seek funding sources to implement mitigation projects in both the pre-disaster and post-disaster environments. These criteria will be reviewed and updated as needed as part of the HMPC’s regular review of the Hazard Mitigation Plan and the Mitigation Action Plans. This approach enables individual jurisdictions to update their own unique Mitigation Action Plan as needed without altering the broader focus of the regional plan. 8.1.1 PLAN INTEGRATION An important implementation mechanism that is highly effective and low-cost is incorporation of the Hazard Mitigation Plan recommendations and their underlying principles into other plans and mechanisms. Where possible, plan participants will use existing plans and/or programs to implement the Mitigation Action Plan. It will be the responsibility of the HMPC representatives from each participating jurisdiction to determine and pursue opportunities for integrating the requirements of this plan with other local planning documents and ensure that the goals and strategies of new and updated local planning documents for their jurisdictions or agencies are consistent with the goals and actions of the Hazard Mitigation Plan and will not contribute to increased hazard vulnerability in the Region. Methods for integration may include: — Monitoring other planning/program agendas; — Attending other planning/program meetings; — Participating in other planning processes; and — Monitoring community budget meetings for other community program opportunities. Requirement §201.6(c)(4): [The plan maintenance process shall include a] section describing the method and schedule of monitoring, evaluating, and updating the mitigation plan within a five-year cycle. 466 SECTION 8: PLAN MAINTENANCE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 420 In addition to the above opportunities that HMPC representatives of all participating jurisdictions will pursue, the following jurisdictions noted integration of the 2020 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan and specific opportunities for integration of this plan update: — The Town of Carrboro updated its Comprehensive Plan and integrated findings from the 2020 HMP in that effort. — The City of Roxboro and Person County updated their joint Future Land Use Plan and integrated information on known hazard risks and potential policies for mitigation. — The Town of Hillsborough updated its Historic District Design Guidelines to include hazard mitigation strategies for the preservation of historic resources. This plan update has been integrated with the Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan by incorporating recommended actions in the Town’s mitigation action plan. — The Town of Chapel Hill updated its Future Land Use Map and land development regulations and included information on known hazard areas and policies for mitigation. — Orange County, Carrboro, Chapel Hill, and Hillsborough will integrate this plan update with their regional heat action plan, which is currently under development. Opportunities to integrate the requirements of this plan into other local planning mechanisms shall continue to be identified through future meetings of the HMPC and through the five-year review process described herein. Although it is recognized that there are many possible benefits to integrating components of this plan into other local planning mechanisms, the development and maintenance of this stand-alone Hazard Mitigation Plan is deemed by the HMPC to be the most effective and appropriate method to implement local hazard mitigation actions at this time. 8.2 MONITORING, EVALUATION, AND ENHANCEMENT 8.2.1 ROLE OF HMPC IN IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE With adoption of this plan, each jurisdiction will be responsible for the implementation and maintenance of their mitigation actions. County Emergency Managers will take the lead in all plan monitoring and update procedures. As such, each jurisdiction, led by their County Emergency Manager, agrees to continue their relationship with the HMPC and: — Act as a forum for hazard mitigation issues; — Disseminate hazard mitigation ideas and activities to all participants; — Pursue the implementation of high-priority, low/no-cost recommended actions; — Ensure hazard mitigation remains a consideration for community decision makers; — Maintain a vigilant monitoring of multi-objective cost-share opportunities to help the community implement the plan’s recommended actions for which no current funding exists; — Monitor and assist in implementation and update of this plan; — Report on plan progress and recommended revisions to the local governing boards; and — Inform and solicit input from the public. The HMPC’s primary duty moving forward is to see the plan successfully carried out and report to the local governing boards, NCEM, FEMA, and the public on the status of plan implementation and mitigation opportunities. Other duties include reviewing and promoting mitigation proposals, considering 467 SECTION 8: PLAN MAINTENANCE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 421 stakeholder concerns about mitigation, passing concerns on to appropriate entities, and providing relevant information for posting on community websites (and others as appropriate). Simultaneous to these efforts, it will be important to maintain a constant monitoring of funding opportunities that can be leveraged to implement some of the costlier recommended actions. This will include creating and maintaining a bank of ideas on how to meet local match or participation requirements. When funding does become available, the Region will be positioned to capitalize on the opportunity. Funding opportunities to be monitored include special pre- and post-disaster funds, state and federal earmarked funds, benefit assessments, and other grant programs, including those that can serve or support multi-objective applications. 8.2.2 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE Plan maintenance implies an ongoing effort to monitor and evaluate plan implementation and to update the plan as progress, roadblocks, or changing circumstances are recognized. The County Emergency Managers will be responsible for convening the HMPC and initiating regular reviews. Regular maintenance will take place through quarterly conference calls and an annual meeting of the HMPC. The HMPC will also convene to review the plan after significant hazard events. If determined appropriate or as requested, an annual report on the plan will be developed and presented to local governing bodies of participating jurisdictions to report on implementation progress and recommended changes. The five-year written update to this plan will be submitted to the NCEM and FEMA Region 4, unless disaster or other circumstances (e.g., changing regulations) require a change to this schedule. With this plan update anticipated to be adopted and fully approved by 2025, the next plan update for the Eno-Haw region will be completed by 2030. 8.2.3 MAINTENANCE EVALUATION PROCESS Evaluation of progress can be achieved by monitoring changes in vulnerabilities identified in the plan. Changes in vulnerability can be identified by noting: — Decreased vulnerability as a result of implementing recommended actions; — Increased vulnerability as a result of failed or ineffective mitigation actions; and/or — Increased vulnerability as a result of new development (and/or annexation). Updates to this plan will: — Consider changes in vulnerability due to project implementation; — Document success stories where mitigation efforts have proven effective; — Document areas where mitigation actions were not effective; — Document any new hazards that may arise or were previously overlooked; — Incorporate new data or studies on hazards and risks; — Incorporate new capabilities or changes in capabilities; — Incorporate growth and development-related changes to asset inventories; and — Incorporate new project recommendations or changes in project prioritization. In order to best evaluate any changes in vulnerability as a result of plan implementation, the HMPC will follow the following process: 468 SECTION 8: PLAN MAINTENANCE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 422 — The HMPC representatives from each jurisdiction will be responsible for tracking and reporting on their mitigation actions. Jurisdictional representatives should provide input on whether the action as implemented met the defined objectives and/or is likely to be successful in reducing vulnerabilities. — If the action does not meet identified objectives, the jurisdictional representatives will determine what additional measures may be implemented and will make any required modifications to the plan. — All monitoring and implementation information will be reported to the full HMPC, led by the County Emergency Managers, during quarterly meetings. An annual plan maintenance report may be drafted as deemed necessary. Changes will be made to the plan as needed to accommodate for actions that have failed or are not considered feasible after a review of their consistency with established criteria, time frame, community priorities, and/or funding resources. Actions that were not ranked high but were identified as potential mitigation activities will be reviewed during the monitoring and update of this plan to determine feasibility of future implementation. Updating of the mitigation action plans will be by written changes and submissions, as is appropriate and necessary, and as approved by the appropriate jurisdiction’s local governing body. Following a disaster declaration, the plan will be revised as necessary to reflect lessons learned, or to address specific issues and circumstances arising from the event. It will be the responsibility of the County Emergency Managers to collaborate on reconvening the HMPC and ensuring the appropriate stakeholders are invited to participate in the plan revision and update process following declared disaster events. CRITERIA FOR QUARTERLY REVIEWS IN PREPARATION FOR 5-YEAR UPDATE The criteria recommended in 44 CFR 201 and 206 will be utilized in reviewing and updating the plan. More specifically, quarterly reviews will monitor changes to the following information: — Community growth or change in the past quarter. — The number of substantially damaged or substantially improved structures by flood zone. — The renovations to public infrastructure including water, sewer, drainage, roads, bridges, gas lines, and buildings. — Natural hazard occurrences that required activation of any Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in the Region and whether the event resulted in a presidential disaster declaration. — Natural hazard occurrences that were not of a magnitude to warrant activation of the EOC or a federal disaster declaration but were severe enough to cause damage in the community or closure of businesses, schools, or public services. — The dates of hazard events descriptions. — Documented damages due to the event. — Closures of places of employment or schools and the number of days closed. — Road or bridge closures due to the hazard and the length of time closed. — Assessment of the number of private and public buildings damaged and whether the damage was minor, substantial, major, or if buildings were destroyed. The assessment will include residences, mobile homes, commercial structures, industrial structures, and public buildings, such as schools and public safety buildings. — Review of any changes in federal, state, and local policies to determine the impact of these policies on the community and how and if the policy changes can or should be incorporated into the Hazard Mitigation Plan. Review of the status of implementation of projects (mitigation strategies) including projects completed will be noted. Projects behind schedule will include a reason for delay of implementation. 469 SECTION 8: PLAN MAINTENANCE Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 423 8.3 CONTINUED PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT Continued public involvement is imperative to the overall success of the plan’s implementation. The quarterly review process will provide an opportunity to solicit participation from new and existing stakeholders and to publicize success stories from the plan implementation and seek additional public comment. Efforts to involve the public in the maintenance, evaluation and revision process may include: — Advertising HMPC meetings in the local newspaper, public bulletin boards and/or local government office buildings; — Designating willing citizens and private sector representatives as official members of the HMPC; — Utilizing local media to update the public of any maintenance and/or review activities; — Utilizing local government websites to advertise any maintenance and/or review activities; — Maintaining copies of the plan in public libraries or other appropriate venues; — Posting annual progress reports on the Plan to local government websites; — Heavy publicity of the plan and potential ways for the public to be involved after significant hazard events, tailored to the event that has just happened; — Keeping websites, social media outlets, etc. updated; — Drafting articles for the local community newspapers/newsletters; — Utilizing social media accounts (e.g. Twitter, Facebook). PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT FOR FIVE-YEAR UPDATE When the HMPC reconvenes for the five-year update, they will coordinate with all stakeholders participating in the planning process—including those that joined the committee since the planning process began—to update and revise the plan. In reconvening, the HMPC will be responsible for coordinating the activities necessary to involve the greater public, including disseminating information through a variety of media channels detailing the plan update process. As part of this effort, public meetings will be held and public comments will be solicited on the plan update draft. The HMPC will continue to reach out to stakeholders and organizations that can represent or connect with vulnerable populations and underserved communities. 470 SECTION 9: PLAN ADOPTION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 424 9 PLAN ADOPTION The purpose of formally adopting this plan is to secure buy-in, raise awareness of the plan, and formalize the plan’s implementation. The adoption of this plan completes Planning Step 9 (Adopt the Plan) of the 10-step planning process, in accordance with the requirements of DMA 2000. FEMA Approval Letters and community adoption resolutions are provided below. Requirement §201.6(c)(5): [The plan shall include] documentation that the plan has been formally approved by the governing body of the jurisdiction requesting approval of the plan (e.g., City Council, County Commissioner, Tribal Council). 471 SECTION 9: PLAN ADOPTION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 425 Placeholder 472 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 451 ANNEX A. ALAMANCE COUNTY A.1 ASSET INVENTORY Alamance County and the HMPC provided a local inventory of critical facilities and community lifelines, which are a priority for mitigation planning and emergency management. Lifelines are the most fundamental services in the community that, when stabilized, enable all other aspects of society to function. Table A.1 through Table A.10 provide a count of critical facilities by FEMA lifeline category by jurisdiction in Alamance County. Figure A.1 through Figure A.10 show the locations of all critical facilities by jurisdiction in Alamance County. It is important to note that the Towns of Green Level and Ossipee do not have any critical facilities within their jurisdictional boundaries. Table A.11 provides a detailed inventory of the critical facilities in Alamance County, indicating each facility’s FEMA lifeline category, flood zone, 1% annual chance flood depth, and wildfire. More information on hazard vulnerability is provided in the hazard profiles. Table A.1 – Critical Facilities by Type, Unincorporated Alamance County Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 1 $112,167 Food, Hydration, Shelter 40 $95,265,007 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 12 $3,709,771 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 28 $1,771,975 Total 81 $100,858,920 Source: Alamance County, HMPC Table A.2 – Critical Facilities by Type, City of Burlington Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 1 $- Energy 1 $97,953 Food, Hydration, Shelter 21 $89,669,574 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 4 $120,225,653 Safety and Security 8 $5,182,591 Transportation 1 $6,680,877 Water Systems 26 $3,150,403 Total 62 $225,007,051 Source: Alamance County, HMPC 473 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 452 Table A.3 – Critical Facilities by Type, City of Graham Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 11 $73,522,793 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 2 $7,087,278 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 7 $253,024 Total 20 $80,863,095 Source: Alamance County, HMPC Table A.4 – Critical Facilities by Type, City of Mebane Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 4 $50,535,281 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 4 $2,488,523 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 24 $6,346,621 Total 32 $59,370,425 Source: Alamance County, HMPC Table A.5 – Critical Facilities by Type, Town of Elon Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 3 $745,986 Energy 1 $36,952 Food, Hydration, Shelter 88 $383,696,260 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 8 $3,651,091 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 12 $24,201,721 Total 112 $412,332,009 Source: Alamance County, HMPC 474 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 453 Table A.6 – Critical Facilities by Type, Town of Green Level Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 0 $- Total 0 $- Source: Alamance County, HMPC Table A.7 – Critical Facilities by Type, Town of Haw River Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 1 $6,855,151 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 1 $840,410 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 1 $- Total 3 $7,695,561 Source: Alamance County, HMPC Table A.8 – Critical Facilities by Type, Town of Ossipee Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 0 $- Total 0 $- Source: Alamance County, HMPC 475 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 454 Table A.9 – Critical Facilities by Type, Town of Swepsonville Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 2 $4,127,967 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 1 $1,301,083 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 0 $- Total 3 $5,429,050 Source: Alamance County, HMPC Table A.10 – Critical Facilities by Type, Village of Alamance Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 1 $- Energy 1 $371,094 Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 1 $297,525 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 3 $725,009 Total 6 $1,393,628 Source: Alamance County, HMPC 476 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 455 Figure A.1 – Critical Facilities, Unincorporated Alamance County Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 477 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 456 Figure A.2 – Critical Facilities, City of Burlington Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 478 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 457 Figure A.3 – Critical Facilities, City of Graham Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 479 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 458 Figure A.4 – Critical Facilities, City of Mebane Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 480 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 459 Figure A.5 – Critical Facilities, Town of Elon Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 481 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 460 Figure A.6 – Critical Facilities, Town of Green Level Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 482 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 461 Figure A.7 – Critical Facilities, Town of Haw River Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 483 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 462 Figure A.8 – Critical Facilities, Town of Ossipee Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 484 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 463 Figure A.9 – Critical Facilities, Town of Swepsonville Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 485 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 464 Figure A.10 – Critical Facilities, Village of Alamance Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 486 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 465 Table A.11 – Alamance County Critical Facilities Inventory FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Village of Alamance Safety and Security Municipal 2874 Rob Shephard Dr Burlington NC 27215 $297,525.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Fuel Station 4157 S NC 62 Burlington NC 27215 $371,094.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 3926 S Nc 62 Burlington NC 27215 $3,273.00 NA X, Shaded 3 Water Systems Utility 2753 Birch LN Burlington NC 27215 $721,736.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Communications Communications 4040 S NC 62 Burlington Nc 27215 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Utility 3055 Pond Rd. Burlington NC 27215 - 5.6 AE 1 City of Burlington Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2630 BUCKINGHAM ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $2,530,929.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 3400 HARRIS RD $387,724.25 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2200 N. Mebane Street Burlington, N.C. 27217 $4,889,122.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded 3 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 502 NORTH GRAHAM HOPEDALE ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $7,139,744.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 316 CARDEN STREET, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $2,185,114.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 215 SOUTH CHURCH STREET, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $349,843.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 267 WEST FRONT STREET, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $1,546,826.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 141 TRAIL ONE, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $4,098,289.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 487 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 466 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter School 408 BILLINGHAM DRIVE, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $1,776,953.25 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical Hospital 1234 HUFFMAN MILL ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $36,816,349.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 601-623 Gunn St, Burlington, North Carolina, 27217 $3,693,400.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation 1834 NORTH PARK AVENUE, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $97,953.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 417-451 Tarleton Ave, Burlington, North Carolina, 27215 $4,200,522.33 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1136 EAST WEBB AVENUE, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $86,862.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1307 SOUTH CHURCH STREET, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $4,200,522.33 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2235 DELANEY DRIVE, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $12,929,152.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1714 WEST DAVIS STREET, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $9,417,632.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1710 EDGEWOOD AVENUE, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $1,776,953.25 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded 3 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 6.6 AE 3 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2200 NORTH MEBANE STREET, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $4,889,122.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 3400 HARRIS RD $387,724.25 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 601 Gunn St. Burlington N.C. 27217 $3,693,400.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2630 BUCKINGHAM ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $2,530,929.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical Hospital Holt-Pardue Rd, Burlington, North Carolina, 27215 $36,816,349.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 267 WEST FRONT STREET, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $1,546,826.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 488 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 467 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter School 404 BILLINGHAM DRIVE, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $1,776,953.25 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 408 BILLINGHAM DRIVE, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $1,776,953.25 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical Hospital 1240 HUFFMAN MILL ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $36,816,349.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical Hospital 1236 HUFFMAN MILL ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $9,776,606.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2229 BROADVIEW DRIVE, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $4,889,122.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2200 N MEBANE ST $4,889,122.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School Bulldog Aly, Burlington, North Carolina, 27215 $4,200,522.33 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded 2 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 489 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 468 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 300-338 Carden St, Burlington, North Carolina, 27215 $2,185,114.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1575 INDUSTRY DRIVE, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $1,050,922.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $72,704.82 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 3400 HARRIS RD $387,724.25 NA X, Unshaded Y 2 Water Systems Treatment Plant 3400-3444 Harris Rd, Burlington, North Carolina, 27215 $387,724.25 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1906 WIlkins St. Burlington, N.C. $303,952.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 2748 South Church Street. Burlington, N.C. $297,360.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 3644 Bonnar Bridge Parkway Burlington, N.C. $- NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Communications Communications 447 Macarthur Lane $- NA X, Unshaded 0 Transportation Transportation 3441 N Aviation Dr, Burlington, NC 27215 $6,680,877.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Town of Elon Food, Hydration, Shelter University 308 NORTH OKELLY AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 314 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $11,074,989.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 306 NORTH OKELLY AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT M204A, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 490 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 469 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT H203A, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 129 NORTH WILLIAMSON AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 405 EAST COLLEGE AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $361,438.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 401 EAST COLLEGE AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $361,438.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 212 EAST LEBANON AVENUE, UNIT 201B, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 1-99 Widener Way, Elon, North Carolina, 27244 $1,505,074.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 504 EAST COLLEGE AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $9,169,719.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 325 SOUTH ANTIOCH AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,454,345.44 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 105 LOY COURT, UNIT 204, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT O103A, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded 1 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT I202D, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 400 MOONELON ROAD, ELON, NC, 27244 $254,628.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 2857 BILL LOY DRIVE, UNIT 113, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 3377 BILL LOY DRIVE, UNIT 102A, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 104 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 3453 BILL LOY DRIVE, UNIT 102B, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 200 EAST LEBANON AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 10 BANK OF AMERICA DRIVE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,343,991.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 491 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 470 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter University 305 NORTH OKELLY AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $11,074,989.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT C203B, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 302 EAST LEBANON AVENUE, UNIT 206, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded 1 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 320 NORTH ANTIOCH AVENUE, UNIT 110, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 102 LOY COURT, UNIT 204, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 2317 BILL LOY DRIVE, UNIT 325B, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 412 WEST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,505,074.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 108 LOY COURT, UNIT 203B, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 112 NORTH WILLIAMSON AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $537,865.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 130 NORTH WILLIAMSON AVENUE, UNIT 103, ELON, NC, 27244 $- NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 106 EAST LEBANON AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT D202A, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 543 NORTH WILLIAMSON AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,343,991.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 301 SOUTH OKELLY AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,454,345.44 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 103 LOY COURT, UNIT 203B, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 131 NORTH WILLIAMSON AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 101 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT 306A, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 101 LOY COURT, UNIT 204, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 492 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 471 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT F203B, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 103 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT 318, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 115 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT 210, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 113 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT 323, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 1 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 417 NORTH WILLIAMSON AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 202 WEST LEBANON AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $478,829.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 105 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 100 CAMPUS DRIVE, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 416 WEST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,505,074.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 418 WEST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,505,074.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 738 HOLT CHAPEL LANE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,454,345.44 NA X, Unshaded 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 200 WEST PHOENIX DRIVE, ELON, NC, 27244 $243,807.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT G202D, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 698 HOLT CHAPEL LANE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,454,345.44 NA X, Unshaded 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 201 SOUTH OKELLY AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,454,345.44 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 10 BANK OF AMERICA DR $1,343,991.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 107 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 493 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 472 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter University 216 SOUTH ANTIOCH AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,454,345.44 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 108 EAST LEBANON AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 3543 BILL LOY DRIVE, UNIT 101, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT K202D, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT J102E, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT L203A, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 329 SOUTH ANTIOCH AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,454,345.44 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 519 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $9,169,719.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 406 WEST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,505,074.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 109 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 550 HOLT CHAPEL LANE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,454,345.44 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT N104B, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 100 LOY COURT, UNIT 204, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 10 BANK OF AMERICA DR $1,343,991.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 304 EAST LEBANON AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded 1 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 107 LOY COURT, UNIT 202, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 106 LOY COURT, UNIT 204, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 104 LOY COURT, UNIT 203, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 494 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 473 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter University 762 E HAGGARD AVE $4,125,408.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 219 SOUTH WILLIAMSON AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $991,839.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT E203B, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT P103A, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 1 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 111 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $3,623,227.94 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 1-99 Bank of America Dr, Elon, North Carolina, 27244 $1,343,991.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT B203B, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 103 SOUTH ANTIOCH AVENUE, ELON, NC, 27244 $1,454,345.44 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 700 EAST HAGGARD AVENUE, UNIT A203B, ELON, NC, 27244 $4,586,072.47 NA X, Unshaded 1 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 3046 BILL LOY DRIVE, ELON, NC, 27244 $5,895,408.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 104 S. Williamson Avenue, Elon, NC, 27244 $318,696.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 104 S. Williamson Ave, Elon, NC, 27244 $318,696.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 2110 Powerline Road, Elon, NC, 27244 $1,874,052.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 720 Walker Road, Elon, NC, 27244 $40,967,724.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 214 Johnson Street Unit A, Elon, NC, 27244 $- NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 214 Johnson Street, Elon, NC, 27244 $36,951.80 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Communications Communications 133 W College Ave $745,986.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 714 E Haggard Ave $- 1.6 AE 1 Water Systems Utility 756 E Haggard $6,895,797.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 307 N' Okelly Ave $11,074,989.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 495 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 474 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Water Systems Utility 810 E Haggard $158,968.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 908 S. Williamson Ave $1,165,243.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 1950 W Heritage Drive $- NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Fuel Station 214 Johnson St $36,951.80 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 214 Johnson St $36,951.80 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 214 Johnson St $36,951.80 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 214 Johnson St $36,951.80 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 1101 Brookview Drive $355,309.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 202 Old Charleston Dr $426,006.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Communications Communications 2948 Danieley CenterDrive $- NA X, Unshaded 3 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 540 N WILLIAMSON AVE $- NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 307 N' Okelly Ave $11,074,989.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 762 E HAGGARD AVE $4,125,408.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 103 Truitt Dr. NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility W Haggard NA X, Unshaded 0 Communications Communications 895 Haggard Ave NA X, Unshaded 0 City of Graham Food, Hydration, Shelter School 320 IVEY ROAD, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $4,813,231.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 903 TROLLINGER RD $4,114,169.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 727-901 Trollinger Rd, Graham, North Carolina, 27253 $4,114,169.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 311 EAST PINE STREET, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $7,470,919.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Community College 1247 JIMMIE KERR RD $8,956,393.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Community College 1247 JIMMIE KERR RD $8,956,393.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 3.5 Food, Hydration, Shelter Community College 1247 JIMMIE KERR ROAD, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $8,956,393.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 496 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 475 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Water Systems Treatment Plant Waste Water Plant Rd, Graham, North Carolina, 27253 $36,146.29 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 216 SOUTH MAPLE STREET, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $4,656,764.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1204 EAST GILBREATH STREET, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $36,146.29 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Community College Exit 150, Graham, North Carolina, 27253 $8,956,393.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Community College 1247 JIMMIE KERR RD $8,956,393.40 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant Waste Water Plant Dr, Graham, North Carolina, 27253 $36,146.29 NA X, Unshaded 3 Water Systems Treatment Plant Waste Water Plant Rd, Graham, North Carolina, 27253 $36,146.29 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant Waste Water Plant Rd, Graham, North Carolina, 27253 $36,146.29 6.3 AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1204 EAST GILBREATH STREET, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $36,146.29 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant Waste Water Plant Dr, Graham, North Carolina, 27253 $36,146.29 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Emergency Operations Center 124 WEST ELM STREET, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $2,430,514.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 824-848 Town Branch Rd, Graham, North Carolina, 27253 $4,114,169.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1025 TROLLINGER ROAD, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $4,114,169.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Town of Haw River Water Systems Treatment Plant 255 STONE STREET, HAW RIVER, NC, 27258 $- NA X, Unshaded 3.5 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 701 EAST MAIN STREET, HAW RIVER, NC, 27258 $6,855,151.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 403 EAST MAIN STREET, HAW RIVER, NC, 27258 $840,410.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 City of Mebane 497 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 476 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Safety and Security Municipal 106 EAST WASHINGTON STREET, MEBANE, NC, 27302 $256,721.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 101 WEST WASHINGTON STREET, MEBANE, NC, 27302 $304,924.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 3224 OLD HILLSBOROUGH ROAD, MEBANE, NC, 27302 $41,728,210.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 405 NORTH FIRST STREET, MEBANE, NC, 27302 $1,326,559.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School N Charles St, Mebane, North Carolina, 27302 $4,248,080.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 700-798 W Lake St, Mebane, North Carolina, 27302 $2,279,495.50 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 600 SOUTH THIRD STREET, MEBANE, NC, 27302 $2,279,495.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 116 WEST CENTER STREET, MEBANE, NC, 27302 $600,319.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 635 CORREGIDOR STREET, MEBANE, NC, 27302 $- NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 302 Brinkley Circle $- NA X, Unshaded 3 Water Systems Utility 1169 North First Street $- NA X, Unshaded 3 Water Systems Utility 106A West Sabastion Street $61,642.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Water Systems Utility 204 East Washington Street $1,688,290.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 1138 South Third Street $- 4.4 AE Y 0 Water Systems Utility 1304 Fieldstone Drive $- NA X, Unshaded 3 Water Systems Utility 1109 Birkdale Drive $- NA X, Unshaded 1 Water Systems Utility 398 Gregory Poole Lane $- NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Utility 1160 Terrell Street $- NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Water Systems Utility 1101 Cameron Lane $- NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Utility 1353 Mebane Oaks Road $4,230,059.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 3460 Old Hillsborough Road $- NA X, Unshaded 2 Water Systems Utility 906 Street B $- NA X, Shaded 3 Water Systems Utility 420 South Third Street $- NA X, Unshaded Y 0 498 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 477 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Water Systems Utility 525 West Clay Street $366,630.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Water Systems Utility 2246 Turner Road $- NA X, Unshaded 1 Water Systems Utility 113 S 11th Street, Mebane, NC 27302 $- NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility 7501 Oakwood Street Extension $- NA X, Unshaded 1 Water Systems Utility 7013 Industrial Drive $- NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Water Systems Utility 4911 West Ten Road $- NA X, Unshaded 2.5 Water Systems Utility 4000 West Ten Road $- NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Utility 485 Brookhollow Road $- NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Utility 200 Alice Miller Court $- NA X, Unshaded 0 Town of Swepsonville Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2518 NC 54 HWY $2,063,983.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2518 NC 54 HIGHWAY, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $2,063,983.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 225 Stone Quarry Rd, Burlington, NC 27217 $1,301,083.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Unincorporated Alamance County Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4751 S NC 62 HWY $1,260,778.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4751 S NC 62 HWY $1,260,778.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation US Highway 70, Mebane, North Carolina, 27302 $112,167.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 2172 BELLEMONT ALAMANCE ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $125,897.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1824 US-70, Mebane, NC 27302 $- NA X, Shaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 7702-7798 Sylvan Rd, Snow Camp, North Carolina, 27349 $1,933,974.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 631 SOUTHERN HIGH SCHOOL RD $1,356,087.45 NA X, Unshaded 3 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2847 PLEASANT GROVE UNION SCHOOL ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $3,295,036.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 499 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 478 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Safety and Security Fire Station 4671 NC 54 HIGHWAY, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $652,465.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1824 US-70, Mebane, NC 27302 $- NA X, Shaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1824 US-70, Mebane, NC 27302 $- NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant Tabardrey Rd, Haw River, North Carolina, 27258 $- 5.1 AE 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 631 SOUTHERN HIGH SCHOOL RD $1,356,087.45 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 631 SOUTHERN HIGH SCHOOL RD $1,356,087.45 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 631 SOUTHERN HIGH SCHOOL RD $1,356,087.45 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 2806 OLD NC 87 HIGHWAY, FLOOR 2, ELON, NC, 27244 $626,967.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Shaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1731 N NC 87 HWY $3,477,363.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2832 NORTH NC 87 HIGHWAY, ELON, NC, 27244 $7,643,758.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 4853 FRIENDSHIP ROCK CREEK ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27215 $248,933.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4751 S NC 62 HWY $1,260,778.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant Tabardrey Rd, Haw River, North Carolina, 27258 $- 9.4 AE 2 Water Systems Treatment Plant Tabardrey Rd, Haw River, North Carolina, 27258 $- 13.4 AE Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 631 SOUTHERN HIGH SCHOOL RD $1,356,087.45 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 500 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 479 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Safety and Security Fire Station 595 ALTAMAHAW UNION RIDGE ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $291,488.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 3 Safety and Security Fire Station 2404 STALEY STORE ROAD, LIBERTY, NC, 27298 $96,917.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 2.5 Safety and Security Fire Station 2545 WEST GREENSBORO CHAPEL HILL ROAD, SNOW CAMP, NC, 27349 $137,756.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 5827 CHURCH RD $1,158,297.67 NA X, Unshaded 1 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 631 SOUTHERN HIGH SCHOOL RD $1,356,087.45 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 631 SOUTHERN HIGH SCHOOL RD $1,356,087.45 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2100 ELDON DRIVE, ELON, NC, 27244 $6,670,950.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School Eldon Dr, Elon, North Carolina, 27244 $6,670,950.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Safety and Security Fire Station 2164 CAROLINA ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $482,908.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4040 MEBANE ROGERS RD $2,100,090.55 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 8416 SNOW CAMP ROAD, SNOW CAMP, NC, 27349 $392,641.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School Eastern High School Rd, Mebane, North Carolina, 27302 $2,100,090.55 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School Eastern High School Rd, Mebane, North Carolina, 27302 $2,100,090.55 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 5827 CHURCH ROAD, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $1,158,297.67 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 4606 SOUTH NC 87 HIGHWAY, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $83,787.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School Eastern High School Rd, Mebane, North Carolina, 27302 $2,100,090.55 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4751 S NC 62 HWY $1,260,778.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4040 MEBANE ROGERS ROAD, MEBANE, NC, 27302 $2,100,090.55 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 501 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 480 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter School Eastern High School Rd, Mebane, North Carolina, 27302 $2,100,090.55 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 3970 MEBANE ROGERS ROAD, MEBANE, NC, 27302 $2,100,090.55 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 3173 MANSFIELD ROAD, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $7,708.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Food, Hydration, Shelter School Eastern High School Rd, Mebane, North Carolina, 27302 $2,100,090.55 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 3847 NORTH NC 49 HIGHWAY, BURLINGTON, NC, 27217 $562,304.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Shaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2246-2298 Eldon Dr, Elon, North Carolina, 27244 $6,670,950.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1731 N NC 87 HWY $3,477,363.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Food, Hydration, Shelter School Gerringer Mill Rd, Elon, North Carolina, 27244 $3,477,363.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4114-4138 Mebane Rogers Rd, Mebane, North Carolina, 27302 $2,100,090.55 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4040 MEBANE ROGERS ROAD, MEBANE, NC, 27302 $2,100,090.55 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 5827 CHURCH RD $1,158,297.67 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School Gerringer Mill Rd, Elon, North Carolina, 27244 $3,477,363.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 7718 SYLVAN ROAD, SNOW CAMP, NC, 27349 $1,933,974.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School Eastern High School Rd, Mebane, North Carolina, 27302 $2,100,090.55 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School Southern High School Rd, Graham, North Carolina, 27253 $1,356,087.45 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 771 SOUTHERN HIGH SCHOOL ROAD, GRAHAM, NC, 27253 $1,356,087.45 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 502 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 481 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 631 SOUTHERN HIGH SCHOOL RD $1,356,087.45 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 631 SOUTHERN HIGH SCHOOL RD $1,356,087.45 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 2 Water Systems Treatment Plant 2471 BOY WOOD RD $93,261.84 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Utility 2712 Amick Rd $- 1.2 X, Shaded 2 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1824 US-70, Mebane, NC 27302 NA X, Shaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1824 US-70, Mebane, NC 27302 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 503 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 482 A.2 RISK ASSESSMENT This section contains a summary of the County’s asset inventory as well as hazard profile and vulnerability assessment for those hazards that are spatially defined and have variations in risk that could be evaluated quantitatively on a jurisdictional level. The hazards included in this section are: Dam Failure, Flood and Wildfire. A.2.1 DAM FAILURE Table A.12 lists all high hazard dams located in unincorporated Alamance County that have been identified by the North Carolina Dam Inventory with a condition assessment of “fair” or “poor.” Note that there are currently no high hazard dams located in Alamance County with a condition assessment of “poor.” Figure A.11 through Figure A.18 show the location of all dams by jurisdiction in Alamance County. It is important to note that there are no dams located in the Town of Green Level and the Village of Alamance. Table A.12 – High Hazard Dams by Jurisdiction in Alamance County Dam Name NID ID Condition as of Last Inspection Max Capacity (Ac-Ft) Nearest Town Lake Cammack Dam NC00739 Fair 36000 Burlington Forest Lake Dam NC00748 Fair 235 Mebane Timber Ridge Lake Dam NC00742 Fair 288 Saxapahaw Old Stoney Creek Dam NC00762 Fair 3600 Hopedale McEwen Estate Dam NC01734 Fair 142 Alamance Tate Dam NC01737 Fair 56 Burlington Back Creek Reservoir Dam NC04873 Fair 10645 Haw River Lake Mackintosh Dam NC04954 Fair 30825 Alamance Somerton Lake Dam NC05203 Fair 47 Burlington Mill Creek Subdivision Dam NC05718 Fair 7 Mebane Meadowood Lake Dam NC06834 Fair 60 Melville Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 504 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 483 Figure A.11 – Dam Inventory, Unincorporated Alamance County Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 505 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 484 Figure A.12 – Dam Inventory, City of Burlington Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 506 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 485 Figure A.13 – Dam Inventory, City of Graham Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 507 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 486 Figure A.14 – Dam Inventory, City of Mebane Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 508 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 487 Figure A.15 – Dam Inventory, Town of Elon Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 509 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 488 Figure A.16 – Dam Inventory, Town of Haw River Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 510 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 489 Figure A.17 – Dam Inventory, Town of Ossipee Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 511 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 490 Figure A.18 – Dam Inventory, Town of Swepsonville Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 512 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 491 A.2.2 FLOODING Table A.13 details the acreage of Alamance County’s total area by jurisdiction and flood zone on the Effective DFIRM. Per this assessment, at slightly over 1 percent, the City of Graham, the Village of Alamance, and the Town of Haw River have the largest portion of its land area within the mapped 1%- annual-chance floodplain. Overall, 0.4 percent of the total land in the county is within the mapped 1%- annual-chance floodplain. Table A.13 – Flood Zone Acreage by Jurisdiction, Alamance County Flood Zone Acreage Percent of Total (%) Unincorporated Alamance County Zone AE 16,155.8 6.8 Zone X (500-year) 930.4 0.4 Zone X (unshaded) 221,413.8 92.8 Total 238,500.0 -- City of Burlington Zone AE 1,683.5 8.8 Zone X (500-year) 106.3 0.6 Zone X (unshaded) 17,283.2 90.6 Total 19,073.1 -- City of Graham Zone AE 549.2 8.0 Zone X (500-year) 88.8 1.3 Zone X (unshaded) 6,266.3 90.8 Total 6,904.3 -- City of Mebane Zone AE 301.6 4.2 Zone X (500-year) 23.2 0.3 Zone X (unshaded) 6,833.3 95.5 Total 7,158.1 -- Town of Elon Zone AE 106.4 4.1 Zone X (500-year) 6.4 0.2 Zone X (unshaded) 2,474.3 95.6 Total 2,587.0 -- Town of Green Level Zone AE 2.2 0.2 Zone X (500-year) 1.2 0.1 Zone X (unshaded) 871.6 99.6 Total 874.9 -- Town of Haw River Zone AE 202.5 10.1 Zone X (500-year) 37.3 1.9 Zone X (unshaded) 1,766.5 88.0 Total 2,006.3 -- 513 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 492 Flood Zone Acreage Percent of Total (%) Town of Ossipee Zone AE 20.1 5.0 Zone X (500-year) 2.6 0.6 Zone X (unshaded) 379.2 94.3 Total 402.0 -- Town of Swepsonville Zone AE 112.3 11.9 Zone X (500-year) 4.8 0.5 Zone X (unshaded) 824.9 87.6 Total 942.0 -- Village of Alamance Zone AE 21.8 4.5 Zone X (500-year) 7.1 1.5 Zone X (unshaded) 456.5 94.0 Total 485.4 -- County Total 278,933.1 -- Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM Figure A.19 through Figure A.28 reflect the effective mapped flood hazard zones for all jurisdictions in Alamance County with land in or near the SFHA, and Figure A.29 through Figure A.38 display the depth of flooding estimated to occur in these areas during the 1%-annual-chance flood. Table A.14 provides building counts and values for critical facilities by flood zone in Alamance County and participating jurisdictions. Table A.14 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Flooding, Alamance County Flood Zone Critical Facility Count Structure Value Unincorporated Alamance County Zone AE 3 $- Zone X (500-year) 6 $186,524 Zone X (unshaded) 72 $100,672,396 Total 81 $100,858,920 City of Burlington Zone AE 1 $72,705 Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X (unshaded) 61 $224,934,346 Total 62 $225,007,051 City of Graham Zone AE 1 $36,146 Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X (unshaded) 19 $80,826,949 Total 20 $80,863,095 City of Mebane Zone AE 1 $- Zone X (500-year) 1 $- Zone X (unshaded) 30 $59,370,425 Total 32 $59,370,425 514 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 493 Flood Zone Critical Facility Count Structure Value Town of Elon Zone AE 1 $- Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X (unshaded) 111 $412,332,009 Total 112 $412,332,009 Town of Green Level Zone AE 0 $- Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X (unshaded) 0 $- Total 0 $- Town of Haw River Zone AE 0 $- Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X (unshaded) 3 $7,695,561 Total 3 $7,695,561 Town of Ossipee Zone AE 0 $- Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X (unshaded) 0 $- Total 0 $- Town of Swepsonville Zone AE 0 $- Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X (unshaded) 3 $5,429,050 Total 3 $5,429,050 Village of Alamance Zone AE 1 $- Zone X (500-year) 1 $3,273 Zone X (unshaded) 4 $1,390,355 Total 6 $1,393,628 Alamance County Total Zone AE 8 $108,851.10 Zone X (500-year) 8 $189,796.68 Zone X (unshaded) 303 $892,651,091.21 Total 319 $892,949,739 Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM, HMPC Note: The Towns of Ossipee and Green Level do not have any critical facilities exposed to flooding 515 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 494 Figure A.19 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Unincorporated Alamance County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 516 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 495 Figure A.20 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, City of Burlington Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 517 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 496 Figure A.21 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, City of Graham Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 518 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 497 Figure A.22 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, City of Mebane Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 519 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 498 Figure A.23 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Town of Elon Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 520 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 499 Figure A.24 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Town of Green Level Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 521 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 500 Figure A.25 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Town of Haw River Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 522 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 501 Figure A.26 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Town of Ossipee Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 523 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 502 Figure A.27 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Town of Swepsonville Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 524 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 503 Figure A.28 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Village of Alamance Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 525 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 504 Figure A.29 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Unincorporated Alamance County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 526 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 505 Figure A.30 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, City of Burlington Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 527 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 506 Figure A.31 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, City of Graham Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 528 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 507 Figure A.32 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, City of Mebane Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 529 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 508 Figure A.33 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Town of Elon Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 530 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 509 Figure A.34 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Town of Green Level Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 531 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 510 Figure A.35 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Town of Haw River Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 532 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 511 Figure A.36 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Town of Ossipee Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 533 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 512 Figure A.37 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Town of Swepsonville Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 534 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 513 Figure A.38 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Village of Alamance Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 535 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 514 A.2.2.1 FLOOD INSURANCE DATA The following tables reflect NFIP policy and claims data for the County and incorporated jurisdictions categorized by structure type, flood zone, Pre-FIRM and Post-FIRM. Table A.15 – NFIP Program Entry Dates Community Regular Program Entry Emergency Program Entry Alamance County 12/01/1981 1/16/1975 Village of Alamance 12/17/1987 12/17/1987 City of Burlington 4/1/1981 4/18/1975 Town of Elon 6/5/1989 3/10/1988 City of Graham 11/19/1980 6/30/1976 Town of Green Level 8/13/2007 - Town of Haw River 11/5/1980 8/25/1975 City of Mebane 9/26/1975 11/5/1980 Town of Ossipee Not Participating Town of Swepsonville 7/31/2001 - Source: FEMA Community Information System Table A.16 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data by Structure Type Structure Type Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Alamance County Single Family 19 $20,419 $5,243,000 34 $454,947.05 2-4 Family 1 $834 $350,000 0 $0.00 Non-Residential 1 $573 $25,000 6 $396,687.30 Total 21 $21,826 $5,618,000 40 $851,634.35 Village of Alamance Single Family 1 $336 $227,000 0 $0.00 Toal 1 $336 $227,000 0 $0.00 City of Burlington Single Family 71 $56,668 $15,507,000 49 $401,688.45 All Other Residential 13 $4,916 $1,809,000 2 $0.00 Non-Residential 4 $18,298 $2,050,000 2 $37,235.61 Total 88 $79,882 $19,366,000 53 $438,924.06 Town of Elon Single Family 17 $12,798 $4,906,000 6 $135,379.05 2-4 Family 2 $1,757 $700,000 0 $0.00 Total 19 $14,555 $5,606,000 6 $135,379.05 City of Graham Single Family 47 $37,278 $11,511,000 11 $66,098.16 Non-Residential 3 $13,562 $1,601,000 0 $0.00 Total 50 $50,840 $13,112,000 11 $66,098.16 Town of Haw River Single Family 2 $1,171 $205,000 1 $60,000.00 2-4 Family 1 $665 $210,000 0 $0.00 Total 3 $1,836 $415,000 1 $60,000.00 536 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 515 Structure Type Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses City of Mebane Single Family 31 $20,013 $8,949,000 3 $4,622.05 2-4 Family 1 $409 $350,000 0 $0.00 Total 32 $20,422 $9,299,000 3 $4,622.05 Town of Swepsonville Single Family 3 $1,887 $928,000 0 $0.00 Total 3 $1,887 $928,000 0 $0.00 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 Table A.17 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data by Flood Zone Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Alamance County A01-30 & AE Zones 8 $11,252 $1,683,000 31 $743,069.66 A Zones 1 $573 $25,000 2 $100,061.71 B, C & X Zone Standard 12 $10,001 $3,910,000 3 $3,235.64 Preferred 0 $0 $0 1 $0.00 Total 21 $21,826 $5,618,000 37 $846,367.01 Village of Alamance B, C & X Zone Standard 1 $336 $227,000 0 $0.00 Total 1 $336 $227,000 0 $0.00 City of Burlington A01-30 & AE Zones 49 $47,469 $8,769,000 35 $383,580.75 A Zones 0 $0 $0 4 $13,208.70 B, C & X Zone Standard 39 $32,413 $10,597,000 3 $4,081.34 Preferred 0 $0 $0 8 $37,187.40 Total 88 $79,882 $19,366,000 50 $438,058.19 Town of Elon A01-30 & AE Zones 7 $5,745 $1,681,000 4 $30,851.04 B, C & X Zone Standard 12 $8,810 $3,925,000 1 $10,473.56 Preferred 0 $0 $0 1 $94,054.45 Total 19 $14,555 $5,606,000 6 $135,379.05 City of Graham A01-30 & AE Zones 31 $27,064 $7,224,000 8 $50,031.61 B, C & X Zone Standard 19 $23,776 $5,888,000 1 $2,345.45 Preferred 0 $0 $0 2 $13,721.10 Total 50 $50,840 $13,112,000 11 $66,098.16 537 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 516 Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Town of Haw River A01-30 & AE Zones 2 $1,171 $205,000 1 $60,000.00 B, C & X Zone Standard 1 $665 $210,000 0 $0.00 Total 3 $1,836 $415,000 1 $60,000.00 City of Mebane A01-30 & AE Zones 17 $11,472 $4,321,000 0 $0.00 B, C & X Zone Standard 15 $8,950 $4,978,000 0 $0.00 Preferred 0 $0 $0 3 $4,622.05 Total 32 $20,422 $9,299,000 3 $4,622.05 Town of Swepsonville B, C & X Zone Standard 3 $1,887 $928,000 0 $0.00 Total 3 $1,887 $928,000 0 $0.00 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 Table A.18 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data Pre-FIRM Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Alamance County A01-30 & AE Zones 3 $6,024 $550,000 28 $692,586.50 A Zones 0 $0 $0 1 $73,761.71 B, C & X Zone 7 $6,551 $2,160,000 3 $3,235.64 Standard 7 $6,551 $2,160,000 3 $3,235.64 Total 10 $12,575 $2,710,000 32 $769,583.85 City of Burlington A01-30 & AE Zones 29 $38,544 $5,666,000 35 $383,580.75 A Zones 0 $0 $0 4 $13,208.70 B, C & X Zone 23 $22,957 $6,803,000 10 $41,268.74 Standard 23 $22,957 $6,803,000 3 $4,081.34 Preferred 0 $0 $0 7 $37,187.40 Total 52 $61,501 $12,469,000 49 $438,058.19 Town of Elon A01-30 & AE Zones 5 $3,983 $1,341,000 0 $0.00 B, C & X Zone 5 $3,765 $1,475,000 1 $10,473.56 Standard 5 $3,765 $1,475,000 1 $10,473.56 Total 10 $7,748 $2,816,000 1 $10,473.56 City of Graham A01-30 & AE Zones 2 $1,314 $396,000 8 $50,031.61 B, C & X Zone 6 $7,124 $1,944,000 2 $13,721.10 Standard 6 $7,124 $1,944,000 0 $0.00 Preferred 0 $0 $0 2 $13,721.10 Total 8 $8,438 $2,340,000 10 $63,752.71 538 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 517 Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Town of Haw River A01-30 & AE Zones 1 $717 $44,000 1 $60,000.00 Total 1 $717 $44,000 1 $60,000.00 City of Mebane A01-30 & AE Zones 2 $620 $240,000 0 $0.00 B, C & X Zone 4 $2,890 $1,268,000 2 $3,090.26 Standard 4 $2,890 $1,268,000 0 $0.00 Preferred 0 $0 $0 2 $3,090.26 Total 6 $3,510 $1,508,000 2 $3,090.26 Town of Swepsonville B, C & X Zone 1 $581 $228,000 0 $0.00 Standard 1 $581 $228,000 0 $0.00 Total 1 $581 $228,000 0 $0.00 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 Table A.19 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data Post-FIRM Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Alamance County A01-30 & AE Zones 5 $5,228 $1,133,000 3 $50,483.16 A Zones 1 $573 $25,000 1 $26,300.00 B, C & X Zone 5 $3,450 $1,750,000 1 $0.00 Standard 5 $3,450 $1,750,000 0 $0.00 Total 11 $9,251 $2,908,000 5 $76,783.16 Village of Alamance B, C & X Zone 1 $336 $227,000 0 $0.00 Standard 1 $336 $227,000 0 $0.00 Total 1 $336 $227,000 0 $0.00 City of Burlington A01-30 & AE Zones 20 $8,925 $3,103,000 0 $0.00 B, C & X Zone 16 $9,456 $3,794,000 1 $0.00 Standard 16 $9,456 $3,794,000 0 $0.00 Preferred 0 $0 $0 1 $0.00 Total 36 $18,381 $6,897,000 1 $0.00 Town of Elon A01-30 & AE Zones 2 $1,762 $340,000 4 $30,851.04 B, C & X Zone 7 $5,045 $2,450,000 1 $94,054.45 Standard 7 $5,045 $2,450,000 0 $0.00 Preferred 0 $0 $0 1 $94,054.45 Total 9 $6,807 $2,790,000 5 $124,905.49 539 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 518 Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses City of Graham A01-30 & AE Zones 29 $25,750 $6,828,000 0 $0.00 B, C & X Zone 13 $16,652 $3,944,000 1 $2,345.45 Standard 13 $16,652 $3,944,000 1 $2,345.45 Total 42 $42,402 $10,772,000 1 $2,345.45 Town of Haw River A01-30 & AE Zones 1 $454 $161,000 0 $0.00 B, C & X Zone 1 $665 $210,000 0 $0.00 Standard 1 $665 $210,000 0 $0.00 Total 2 $1,119 $371,000 0 $0.00 City of Mebane A01-30 & AE Zones 15 $10,852 $4,081,000 0 $0.00 B, C & X Zone 11 $6,060 $3,710,000 1 $1,531.79 Standard 11 $6,060 $3,710,000 0 $0.00 Preferred 0 $0 $0 1 $1,531.79 Total 26 $16,912 $7,791,000 1 $1,531.79 Town of Swepsonville B, C & X Zone 2 $1,306 $700,000 0 $0.00 Standard 2 $1,306 $700,000 0 $0.00 Total 2 $1,306 $700,000 0 $0.00 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 A.2.3 WILDFIRE Table A.20 summarizes the acreage in Alamance County that falls within the Functional Wildland Urban Interface (WUI), categorized into zones that describe the wildfire risk mitigation activities appropriate for each zone. Areas in the Functional WUI are those areas where development and building structures may intermix with burnable land cover. Approximately, 25 percent of Alamance County is categorized as having direct exposure to wildfire risk within the Functional WUI. Table A.20 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface Acreage, Alamance County Functional Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Category Acres Percent Direct Exposure 69,426 25% Indirect Exposure 27,718 10% Critical Fireshed 91,005 33% Sources of Ember Load to Buildings 85,064 31% Little to No Exposure 0 0% Water 4,749 2% Total 277,961 100% Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 540 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 519 Figure A.39 and Figure A.48 depict the Functional WUI with the location of critical facilities for unincorporated Alamance County and all participating jurisdictions. Figure A.49 and Figure A.58 depict the Fire Intensity Scale, which indicates the potential severity of fire based on fuel loads, topography, and other factors. Figure A.59 and Figure A.68 depicts Burn Probability based on landscape conditions, percentile weather, historical ignition patterns, and historical prevention and suppression efforts. Functional WUI areas with direct exposure to wildfire are distributed throughout the county with limited gaps. Burn probability is low throughout most of the county with clusters of moderate burn probability in southern Alamance County. Potential fire intensity is low to moderate across much of Alamance County with a few clusters of moderate to high fire intensity in the southeastern region of unincorporated Alamance County. Table A.21 and Table A.30 provides building counts and values for critical facilities by FEMA lifeline that are located in areas categorized with direct exposure to wildfire risk on the Functional WUI scale. Table A.21 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Unincorporated Alamance County Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 18 $50,184,843 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 8 $1,939,723 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 19 $1,585,451 Total 45 $53,710,017 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Table A.22 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, City of Burlington Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 6 $751,248 Total 6 $751,248 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 541 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 520 Table A.23 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, City of Graham Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 1 $8,956,393 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 1 $36,146 Total 2 $8,992,540 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Table A.24 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, City of Mebane Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 6 $61,642 Total 6 $61,642 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Table A.25 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Town of Elon Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 10 $31,521,259 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 0 $- Total 10 $31,521,259 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 542 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 521 Table A.26 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Town of Green Level Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 0 $- Total 0 0 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Table A.27 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Town of Haw River Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 1 $- Total 1 $- Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Table A.28 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Town of Ossipee Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 0 $- Total 0 $- Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 543 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 522 Table A.29 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Town of Swepsonville Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 0 $- Total 0 $- Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Table A.30 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Village of Alamance Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 2 $725,009 Total 2 $725,009 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 544 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 523 Figure A.39 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Unincorporated Alamance County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 545 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 524 Figure A.40 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, City of Burlington Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 546 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 525 Figure A.41 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, City of Graham Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 547 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 526 Figure A.42 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, City of Mebane Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 548 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 527 Figure A.43 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Town of Elon Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 549 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 528 Figure A.44 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Town of Green Level Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 550 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 529 Figure A.45 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Town of Haw River Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 551 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 530 Figure A.46 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Town of Ossipee Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 552 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 531 Figure A.47 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Town of Swepsonville Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 553 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 532 Figure A.48 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Village of Alamance Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 554 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 533 Figure A.49 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Unincorporated Alamance County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 555 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 534 Figure A.50 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, City of Burlington Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 556 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 535 Figure A.51 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, City of Graham Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 557 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 536 Figure A.52 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, City of Mebane Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 558 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 537 Figure A.53 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Town of Elon Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 559 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 538 Figure A.54 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Town of Green Level Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 560 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 539 Figure A.55 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Town of Haw River Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 561 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 540 Figure A.56 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Town of Ossipee Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 562 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 541 Figure A.57 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Town of Swepsonville Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 563 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 542 Figure A.58 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Village of Alamance Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 564 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 543 Figure A.59 – Burn Probability, Unincorporated Alamance County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 565 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 544 Figure A.60 – Burn Probability, City of Burlington Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 566 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 545 Figure A.61 – Burn Probability, City of Graham Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 567 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 546 Figure A.62 – Burn Probability, City of Mebane Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 568 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 547 Figure A.63 – Burn Probability, Town of Elon Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 569 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 548 Figure A.64 – Burn Probability, Town of Green Level Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 570 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 549 Figure A.65 – Burn Probability, Town of Haw River Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 571 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 550 Figure A.66 – Burn Probability, Town of Ossipee Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 572 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 551 Figure A.67 – Burn Probability, Town of Swepsonville Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 573 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 552 Figure A.68 – Burn Probability, Village of Alamance Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 574 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 553 A.3 MITIGATION STRATEGY Table A.31 – Mitigation Action Plan, Alamance County Action # Action Description Applicable Jurisdictions Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Alamance County, Town of Green Level, Town of Ossipee, Town of Swepsonville, Village of Alamance Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New P-2 Review methods of school construction to ensure that all new schools are constructed to the maximum cost feasible standards of wind resistance, flood resistance, and access so that they can be used as shelters for evacuees during and after natural hazard events. Alamance County All Hazards 1.2 Medium Alamance County Inspections Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. Our Inspections department will follow all guidelines on new projects. P-3 Review the subdivision regulations and make appropriate changes to encourage alternatives to placing lots in flood-prone areas and to minimize impervious surface coverings, if necessary. Alamance County Flooding 1.2 Medium Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward Planning is still working on this. Progress is being made by adding details to subdivision regulations in flood prone areas. Property Protection PP-1 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Alamance County Flooding 4.2 Low Alamance County Emergency Management, Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward EM monitors flood prone areas. PP-2 Monitor structures affected by flood and track damages and repair costs. If damages and repair costs are high relative to the value of the structure, consider mitigation including elevation, acquisition, or floodproofing. Alamance County Flooding 4.2 High Alamance County Emergency Management, Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress was made on this project. The County will continue to monitor county properties which are or may be impacted by flooding events. No structures were impacted by flooding since last plan. PP-3 Monitor recreational facilities located in the floodplain and evaluate flood resistance of county structures. Alamance County Flooding 4.2 Medium Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress was made on this project. The County will monitor the county properties which are or may be impacted by flooding events. PP-4 Monitor reservoirs for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Alamance County Flooding 4.2 High Alamance County Emergency Management Staff time 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress was made on this project. The County will coordinate with Municipal watershed owners and operators to monitor levels and control of the dams and gates for flooding. 575 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 554 Action # Action Description Applicable Jurisdictions Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PP-5 Assess the need for Critical County Offices to bury overhead power, and data lines. Alamance County Severe Winter Weather Medium Alamance County Emergency Management County 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and County-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. Alamance County All Hazards 4.2 Medium Alamance County Buildings and Inspections Department, Alamance County Planning Department, Alamance County Emergency Management State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress was made on this project due to limited funding. Will evaluate resilience needs and look for grants and resource funding to retrofit county facilities. SP-2 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Alamance County Flooding 4.2 Medium Alamance County Planning Department, Alamance County Emergency Management State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage builders, developers, and architects to become familiar with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) land use and building standards by attending annual workshops presented by the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management (NCEM). This can be accomplished by creating a mailing list and providing it to NCEM to use for its announcements. This task can be further supported by distributing copies of NCEM's announcements from the Alamance County Inspections Department when builders and developers apply for permits. Alamance County, Town of Green Level, Town of Haw River, Town of Swepsonville Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress was made on this project due to limited staff resources. PEA-2 Encourage citizens and businesses/industries to develop emergency preparedness plans. Alamance County, Town of Green Level All Hazards 2.1 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management; Alamance County LEPC LEPC 2025-2030 Carry Forward County EM has been working directly with local chemical facilities on developing Emergency Response Plans for 1st responder response. Also, Website, and social media campaigns have been completed with an all-hazards preparedness approach. PEA-3 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. Alamance County All Hazards 2.1 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management To be determined 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress made on this project due to limited staff. Plan to add this to the Emergency Management website. 576 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 555 Action # Action Description Applicable Jurisdictions Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PEA-4 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. Alamance County All Hazards 2.1 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management To be determined 2025-2030 Carry Forward We have shared information via our website pertaining to preparation and planning for disasters. We have also created a social media campaign to target all hazards preparedness. PEA-5 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. Alamance County Flooding 1.2 Medium Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward Planning Department Staff makes citizens aware of the additional compliance of developing in a flood zone. PEA-6 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protections, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Alamance County Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward No progress made on this project due to limited staff. PEA-7 Maintain GIS system at www.alamance-nc.com. From this site anyone from a private citizen, builder, insurance company, etc. can see if a property is located in the 1-percent-annual-chance (100-year) floodplain. Alamance County, Town of Haw River, Town of Ossipee, Town of Swepsonville, Village of Alamance Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County GIS Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carry Forward The County Land Use plan is in progress and a land-use GIS layer is expected as a deliverable once the plan is complete. PEA-8 Provide local real estate agents with handouts that will advise potential buyers to investigate the flood hazard for the property they are considering purchasing. Alamance County, Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County Planning Department To be determined 2025-2030 Carry Forward In Progress. Implementation delayed due to limited staff resources. PEA-9 Educate citizens to listen for the watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service Alamance County, Town of Green Level, Town of Haw River, Town of Ossipee, Village of Alamance All Hazards 2.2 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management County 2025-2030 Carry Forward The County has utilized our website and social media outlets to share information to the public and local municipalities on listening to and having a warning system in the home. The County is now working with hearing impaired and distributing hearing impaired weather alert radios devices to those who request them. PEA-10 Maintain Alamance County Communications' capability to monitor weather conditions and advise all emergency services regarding watches and warnings. Alamance County, Flooding 2.2 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management County 2025-2030 Carry Forward We have updated our Nixle alert system and are promoting personnel to sign up for the service. Will continue to monitor and push weather information to PSAP's and other Emergency Services in the county to keep them aware of impending weather. PEA-11 Conduct focused public outreach events to educate the public on hazards faced by our community, and how they can properly prepare themselves and their family. Alamance County All Hazards 2.1 Medium Alamance County Emergency Management County 2025-2030 New 577 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 556 Table A.32 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Burlington Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2020 Status 2020 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward This is ongoing as determined in Planning and Zoning ordinances. The City works with developers and property owners on a case-by-case basis. P-2 Adopt policy prohibiting the development of critical public facilities in the 100-year floodplain in cases where viable alternatives exist. Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is ongoing. This is not an adopted policy, but the City of Burlington Floodplain Manager oversees construction and acquisition of property in flood-prone areas. It is not the policy of the City to place critical systems in areas subject to flooding. P-3 Expand the City’s Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include more hazard specific information. All Hazards 1.2 Medium City of Burlington GIS Division Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is ongoing and continually evaluated for effectiveness and modified as needed. Current capability includes the ability to define hazard areas from historical data as well as the ability to project potential areas of concern. GIS and EM are looking at ways to enhance dashboards to provide a common operating picture. Also, looking at products that are able to combine current and forecasted weather to create real-time flood modeling. The City will also continue to monitor opportunities to enhance GIS technologies and appropriate datasets for hazard mitigation planning. P-4 Continue the City’s participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City maintained active participation in the NFIP. P-5 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium City of Burlington Fire Department, City of Burlington Water Department Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is ongoing based on regular maintenance schedules and is continually evaluated for effectiveness and modified as needed. P-6 Develop a detailed hazard assessment for dams in Alamance County and add to county hazard mitigation plan. Dam Failure 3.2 Medium City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward Dam Emergency Action Plans were updated in 2024/2025. P-7 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Monitor structures affected by flood and track damages and repair costs. If damages and repair costs are high relative to the value of the structure, consider mitigation including elevation, acquisition, or floodproofing. Flooding 4.2 High City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management, City Planning Department General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity was implemented as needed following hazard events. The City has the capability to conduct damage assessments with assistance from the County and the State. PP-2 Monitor recreational facilities located in the floodplain and evaluate flood resistance of city structures. Flooding 4.2 Medium City of Burlington, City Planning Department General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to limited administrative resources. 578 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 557 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2020 Status 2020 Implementation Status Comments PP-3 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 1.1 High City of Burlington N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward All reservoirs and water sources located throughout the city have been processed by various companies (i.e. dam review, etc.). City of Burlington reservoirs are assessed each year for potential problems as well as security issues. Structural Projects SP-1 Retrofit critical facilities and City-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections, Office of Emergency Management, City Planning Department Internal staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to fiscal limitations. The City will continue to seek opportunities to implement retrofits as needed. SP-2 Install backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed county/town critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections, Office of Emergency Management, City Planning Department Local, State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward Some generators have been replaced (PD) or repaired (City Hall). Additional needs remain, such as adding an additional transfer switch to the generator at city hall so that should there be a failure in the main generator, a generator could be sourced and integrated seamlessly. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management, City Planning Department State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium City of Burlington Fire Department Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is implemented annually. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage builders, developers, and architects to become familiar with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) land use and building standards by attending annual workshops presented by the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management (NCEM). Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Burlington Building and Inspections, City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to limited staff resources. PEA-2 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The City gives presentations to HOAs and neighborhood groups and distributes literature. PEA-3 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management, Burlington Office of Public Information Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is ongoing and continually evaluated for effectiveness and modified as needed. Recent outreach methods include giving presentations and maintaining a presence at public events. PEA-4 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protection, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Flooding 2.1 Low City of Burlington, Alamance County Planning Department N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward This activity is ongoing. The City will continue to support maintaining these materials at local libraries and government offices. 579 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 558 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2020 Status 2020 Implementation Status Comments PEA-5 Provide local real estate agents with handouts that will advise potential buyers to investigate the flood hazard for the property they are considering purchasing. Flooding 2.1 Low City of Burlington, City Planning Department Unknown 2025-2030 Carried Forward No new resources were developed due to limited staff and fiscal resources. PEA-6 Educate citizens to listen for the watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service. All Hazards 2.2 Medium City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City of Burlington Office of Emergency Management conducted annual presentations to Burlington Housing authority, Burlington Senior center, and Burlington Community network and has maintained a presence at local community events such as the annual Carousel Festival. Presentations include NWS information as well as inclement and hazardous weather planning/preparation. 580 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 559 Table A.33 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Graham Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Propose a policy prohibiting the development of critical public facilities in the 100-year floodplain in cases where viable alternatives exist. Presently, most critical facilities located in the floodplain are waste pump stations because they must be located at low elevations because the handle gravity flowing sewage. Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Graham Public Works Department General fund 2030 Carried Forward Flood damage prevention regulations are included in the City of Graham Development Ordinance. Graham will consider future revisions to include critical facility protection and other higher standards. P-2 Consider expanding the County's Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include maintaining Elevation Certificates in a computer database. Flooding 1.2 Medium Alamance County GIS Department Staff time, General fund 2030 Carried Forward Graham has centralized our Floodplain permitting and Elevation Certificates such that they are ready when requested. Further integration opportunities will be evaluated. P-3 Continue City of Graham's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Graham complied with the most recent update of the regulations and maps. P-4 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium City of Graham Fire Department Staff time 2030 Carried Forward No progress reported due to administrative barriers. Timeline based on Rating Schedule dictated by Office of State Fire Marshal. P-5 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Monitor recreational facilities located in the floodplain and evaluate flood resistance of county structures. Flooding 4.2 Medium City of Graham Public Works Department Staff time 2025-2030 Carried Forward Graham will continue to monitor and identify specific mitigation needs. PP-2 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 4.2 Medium City of Graham/ Alamance County EM General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Graham will continue to monitor and identify specific mitigation needs. PP-3 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium City of Graham Public Works Department, Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium City Buildings and Inspections Department, City Planning Department, City Emergency Services Local, State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No completed projects to report. The City will continue to identify and implement retrofits as needed. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium City Buildings and Inspections Department, City Planning Department, City Emergency Services Local, State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No new progress to report. Additional facilities to be identified. 581 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 560 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium City Planning Department, City Emergency Services State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report. Fire Chief will coordinate with State Forester and reestablish this link. ES-2 Coordinate with the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to maintain adequate and effective snow and ice removal plans by the towns/cities and NCDOT. "Adequate" means that all major thoroughfares are cleared and remain clear within 12 hours of last snowfall. Severe Winter Weather 2.2 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City continues to coordinate with NCDOT and is attempting to take over some primary routes. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage builders, developers, and architects to become familiar with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) land use and building standards by attending annual workshops presented by the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management (NCEM). This can be accomplished by creating a mailing list and providing it to NCEM to use for its announcements. This task can be further supported by distributing copies of NCEM's announcements from the Alamance County Inspections Department when builders and developers apply for permits. Flooding 2.1 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City of Graham works with Alamance County to ensure that developers are up-to-date when applying for permits and by attending workshops. City staff attends CFP trainings, and reviews all NFIP regulations. PEA-2 Encourage citizens and businesses/industries to develop emergency preparedness plans. All Hazards 2.1 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress reported due to limited staff resources. The City will maintain an Emergency Preparedness page on the City website in conjunction with the County to help inform local residents. PEA-3 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress reported due to limited staff resources. The City will maintain an Emergency Preparedness page on the City website in conjunction with the County to help inform local residents. PEA-4 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The usage of NIXLE has increased awareness of the frequency of hazards. The City will continue to push notifications regarding hazardous weather over this and other media. PEA-5 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. All Hazards 1.2 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Graham will continue to educate the public about the 2’ freeboard requirement. PEA-6 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protections, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Flooding 2.1 Medium City of Graham General fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Documents are made available at City Hall. 582 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 561 Table A.34 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Mebane Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Maintain Shelter Agreements with the County Emergency Services All Hazards 2.2 Medium Alamance County/ City General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City has a contract with Alamance County Emergency Services and will assess the contract as-needed. P-2 Continue the City of Mebane’s participation in the National Flood Insurance Program Flooding 1.2 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City has maintained compliance with the NFIP and will continue to do so as part of plan review and permitting process. P-3 Monitor Reservoirs, Lakes, and Streams for Potential Flooding Problems and Note any Unexpected Flooding Issues Flooding 1.2 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward City has checked culverts and streams along outfalls ahead of large predicted storm events and cleared debris as necessary to prevent flooding. The City of Mebane began a construction project to replace the Lake Michael Dam Spillway in 2024. P-4 Review All Fire Districts Coverage to Ensure there are Adequate Quantities of Water for Fire Fighting Purposes and that all Water Points are Maintained on a Regular Basis Wildfire 2.2 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward OSFM conducted ISO inspections in 2022. Will review with OSFM upon next inspection. P-5 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Monitor Structures Affected by Flood and Track Damages and Repair Costs. Flooding 4.2 Low City Hazard Mitigation Grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report due to low priority. City owned structures will be monitored and tracked. Private structures will be tracked by building permits. PP-2 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium City General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to retrofit critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium City State Grants, UHMA Grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward As buildings are upgraded, we will look into retrofitting facilities with the latest technology. Many facilities have backup generators installed and low water consumption fixtures. SP-2 Seek funding to install backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed county/town critical facilities All Hazards 4.2 Medium City Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward Backup generators have now been installed at nearly all existing facilities. All new construction facilities will be evaluated as part of plan review. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium City State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New 583 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 562 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Emergency Services ES-1 Meet Annually with State Forester for Alamance County to Improve Coordination of Wildfire Control and Response Wildfire 3.2 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress due to limited staff resources. Fire department to meet annually with State forester to coordinate Wildfire Control and Response. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage Familiarity with National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Flooding 2.1 Medium Planning, Zoning and Inspections Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward No new progress to report due to limited administrative resources. Will continue existing outreach as part of plan review and permitting process. PEA-2 Encourage Citizens and Businesses to Develop Emergency Preparedness Plans All Hazards 2.1 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward Relevant City departments will continue to work with the Public Information Officer to produce videos and post information on the website encouraging development of emergency preparedness plans. In 2024 and 2025, the City of Mebane has produced educational videos related to emergency preparedness and response. PEA-3 Encourage Homeowners to Review Insurance Policies as Part of an Overall Family Disaster Plan All Hazards 2.1 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward Educational material is posted on website/handouts PEA-4 Increase Awareness of the Natural Hazards Potential to Officials, Public and Industry All Hazards 2.1 Medium City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward Code Red information is placed on the City’s website. Citizens are informed by Code Red notifications as hazards arise. The City of Mebane hired a Public Information Officer in 2022 and is actively using CodeRed and other tools to share information. PEA-5 Provide Local Real Estate Agents with Handouts that Will Advise Potential Buyers to Investigate the Flood Hazards for the Property Under Consideration Flooding 2.1 Low City Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward Planning department provides information to agents and developers. 584 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 563 Table A.35 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Elon Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Consider adopting a policy prohibiting the development of critical public facilities in the 100-year floodplain in cases where viable alternatives exist. Presently, most critical facilities located in the floodplain are waste pump stations because they must be located at low elevations because the handle gravity flowing sewage. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Elon Public Works Department, Town of Elon Planning Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. The Town of Elon Public Works along with Town of Elon Planning(TRC) coordinate an inventory of all public facilities and identify the facilities that are within the 100 year floodplain-if any. P-2 Expand the County's Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include maintaining Elevation Certificates in a computer database. Flooding 1.2 Medium Alamance County, Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. The Town of Elon works in conjunction with Alamance Co. GIS in computer based driven software on this. P-3 Continue Town of Elon's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. Elon actively participates in the NFIP for its citizens. P-4 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Alamance County, Town of Elon Fire Department General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. Town of Elon contracts with 3rd party testing company to model and project needed water supplies for firefighting and domestic use on a yearly basis to keep up with growth and to help with FD ISO rating. Estimated cost $10,000. P-5 When the county land use plan is complete, create a land use map with an overlay of flood hazards and any other natural hazards that can be mapped. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Elon N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. Town participated with Alamance Co EM on flood mapping. Mapping was completed in 2015-2016. P-6 Direct Town of Elon to assess how it can better incorporate hazard mitigation plan goals and objectives into its planning and implementation of its duties with the County's plans. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Alamance County/Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. The Town of Elon Planning department has adopted the Land Management Ordinance which incorporates the use of the Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance and the Jordan Lake Riparian Buffer Ordinance at TRC. P-7 Develop and implement policies to enhance the urban tree canopy in ways that protect pedestrians and bicyclists from heat and pollution exposure through the use of the Land Management Ordinance requirements for street trees and parking lot landscaping. Excessive Heat 1.2 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 New P-8 Integrate climate change planning and solutions into emergency planning and preparedness, with a focus on heat and flooding. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 New P-9 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New 585 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 564 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Property Protection PP-1 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Elon, Alamance County N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward Completed and continuing ongoing implementation. No new flood risks were identified in the last five years, but the Town and the County will continue to monitor for any new potential flood issues within the area. PP-2 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town- owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town Buildings and Inspections Department, Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services General Fund, Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Towns TRC committee together with plans review have been able to review and approve all new construction builds from 2015-2020 particularly with new construction at Elon University with backup generators (where applicable and required by the NC Fire Code) along with fire resistant materials, wind retrofits and upgrades, as well as 911 communications requirements in buildings for effective radio transmissions. The Town Hall has recently installed a generator to increase resiliency. As of 2025 the Town has also partnered with Waste Reduction Partners to conduct an energy audit on municipal buildings. Currently the Town Hall and Fire Station 8 been audited as of February 2025. SP-2 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Planning Department, Emergency Services State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Strive to ensure future development occurs in a manner that protects floodplains, streams, wetlands, and other natural features which work to reduce flood hazard susceptibility and continue to enforce existing regulations pertaining to stormwater management and erosion control standards contained within the Town of Elon Land Management Ordinance, Jordan Lake Riparian Buffer Ordinance, and Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance Flooding 1.1 High Town of Elon Staff Time 2025- 2030 New NRP-2 Implement the tree preservation and landscaping standards outlined in the Town of Elon Land Management Ordinance to preserve the tree canopy and reduce urban heat island effect. Excessive Heat 1.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Alamance County, Town of Elon Fire Department NA 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Elon FD conducts monthly meeting with the local arson task force and topics such as wildland fires are discussed occasionally with local FS Rep. 586 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 565 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments ES-2 Coordinate with the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to maintain adequate and effective snow and ice removal plans by the towns/cities and NCDOT. "Adequate" means that all major thoroughfares are cleared and remain clear within 12 hours of last snowfall. Severe Winter Weather 2.2 Medium Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town's Public Works Department provided completed snow removal from the Towns streets during every snow storm from 2015-2020. This was for any storm which produced enough precipitation to cover the roads and maintained them clear. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage builders, developers, and architects to become familiar with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) land use and building standards by attending annual workshops presented by the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management (NCEM). This can be accomplished by creating a mailing list and providing it to NCEM to use for its announcements. This task can be further supported by distributing copies of NCEM's announcements from the Alamance County Inspections Department when builders and developers apply for permits. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Elon along with Alamance County provides this information during the Town's Technical Review Committee meetings with contractors, architects, etc. The Town continues to provide this information to the institutions with the most development activity such as Elon University, Blakey Hall and Twin Lakes Retirement Centers. A link to the Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance has been placed on the Town's website. PEA-2 Encourage citizens and businesses/industries to develop emergency preparedness plans. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Elon General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town will continue to coordinate efforts to meet with the major institutions and businesses (Elon University, Twin Lakes, Blakey Hall, Labcorp, Carolina Biological, Sonoco, and Engineering Controls) to encourage continued development of their plans as their operations expand. PEA-3 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Elon FD's Emergency Management currently maintains an updated preparedness page on their website. This information will continue to be updated periodically to help inform town residents. PEA-4 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward In the Town of Elon FD preparedness page on the Town’s website and a link also is added to the Alamance Co. Emergency Preparedness website. PEA-5 Maintain hazard mitigation plan and floodplain information on the Town's website (www.elonnc.com). All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The website carries you to the Hazard Mitigation Plan, NFIP website, and flood damage prevention ordinance (which is already in the Planning Departments documentation for download). PEA-6 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protections, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Flooding 2.1 Medium Town of Elon, Alamance County General Fund 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Elon is the FEMA repository for all related documents within its jurisdiction. The Town also works closely in conjunction with Alamance County concerning flooding issues. PEA-7 Maintain GIS system at www.alamance-nc.com. From this site anyone from a private citizen, builder, insurance company, etc. can see if a property is located in the 1-percent-annual-chance (100-year) floodplain. Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town provides a link on the Town's website to the County's GIS. The Town will continue to maintain this link. PEA-8 Provide local real estate agents with handouts that will advise potential buyers to investigate the flood hazard for the property they are considering purchasing. Flooding 2.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town provides links or info to the County GIS and NC FRIS website. 587 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 566 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PEA-9 Educate citizens to listen for the watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service Flooding 2.2 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Elon in conjunction with Alamance Co. inform the residents via website as well as the countywide emergency alert system, Nixle, of upcoming warnings and watches. PEA-10 During extreme heat and severe winter weather, organize community check-ins on elderly and sensitive populations. Program can be run at the neighborhood level through buddy systems where neighbors are aware of and check on those at risk of health impacts. Excessive Heat, Severe Winter Weather 2.2 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 New PEA-11 Develop a community-wide communications and outreach program on how to prepare and recover from climate hazards. The program may focus on a target population or a target hazard, or may be more broad. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Elon Staff Time 2025-2030 New PEA-12 Identify and plan for the use of municipal and county facilities (e.g., library, community buildings) as temporary shelter from storms or as cooling centers. Consider partnering with area nonprofits and faith-based organizations to help run the shelters during storms and extreme heat. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Town of Elon General Fund and Partnerships with local non-profits 2025-2030 New 588 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 567 Table A.36 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Green Level Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Review the subdivision regulations and make appropriate changes to encourage alternatives to placing lots in flood-prone areas and to minimize impervious surface coverings, if necessary. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Green Level Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to administrative limitations. P-2 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Green Level Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. P-3 Expand the County's Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include maintaining Elevation Certificates in a computer database Flooding 1.2 Low Alamance County Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town maintains ECs, but they are not yet made available on the County’s GIS website. P-4 Continue the Town of Green Level's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Green Level Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town has remained an active participant in the NFIP. P-5 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Town of Green Level, Town of Haw River Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to administrative limitations. P-6 When the county land use plan is complete, create a land use map with an overlay of flood hazards and any other natural hazards that can be mapped. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Green Level Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward County land development plan was completed and adopted in 2020. Flood hazard and land use mapping remains to be completed. Property Protection PP-1 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Low Town of Green Level General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town Buildings and Inspections Department, Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited administrative and fiscal resources. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town Buildings and Inspections Department, Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited administrative and fiscal resources. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town Planning Department, Emergency Services State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Town of Green Level, Town of Haw River Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited staff resources. 589 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 568 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage residents to sign up for the countywide emergency notification system. Greater awareness of hazard events will help make residents more aware of their risks and encourage them to take preparedness and property protection actions to mitigate their individual hazard risk. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Green Level Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward Green Level has an updated website and will work to incorporate links and information encouraging residents to sign up for the countywide emergency notification system. 590 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 569 Table A.37 – Town of Haw River Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Expand the County's Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include maintaining Elevation Certificates in a computer database. Flooding 1.2 Medium Alamance County GIS Department Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Haw River maintains ECs and will work in conjunction with Alamance County GIS Department to make them available in a computer database. P-2 Continue Town of Haw River's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Haw River Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Haw River has participated in the NFIP Program since 07/18/1975. P-3 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Town of Haw River Fire Department Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward Water/fire flow study completed in 2021. Maintenance and monitoring efforts will continue. P-4 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Monitor recreational facilities located in the floodplain and evaluate flood resistance of county structures. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Haw River Public Works Department Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward Red Slide Park is in the floodplain and experiences regular flooding and has been closed on several occasions. Regular monitoring will continue. PP-2 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Haw River Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town will continue to monitor flooding problems. PP-3 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Haw River General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town- owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town Buildings and Inspections Department, Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Haw River will continue to look for grant money regarding upgrading critical facilities to improve resilience to all hazards and to improve energy usage. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town Buildings and Inspections Department, Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward Ongoing. The Haw River Police Department purchased a generator in 2021 using grant money. The Town will continue to upgrade pump stations to install generators when possible. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town Planning Department, Town Emergency Services State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New 591 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 570 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Town of Haw River Fire Department Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward This has been performed annually with the Haw River Fire Chief and the Alamance County Fire Marshall’s office. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage citizens and businesses/industries to develop emergency preparedness plans. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Haw River Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Haw River Fire Department has continued to work with business owners on developing emergency response plans. PEA-2 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Haw River, Alamance County Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Haw River Fire Department continued to work with homeowners on developing family emergency plans. PEA-3 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Haw River Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Haw River Fire Department continued to promote awareness on natural hazards through education at local schools. PEA-4 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Haw River Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report due to limited administrative capability. The Town of Haw River reviews all new development through the TRC process. PEA-5 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protections, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Flooding 2.1 Medium Alamance County, Town of Haw River Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Haw River works in conjunction with Alamance County GIS Department on this, and the Town is the repository for all flood documents PEA-6 Encourage residents to sign up for the countywide emergency notification system. Greater awareness of hazard events will help make residents more aware of their risks and encourage them to take preparedness and property protection actions to mitigate their individual hazard risk. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Haw River Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Haw River will continue to work in conjunction with Alamance County on this. 592 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 571 Table A.38 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Ossipee Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited administrative resources. P-2 When the county land use plan is complete, create a land use map with an overlay of flood hazards and any other natural hazards that can be mapped. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The County land use plan update was completed. Mapping for Ossipee remains to be done. Property Protection PP-1 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited administrative resources. PP-2 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Ossipee General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to lack of funding. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, State Grants, UHMA Grants, other potential federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town has a new Town Hall and will seek funding to secure a backup generator. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Ossipee State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Town of Ossipee Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to limited administrative resources. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Ossipee Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to administrative limitations. PEA-2 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Ossipee Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress was made due to administrative and technical limitations. PEA-3 Encourage residents to sign up for the countywide emergency notification system. Greater awareness of hazard events will help make residents more aware of their risks and encourage them to take preparedness and property protection actions to mitigate their individual hazard risk. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Ossipee Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Ossipee will work with Alamance County on this effort. 593 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 572 Table A.39 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Swepsonville Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Review the subdivision regulations and make appropriate changes to encourage alternatives to placing lots in flood-prone areas and to minimize impervious surface coverings, if necessary. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations P-2 Continue Town of Swepsonville's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town has maintained compliance with NFIP requirements for continued participation. P-3 Develop specific regulations that prohibit dumping in the county's watersheds Flooding 1.1 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations P-4 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations Property Protection PP-1 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations PP-2 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local, State Grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to staff and funding limitations. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local, State Grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to staff and funding limitations. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage citizens and businesses/industries to develop emergency preparedness plans. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to lack of administrative resources for outreach. PEA-2 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to lack of administrative resources for outreach. PEA-3 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to lack of administrative resources for outreach. PEA-4 Discourage the public and developers from developing property in flood zones. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to lack of administrative resources for outreach. PEA-5 Maintain documents about flood insurance, flood protections, floodplain management, and natural and beneficial functions of floodplains at the local libraries and government offices. Flooding 2.1 Medium Town of Swepsonville Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to lack of administrative resources for outreach. 594 ANNEX A: ALAMANCE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 573 Table A.40 – Mitigation Action Plan, Village of Alamance Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Continue to expand the County's Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities to include maintaining Elevation Certificates in a computer database. Flooding 1.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Village will work to compile and provide ECs to the County. P-2 Continue the Village of Alamance's participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) so citizens are eligible for flood insurance. Flooding 1.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Village has maintained compliance with the NFIP P-3 Review all fire districts coverage to ensure that there are adequate quantities of water for firefighting purposes and that all water points are maintained on a regular basis. Wildfire 2.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. Property Protection PP-1 Monitor reservoirs, lakes, and streams for potential flooding problems and note any unexpected flooding issues. Flooding 4.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. PP-2 Look for opportunities to acquire, relocate, or elevate structures vulnerable to floods Flooding 4.2 Medium Village of Alamance General Fund 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to the retrofit of critical facilities and Village-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local, State Grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative and fiscal limitations. SP-2 Seek funding for the installation of backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed and existing county critical facilities. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local, State Grants, federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative and fiscal limitations. SP-3 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium City Planning Department, City Emergency Services State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Meet annually with State Forester for Alamance County to improve coordination of wildfire control and response. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Village of Alamance Local, County 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage homeowners to review insurance policies as part of an overall family disaster plan. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Village of Alamance Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. PEA-2 Increase awareness of the natural hazards potential to local officials, the general public, and private industry. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Village of Alamance Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to administrative limitations. PEA-3 Maintain hazard mitigation plan and floodplain information on the Village's website. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Village of Alamance Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Village has an updated website and will work to incorporate hazard mitigation and floodplain information. 595 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 574 ANNEX B. DURHAM COUNTY B.1 ASSET INVENTORY Durham County and the HMPC provided a local inventory of critical facilities and community lifelines, which are a priority for mitigation planning and emergency management. Lifelines are the most fundamental services in the community that, when stabilized, enable all other aspects of society to function. Table B.1 and Table B.2 provide a count of critical facilities by FEMA lifeline category by jurisdiction in Durham County. Figure B.1 and Figure B.2 show the locations of all critical facilities by jurisdiction in Durham County. Table B.3 provides a detailed inventory of the critical facilities in Durham County, indicating each facility’s FEMA lifeline category, flood zone, 1% annual chance flood depth, and wildfire. More information on hazard vulnerability is provided in the hazard profiles. Table B.1 – Critical Facilities by Type, Unincorporated Durham County Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 1 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 1 $5,342,951 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 10 $6,977,864 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 17 $9,315,000 Total 29 $21,635,815 Source: Durham County, HMPC Table B.2 – Critical Facilities by Type, City of Durham Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 1 $21,023,727 Food, Hydration, Shelter 56 $624,758,056 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 10 $207,220,490 Safety and Security 34 $275,018,274 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 76 $30,014,999 Total 177 $1,158,035,546 Source: Durham County, HMPC 596 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 575 Figure B.1 – Critical Facilities, Unincorporated Durham County Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 597 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 576 Figure B.2 – Critical Facilities, City of Durham Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 598 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 577 Table B.3 – Durham County Critical Facilities Inventory FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity City of Durham Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 2.5 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded 2 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 2 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 2 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 5.86 X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 11.63 X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 2 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 2.70 X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 3.20 X, Unshaded Y 0 599 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 578 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 2212 CHAPEL HILL ROAD, DURHAM, NC, 27707 $248,042.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 2 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 22.85 X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 23.04 X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 23.14 X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 5.63 X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 0.92 X, Unshaded Y 0 600 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 579 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Community College 1637 EAST LAWSON STREET, DURHAM, NC, 27703 $14,564,159.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Police Station 201 EAST MAIN STREET, DURHAM, NC, 27701 $33,239,329.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 2901 SOUTH MIAMI BOULEVARD, DURHAM, NC, 27703 $656,654.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Power Plant 405 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27704 $21,023,726.75 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Health and Medical Hospital 3643 N Roxboro Rd, Durham, NC 27704 $40,597,311.67 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division - NA X, Unshaded 2 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 601 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 580 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 2.12 X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1900 E Club Blvd, Durham, NC 27704 $1,034,999.97 3.34 X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 6605 Farrington Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant North Durham Wastewater Division - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 101 CITY HALL PLAZA, DURHAM, NC, 27701 $20,672,173.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Health and Medical Hospital 3916 BEN FRANKLIN BOULEVARD, DURHAM, NC, 27704 $18,219,855.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 409 CHAPEL DRIVE, UNIT 7702, BUILDING 7702, DURHAM, NC, 27705 $21,023,726.75 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 8 CONSULTANT PL $957,810.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 5285 N ROXBORO ST $555,986.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 3005 GLENN RD $497,457.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Safety and Security Fire Station 1001 NINTH ST $1,092,316.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1818 RIDDLE RD $766,254.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 3700 SWARTHMORE RD $428,620.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 3919 N DUKE ST $257,660.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1805 COLE MILL RD $353,885.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 2800 W CORNWALLIS RD $687,888.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1230 CARPENTER FLETCHER RD $246,910.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1327 UMSTEAD RD $865,476.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1648 MIDLAND TER $1,939,680.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 225 Lick Creek Ln, Durham, NC 27703 $329,753.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 6303 FARRINGTON RD $1,079,808.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 2060 TORREDGE RD $989,495.00 NA X, Unshaded 1 Safety and Security Fire Station 226 MILTON RD $722,099.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 2216 PRATT ST $85,626,516.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 2725 HOLLOWAY ST $131,647.00 NA X, Unshaded 1 Health and Medical EMS 2212 CHAPEL HILL RD $248,042.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 602 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 581 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Safety and Security Emergency Operations Center 2422 Broad St, Durham, NC 27704 $212,829.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 2008 EAST CLUB BLVD $1,034,999.97 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 822 NORTH MIAMI BLVD $636,138.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 139 EAST MORGAN ST $2,529,493.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 6919 HERNDON RD $1,376,085.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Safety and Security Fire Station 225 LICK CREEK LN $329,753.50 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 5503 LEESVILLE RD $2,060,878.00 NA X, Unshaded 2.5 Safety and Security Fire Station 4716 OLD PAGE RD $445,951.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 402 STADIUM DR $40,597,311.67 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 4200 FARRINGTON RD $255,955.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2009 S MIAMI BLVD $7,475,013.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 615 OLD FAYETTEVILLE ST $520,125.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1500 MATHISON ST $3,883,350.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 400 W CLUB BLVD $6,461,534.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1531 S ROXBORO ST $10,659,773.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 913 9TH ST $12,646,491.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 5321 EPHESUS CHURCH RD $19,552,243.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 1.5 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 302 LEBANON CR $9,350,184.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 610 ALSTON AVE $8,636,520.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2905 FAYETTEVILLE ST $3,858,260.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 117 MILTON RD $7,801,365.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 603 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 582 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter School 700 WATTS ST $10,634,372.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 3007 MT SINAI RD $12,528,804.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2415 E GEER ST $7,833,610.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 3005 DIXON RD $11,439,504.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2520 VESSON AVE $4,777,586.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2730 HILLANDALE RD $10,085,311.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4019 HOLT SCHOOL RD $5,027,572.00 NA X, Unshaded 1 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 906 COBB ST $4,636,915.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 906 SCOTT KING RD - NA X, Unshaded 3 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2315 SNOW HILL RD $8,386,329.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2325 CHEEK RD $7,619,982.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 5207 REVERE RD $8,213,533.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 3901 S ROXBORO ST $35,900,993.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4915 BARBEE RD $4,513,645.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 3810 WAKE FOREST RD $5,824,397.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1520 COOPER ST $5,096,790.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2320 COOK RD - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 3501 FAYETTEVILLE ST $18,558,833.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 604 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 583 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1417 OLD OXFORD HWY $13,613,543.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2051 NORTHERN DURHAM PKWY - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2410 E MAIN ST $7,093,560.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1001 LEON ST $14,730,673.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 227 MILTON RD $15,149,847.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 923 SNOW HILL RD $16,535,298.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2119 CHAPEL HILL RD $16,368,415.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4418 S ALSTON RD $7,849,915.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4800 OLD CHAPEL HILL RD $18,615,946.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 2401 DAKOTA ST - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 201 BAPTIST RD $3,173,248.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 911 W CORNWALLIS RD $5,598,477.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 400 N DUKE ST - NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 200 WISTERIA AVE $40,597,311.67 NA X, Unshaded 1 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 3727 FAYETTEVILLE ST $18,558,833.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 5001 RED MILL RD $12,783,492.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 6806 GARRETT RD $37,030,368.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 401 N DRIVER ST $9,242,312.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 605 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 584 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1801 FAYETTEVILLE RD - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4622 N ROXBORO RD $36,066,555.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 800 CLAYTON RD $135,262.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 3507 DEARBORN DR $3,170,625.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 3218 ROSE OF SHARON RD $40,429,854.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1210 SAWYER ST - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 1801 FAYETTEVILLE ST - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical Hospital 2301 ERWIN RD $21,023,726.75 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 2080 DUKE UNIVERSITY RD $21,023,726.75 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical Hospital 508 FULTON ST - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 921 HOLLOWAY ST $2,922,974.00 NA AE 0 Safety and Security Police Station 2945 S MIAMI BLVD $3,232,912.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 602 E MAIN ST $36,508,384.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Sheriff 510 S DILLARD ST $76,983,666.50 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Sheriff 5323 WAKE FOREST HWY $3,173,248.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Municipal 219 S MANGUM ST $76,983,666.50 NA X, Unshaded 0 Unincorporated Durham County Energy Substation RED MILL RD - NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 606 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 585 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 7.41 AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA AE Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 5926 NC 55 HIGHWAY, DURHAM, NC, 27713 $547,941.18 NA X, Unshaded 2.5 Safety and Security Police Station 11821 N ROXBORO RD - NA X, Unshaded 3 Safety and Security Police Station 5323 Wake Forest Hwy, Durham, NC 27703 $3,173,248.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 4901 Cheek Rd, Durham, NC 27704 $222,046.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Safety and Security Fire Station 7900 RUSSELL RD $798,931.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1814 BAHAMA RD $1,875,208.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Safety and Security Fire Station 6201 STAGVILLE RD $435,287.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 9008 QUAIL ROOST RD $5,342,951.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 11819 NORTH ROXBORO RD - 1.10 AE 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 4901 CHEEK RD $222,046.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Safety and Security Fire Station 1730 HAMLIN RD $100,603.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Safety and Security Fire Station 5420 WAKE FOREST HWY $150,495.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 607 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 586 B.2 RISK ASSESSMENT This section contains a summary of the County’s asset inventory as well as hazard profile and vulnerability assessment for those hazards that are spatially defined and have variations in risk that could be evaluated quantitatively on a jurisdictional level. The hazards included in this section are: Dam Failure, Flood, and Wildfire. B.2.1 DAM FAILURE Table B.4 lists all high hazard dams located in unincorporated Durham County that have been identified by the North Carolina Dam Inventory with a condition assessment of “fair” or “poor.” Figure B.3 and Figure B.4 show the location of all dams by jurisdiction in Durham County. Table B.4 – High Hazard Dams in Unincorporated Durham County Dam Name NID ID Condition as of Last Inspection Max Capacity (Ac-Ft) Nearest Downstream Location Sykes Lake Dam NC01028 Fair 100 Durham Twin Lake Dam #2 NC05216 Fair 78 Oak Grove Bailey Lake Dam NC01032 Fair 80 Falls Lake Elton Dam NC01037 Fair 155 Parkwood Eden Lake Dam NC01043 Poor 140 Falls Bay Meadows Lake Dam NC01046 Fair 96 Farrington Thompson Lake Dam NC01047 Fair 60 Farrington Cole Lake Dam NC01049 Fair 81 Durham Willowhaven Lake Dam #2 NC01050 Fair 58 Durham Grove Park Dam NC02323 Fair 302 N/A Lake Swannanoa Dam NC06420 Fair - N/A Tcheng Dam NC06964 Fair - N/A Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 608 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 587 Figure B.3 – Dam Inventory, Unincorporated Durham County Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 609 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 588 Figure B.4 – Dam Inventory, City of Durham Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 610 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 589 B.2.2 FLOODING Table B.5 details the acreage of Durham County’s total area by jurisdiction and flood zone on the Effective DFIRM. Per this assessment, the City of Durham has 0.4 percent of its land area within the mapped 1%-annual-chance floodplain while the total of unincorporated Durham County has over 1 percent. Overall, 0.8 percent of the total land in the county is within the mapped 1%-annual-chance floodplain. Table B.5 – Flood Zone Acreage by Jurisdiction, Durham County Flood Zone Acreage Percent of Total (%) Unincorporated Durham County Zone AE 19,667.6 17.4 Zone X (500-year) 1,294.6 1.1 Zone X Unshaded 92,330.2 81.5 Total 113,292.4 -- City of Durham Zone AE 8,165.8 10.7 Zone AO 8.2 0.0 Zone X (500-year) 272.5 0.4 Zone X Unshaded 67,570.0 88.9 Total 76,016.5 -- County Total 189,308.9 -- Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM Figure B.5 and Figure B.6 reflect the effective mapped flood hazard zones for all jurisdictions in Durham County with land in or near the SFHA, and Figure B.7 through Figure B.8 display the depth of flooding estimated to occur in these areas during the 1%-annual-chance flood. Table B.6 provides building counts and values for critical facilities by flood zone in Durham County and participating jurisdictions. Table B.6 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Flooding, Durham County Flood Zone Critical Facility Count Structure Value Unincorporated Durham County Zone AE 16 $8,219,118 Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X Unshaded 13 $13,416,697 Total 29 $21,635,815 City of Durham Zone AE 1 $2,922,974 Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X Unshaded 176 $1,155,112,572 Total 177 $1,158,035,546 Durham County Total 611 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 590 Flood Zone Critical Facility Count Structure Value Zone AE 17 $11,142,091.65 Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X Unshaded 189 $1,168,529,269.35 County Total 206 $1,179,671,361 Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM, HMPC 612 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 591 Figure B.5 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Durham County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 613 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 592 Figure B.6 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, City of Durham Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 614 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 593 Figure B.7 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Durham County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 615 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 594 Figure B.8 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, City of Durham Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 616 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 595 B.2.2.1 FLOOD INSURANCE DATA The following tables reflect NFIP policy and claims data for the County and incorporated jurisdictions categorized by structure type, flood zone, Pre-FIRM and Post-FIRM. Durham County also participates in the CRS program and is currently rated as a Class 8 community. Table B.7 – NFIP Program Entry Dates Community Regular Program Entry Emergency Program Entry Durham County 2/15/1979 3/16/1973 City of Durham 1/17/1979 7/13/1973 Source: FEMA Community Information System Table B.8 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data by Structure Type Structure Type Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Durham County Single Family 134 $95,860 $39,293,000 49 $508,478.46 All Other Residential 0 $0 $0 22 $237,771.32 Non-Residential 1 $1,437 $500,000 2 $9,480.90 Total 135 $97,297 $39,793,000 73 $755,730.68 City of Durham Single Family 643 $494,373 $176,606,000 227 $2,261,253.89 2-4 Family 16 $13,496 $3,783,000 8 $41,330.63 All Other Residential 32 $43,694 $12,492,000 22 $908,686.75 Non-Residential 47 $123,506 $22,639,000 26 $894,288.51 Total 738 $675,069 $215,520,000 283 $4,105,559.78 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 Table B.9 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data by Flood Zone Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Durham County A01-30 & AE Zones 34 $33,943 $8,420,000 19 $260,758.69 A Zones 1 $543 $202,000 2 $27,379.82 B, C & X Zone Standard 100 $62,811 $31,171,000 30 $250,110.83 Preferred 0 $0 $0 22 $217,481.34 Total 135 $97,297 $39,793,000 73 $755,730.68 City of Durham A01-30 & AE Zones 283 $356,069 $74,979,000 133 $1,823,861.50 A Zones 0 $0 $0 10 $24,703.74 B, C & X Zone Standard 453 $317,155 $139,541,000 56 $1,145,215.31 Preferred 0 $0 $0 80 $791,158.19 Total 736 $673,224 $214,520,000 279 $3,784,938.74 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 617 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 596 Table B.10 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data Pre-FIRM Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Durham County A01-30 & AE Zones 15 $18,255 $3,774,000 16 $259,026.78 A Zones 0 $0 $0 1 $4,312.77 B, C & X Zone 22 $14,718 $6,867,000 39 $375,181.05 Standard 22 $14,718 $6,867,000 29 $247,168.20 Preferred 0 $0 $0 10 $128,012.85 Total 37 $32,973 $10,641,000 56 $638,520.60 City of Durham A01-30 & AE Zones 129 $198,568 $30,873,000 109 $1,600,795.74 A Zones 0 $0 $0 10 $24,703.74 B, C & X Zone 128 $86,911 $38,823,000 88 $1,264,264.46 Standard 128 $86,911 $38,823,000 39 $801,136.27 Preferred 0 $0 $0 50 $522,422.42 Total 257 $285,479 $69,696,000 207 $2,889,763.94 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 Table B.11 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data Post-FIRM Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Durham County A01-30 & AE Zones 19 $15,688 $4,646,000 3 $1,731.91 A Zones 1 $543 $202,000 1 $23,067.05 B, C & X Zone 78 $48,093 $24,304,000 13 $92,411.12 Standard 78 $48,093 $24,304,000 1 $2,942.63 Preferred 0 $0 $0 12 $89,468.49 Total 98 $64,324 $29,152,000 17 $117,210.08 City of Durham A01-30 & AE Zones 154 $157,501 $44,106,000 24 $223,065.76 B, C & X Zone 325 $230,244 $100,718,000 47 $612,814.81 Standard 325 $230,244 $100,718,000 17 $344,079.04 Preferred 0 $0 $0 30 $268,735.77 Total 479 $387,745 $144,824,000 71 $835,880.57 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 B.2.3 WILDFIRE Table B.12 summarizes the acreage in Durham County that falls within the Functional Wildland Urban Interface (WUI), categorized into zones that describe the wildfire risk mitigation activities appropriate for each zone. Areas in the Functional WUI are those areas where development and building structures may intermix with burnable land cover. Approximately, 25 percent of Durham County is categorized as having direct exposure to wildfire risk within the Functional WUI. 618 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 597 Table B.12 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface Acreage, Durham County Functional Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Category Acres Percent Direct Exposure 48,330 25% Indirect Exposure 37,516 20% Critical Fireshed 67,946 36% Sources of Ember Load to Buildings 28,819 15% Little to No Exposure 1,427 1% Water 6,595 3% Total 190,632 100% Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Figure B.9 and Figure B.10 depict the Functional WUI with the location of critical facilities for unincorporated Durham County and all participating jurisdictions. Figure B.13 and Figure B.14 depict the Fire Intensity Scale, which indicates the potential severity of fire based on fuel loads, topography, and other factors. Figure B.13 and Figure B.14 depicts Burn Probability based on landscape conditions, percentile weather, historical ignition patterns, and historical prevention and suppression efforts. Functional WUI areas with direct exposure to wildfire are distributed throughout the county with the highest densities around the norther edge of the City of Durham. Burn probability is low throughout the county with clusters of slightly elevated burn probability in northern Durham County. A small portion, potential fire intensity is also slightly higher in these areas but is otherwise generally low throughout the county. Table B.13 and Table B.14 provides building counts and values for critical facilities by FEMA lifeline that are located in areas categorized with direct exposure to wildfire risk on the Functional WUI scale. Table B.13 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Unincorporated Durham County Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 1 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 3 $21,299,691 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 8 $8,175,301 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 1 $547,941 Total 13 $30,022,933 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 619 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 598 Table B.14 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, City of Durham Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 4 $73,320,304 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 1 $131,647 Safety and Security 4 $4,622,308 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 8 $1,035,000 Total 17 $79,109,259 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 620 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 599 Figure B.9 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Unincorporated Durham County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 621 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 600 Figure B.10 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, City of Durham Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 622 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 601 Figure B.11 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Unincorporated Durham County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 623 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 602 Figure B.12 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, City of Durham Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 624 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 603 Figure B.13 – Burn Probability, Unincorporated Durham County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 625 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 604 Figure B.14 – Burn Probability, City of Durham Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 626 ANNEX B: DURHAM COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 605 B.3 MITIGATION STRATEGY Table B.15 – Mitigation action Plan, Durham County – Durham City Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Seek funding to install backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed County or City critical facilities All Hazards 4.2 Medium Buildings and Inspections Department, Planning Department, Emergency Services, Public Works Local, State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward Emergency Services will continue to seek funding for back-up generators. PP-2 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties, including repetitive loss properties and substantially damages properties. Flooding 4.2 Medium County Engineering and Environmental Services, Public Works Local, State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New Acquisition and elevation projects were completed and are in progress in the City. Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Identify and obtain additional properties to increase protected open space as a land-use tool to reduce adverse impacts from floods. Flooding 1.2 Medium City-County Planning Department, Public Works HMGP or BRIC with local or State match 2025-2030 Carried Forward Acquisition projects were completed and are in progress in the City. City and County will work to identify more properties to pursue additional acquisitions. NRP-2 Complete one (1) stream restoration project to reduce flooding risk by restoring or enhancing stream channels to improve natural flow and capacity of streams, allowing them to better handle increased water volume during storms. Flooding 1.1, 4.2 Medium County Engineering and Environmental Services; Stormwater and Erosion Control Division County Stormwater Utility fee 2025-2030 New The Stormwater and Erosion Control Division is working on this plan now and plan to begin construction in 2026. Structural Projects SP-1 Seek funding to retrofit critical facilities and City- and County-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Buildings and Inspections Department, Planning Department, Emergency Services, Public Works Local, State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward The City and County will work to identify existing facilities in need of retrofits. Emergency Services will continue to seek funding for those retrofits. The County is currently prioritizing suggestions from an assessment done to reduce the carbon footprint and increase energy efficiency throughout the buildings. SP-2 Complete at least one (1) stormwater management project. The stormwater management project will include either a new stormwater control measure (SCM) to treat previously untreated impervious area or retrofit an existing SCM to increase runoff capture and treatment. All Hazards 4.1, 4.2 Moderate County Engineering and Environmental Services; Stormwater and Erosion Control Division, Public Works County Stormwater Utility fee 2025-2030 New 627 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 606 ANNEX C. ORANGE COUNTY C.1 ASSET INVENTORY Orange County and the HMPC provided a local inventory of critical facilities and community lifelines, which are a priority for mitigation planning and emergency management. Lifelines are the most fundamental services in the community that, when stabilized, enable all other aspects of society to function. Table C.1 through Table C.4 provides a count of critical facilities by FEMA lifeline category by jurisdiction in Orange County. Figure C.1 through Figure C.4 show the locations of all critical facilities by jurisdiction in Orange County. Table C.5 provides a detailed inventory of the critical facilities in Orange County, indicating each facility’s FEMA lifeline category, flood zone, 1% annual chance flood depth, and wildfire. More information on hazard vulnerability is provided in the hazard profiles. Table C.1 – Critical Facilities by Type, Unincorporated Orange County Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 2 $23,800 Energy 7 $124,100 Food, Hydration, Shelter 30 $85,548,900 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 3 $1,650,400 Safety and Security 13 $9,186,300 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 1 $262,000 Total 56 $96,795,500 Source: Orange County, HMPC Table C.2 – Critical Facilities by Type, Town of Carrboro Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 1 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 10 $73,187,800 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 3 $413,350 Safety and Security 4 $1,946,050 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 1 $11,198,000 Total 19 $86,745,200 Source: Orange County, HMPC 628 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 607 Table C.3 – Critical Facilities by Type, Town of Chapel Hill Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 1 $21,855,785 Energy 8 $25,950,085 Food, Hydration, Shelter 82 $1,603,440,562 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 2 $23,380,685 Safety and Security 13 $84,734,985 Transportation 1 $1,880,000 Water Systems 1 $5,708,900 Total 108 $1,766,951,000 Source: Orange County, HMPC Table C.4 – Critical Facilities by Type, Town of Hillsborough Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 1 $688,400 Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 6 $18,860,800 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 4 $111,116,050 Safety and Security 9 $31,057,350 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 1 $892,700 Total 21 $162,615,300 Source: Orange County, HMPC 629 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 608 Figure C.1 – Critical Facilities, Unincorporated Orange County Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 630 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 609 Figure C.2 – Critical Facilities, Town of Carrboro Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 631 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 610 Figure C.3 – Critical Facilities, Town of Chapel Hill Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 632 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 611 Figure C.4 – Critical Facilities, Town of Hillsborough Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 633 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 612 Table C.5 – Orange County Critical Facilities Inventory FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Town of Carrboro Food, Hydration, Shelter School 201 ROCK HAVEN ROAD, CARRBORO, NC, 27510 $18,441,300.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 301 W Main St, Carrboro, NC 27510 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 301 W Main St, Carrboro, NC 27510 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 400 SHELTON STREET, CARRBORO, NC, 27510 $3,427,500.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 900 Old Fayetteville Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $16,801,800.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 215 Eubanks Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $262,000.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 215 Eubanks Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $12,880,900.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 515 E Winmore Ave, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $1,427,000.00 NA X, Unshaded 3.5 Safety and Security Fire Station 1411 Homestead Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $61,150.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 890 Old Fayetteville Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $13,724,300.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 400 Jones Ferry Rd, Carrboro, NC 27510 $11,198,000.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 100 N Greensboro St, Carrboro, NC 27510 $1,327,900.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Municipal 100 N Greensboro St, Carrboro, NC 27510 $1,327,900.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Municipal 203 S Greensboro St, Carrboro, NC 27510 $4,700,100.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 202 Roberson St, Carrboro, NC 27510 $352,200.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 102 Hargraves St, Carrboro, NC 27510 $195,000.00 NA X, Unshaded 1 Safety and Security Municipal 100 Public Works Dr, Carrboro, NC 27510 $557,000.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 1411 Homestead Rd, Carrboro, NC 27510 $61,150.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation 215 James St, Carrboro, NC 27510 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Town of Chapel Hill Food, Hydration, Shelter University 131 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 100 BENNETT ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27517 $299,300.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Power Plant 569 WEST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $1,364,766.67 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 235 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 634 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 613 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter University 104 COUNTRY CLUB ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded 1 Safety and Security Police Station 828 MARTIN LUTHER KING JR BOULEVARD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $209,000.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 225 CULBRETH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $4,932,800.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 201 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 141 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 201 LENOIR DRIVE, UNIT B, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 400 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 211 SOUTH COLUMBIA STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 105 SMITH LEVEL ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $1,584,400.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 101 SMITH LEVEL ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $2,874,800.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 754 SOUTH MERRITT MILL ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $921,650.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 750 SOUTH MERRITT MILL ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $921,650.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 109 STADIUM DRIVE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation 521 WEST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $1,364,766.67 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 106 STADIUM DRIVE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1003 SOUTH HAMILTON ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27517 $14,801,700.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation 521 WEST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $1,364,766.67 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 101 STADIUM DRIVE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 314 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 160 RIDGE ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 125 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 115 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 135 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 635 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 614 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter University 121 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 210 RIDGE ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 203 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 310 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 211 LENOIR DRIVE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 209 SOUTH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 130 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 120 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 216 LENOIR DRIVE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 222 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 214 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 131 SOUTH COLUMBIA STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 281 RALEIGH STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 220 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 116 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 204 LENOIR DRIVE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 160 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 101 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 208 RALEIGH STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 203 LENOIR DRIVE, UNIT A, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 207 RALEIGH STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 175 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded 0 636 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 615 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter University 102 EMERSON DRIVE, UNIT 999, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 200 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 193 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 202 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 113 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, UNIT B, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 103 EMERSON DRIVE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 135 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 230 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 240 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 204 RALEIGH STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 101 EMERSON DRIVE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 203 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 200 RALEIGH STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 120 COUNTRY CLUB ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 121 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, UNIT C, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 181 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, UNIT A, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 145 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, UNIT A, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 108 COUNTRY CLUB ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 207 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 637 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 616 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter University 231 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 601 MEADOWMONT LANE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27517 $12,098,500.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 403 MARTIN LUTHER KING JR BOULEVARD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $2,243,100.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1615 EAST FRANKLIN STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $172,000.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 9217 Seawell School Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $29,191,300.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 500 N Estes Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 $7,138,750.00 NA X, Unshaded 1 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 9115 SEAWELL SCHOOL ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $29,191,300.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 500 Weaver Dairy Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 $29,493,900.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 201 SOUTH COLUMBIA STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical Hospital 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 203 RALEIGH STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Utility 365 PAUL GREEN THEATRE DRIVE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 180 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 110 COUNTRY CLUB ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 223 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 140 EAST CAMERON AVENUE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 201 RALEIGH STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter University 205 SOUTH COLUMBIA STREET, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 606 NORTH ESTES DRIVE, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $7,138,750.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 101 WEAVER DAIRY ROAD EXTENSION, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $607,200.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 638 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 617 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Safety and Security Police Station 7300 Millhouse Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $6,680,000.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Safety and Security Municipal 6850 Millhouse Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $7,205,800.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 405 Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 $2,243,100.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Transportation Transportation 6900 Millhouse Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $1,880,000.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 120 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $1,417,100.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 1003 South Hamilton Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 $1,524,900.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 179 E Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 $751,700.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Emergency Operations Center 1120 Estes Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $26,249,200.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 170 Old Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 $5,708,900.00 3.12 X, Shaded Y 0 Energy Substation 855 Smith Level Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Energy Substation 1615 Eubanks Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 - NA X, Unshaded 3 Energy Substation 70 Old Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation 2021 S Columbia St, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Communications Communications 160 Medical Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 25714 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 285 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 $21,855,784.51 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Municipal 100 Library Drive Chapel Hill, NC 27514 $6,545,100.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Municipal 120 S. Estes Drive Chapel Hill, NC 27514 $1,924,300.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Municipal 216 N. Roberson St. Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $754,300.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Municipal 300 Aquatic Drive Chapel Hill, NC 27516 $4,391,500.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation 1733-1731 Dobbins Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Town of Hillsborough Safety and Security Fire Station 206 SOUTH CHURTON STREET, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $593,200.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 106 EAST MARGARET LANE, UNIT 9334, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $3,875,850.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 127 NORTH CHURTON STREET, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $413,600.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 639 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 618 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Food, Hydration, Shelter School 154 HAYES STREET, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $4,041,700.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 240 ST MARYS ROAD, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $2,424,050.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 402 NORTH NASH STREET, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $2,904,400.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 240 ST MARYS ROAD, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $2,424,050.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical Hospital 430 Waterstone Drive $105,602,400.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 352 College Park Road, Hillsborough, NC 27278 $1,098,750.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Water Systems Treatment Plant 355 Elizabeth Brady Road $892,700.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter Community College 525 College Park Road $6,746,200.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 101 E Orange St $551,200.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Safety and Security Municipal 105 E. Corbin St. $828,600.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police station 106 E Margaret Ln, Hillsborough, NC 27278 $3,875,850.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 350 College Park Rd, Hillsborough, NC 27278 $1,098,750.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Health and Medical EMS 5501 St Marys Rd, Hillsborough, NC 27278 $660,200.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Safety and Security Municipal 125 Court St, Hillsborough, NC 27278 $6,792,700.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 1200 US-70, Hillsborough, NC 27278 $13,027,600.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Health and Medical Municipal 300 W Tryon St, Hillsborough, NC 27278 $3,754,700.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Communications Communications 510 Meadowlands Dr, Hillsborough, NC 27278 $688,400.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Municipal 501 Rainey Ave. Hillsborough, NC 27278 $320,400.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Unincorporated Orange County Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 2425 BREEZE RD $81,066.67 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 2425 BREEZE RD $81,066.67 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 2425 BREEZE RD $81,066.67 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 2425 BREEZE RD $81,066.67 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 2425 BREEZE RD $81,066.67 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 2425 BREEZE RD $81,066.67 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 3900 US 70 WEST, EFLAND, NC, 27243 $509,600.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 640 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 619 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Health and Medical EMS 4700 NC 86 SOUTH, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $1,231,300.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Safety and Security Fire Station 7020 GUESS ROAD, ROUGEMONT, NC, 27572 $387,300.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 720 HAWKINS, CEDAR GROVE, NC, 27231 $133,300.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 4401 Fuller Rd, Efland, NC 27243 $2,400,900.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 222-230 Berry Mill Rd, Hillsborough, North Carolina, 27278 $44,660.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 3500 EDMUND LATTA ROAD, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $21,200.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 3500 EDMUND LATTA ROAD, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $21,200.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Safety and Security Fire Station 835 PHELPS ROAD, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $188,800.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 431 STROUDS CREEK ROAD, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $9,024,500.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Health and Medical EMS 6800 ORANGE GROVE ROAD, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $419,100.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 701 OLLIES LANE, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $280,600.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 5722 OLD GREENSBORO ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27516 $118,700.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Safety and Security Fire Station 4014 WHITFIELD ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $507,500.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1100 NEW GRADY BROWN SCHOOL ROAD, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $7,341,200.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 3019 MCDADE STORE ROAD, CEDAR GROVE, NC, 27231 $107,866.67 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 5912 PENTECOST ROAD, CEDAR GROVE, NC, 27231 $139,400.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 3019 MCDADE STORE ROAD, CEDAR GROVE, NC, 27231 $107,866.67 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 3019 MCDADE STORE ROAD, CEDAR GROVE, NC, 27231 $107,866.67 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Emergency Operations Center 1914 NEW HOPE CHURCH ROAD, CHAPEL HILL, NC, 27514 $488,600.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 1125 NEW GRADY BROWN SCHOOL ROAD, HILLSBOROUGH, NC, 27278 $45,370,700.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 641 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 620 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Energy Substation 4800 UT US 70 EAST, DURHAM, NC, 27705 - NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 5019 US 70 EAST, DURHAM, NC, 27705 $402,100.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 214-220 Berry Mill Rd, Hillsborough, North Carolina, 27278 $44,660.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 500-698 Berry Mill Rd, Hillsborough, North Carolina, 27278 $44,660.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 222-230 Berry Mill Rd, Hillsborough, North Carolina, 27278 $44,660.00 NA X, Unshaded 2.5 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 500-698 Berry Mill Rd, Hillsborough, North Carolina, 27278 $44,660.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 308 Orange High School Road $2,339,075.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 308 Orange High School Road $2,339,075.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 308 Orange High School Road $2,339,075.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 308 Orange High School Road $2,339,075.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 500 Orange High School Road $2,139,800.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 500 Orange High School Road $2,139,800.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 500 Orange High School Road $2,139,800.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 500 Orange High School Road $2,139,800.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 500 Orange High School Road $2,139,800.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 711 Dimmocks Mill Road $262,000.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 719 Dimmocks MIll Rd. $262,000.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 890 NC 86 N $444,000.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 3800 US-70, Efland, NC 27243 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation 1908 Jones Ferry Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 - NA X, Unshaded 2 Energy Substation 2109 New Hope Church Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 $124,100.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Safety and Security Municipal 2110 Clarence Walters Rd, Hillsborough, NC 27278 $4,916,600.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation 1910 White Cross Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 - NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Communications Communications 1000 Virginia Cates Rd, Hillsborough, NC 27278 $23,800.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Energy Substation 4809 State Rd 1567, Durham, NC 27705 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 642 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 621 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Safety and Security Emergency Operations Center 510 Meadowlands Drive, Hillsborough, NC 27278 $688,400.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation Enterprise Ln, Mebane, NC 27302 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation 399 Redman Crossing Rd, Mebane, NC 27302 - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Communications Communications 4504 New Sharon Church Rd, Hillsborough, NC 27278 - 1.38 X, Shaded 0 643 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 622 C.2 RISK ASSESSMENT This section contains a summary of the County’s asset inventory as well as hazard profile and vulnerability assessment for those hazards that are spatially defined and have variations in risk that could be evaluated quantitatively on a jurisdictional level. The hazards included in this section are: Dam Failure, Flood, and Wildfire. C.2.1 DAM FAILURE Table C.6 lists all high hazard dams located in unincorporated Orange County that have been identified by the North Carolina Dam Inventory with a condition assessment of “fair” or “poor.” Figure C.5 through Figure C.8 show the location of all dams by jurisdiction in Orange County. Table C.6 – High Hazard Dams in Unincorporated Orange County Dam Name NID ID Condition as of Last Inspection Max Capacity (Ac-Ft) Nearest Downstream Location Lake Michael Dam NC00771 Fair 1100 Haw River Blackburn Lake Dam NC00776 Fair 55 Hillsborough Eastwood Lake Dam NC00781 Fair 330 N/A University Lake Dam NC00782 Fair 4836 Carrboro Lake Ellen Dam NC01537 Fair 81 N/A Spring Valley Dam NC04994 Poor 22 N/A Flint Ridge Dam NC03663 Fair 22 N/A Hines Pond Dam NC03666 Fair - N/A Meadowlands Dam NC03669 Fair 45 N/A Strayhorn Farm Dam NC03670 Fair 80 Eno Strayhorn Dam #2 NC04999 Fair 98 N/A Colony Lake Dam NC03671 Fair 48 N/A Wilkins Dam NC06504 Fair - N/A Haithcock Heirs Dam NC06505 Poor - N/A Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 644 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 623 Figure C.5 – Dam Inventory, Unincorporated Orange County Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 645 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 624 Figure C.6 – Dam Inventory, Town of Carrboro Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 646 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 625 Figure C.7 – Dam Inventory, Town of Chapel Hill Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 647 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 626 Figure C.8 – Dam Inventory, Town of Hillsborough Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 648 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 627 C.2.2 FLOODING Table C.7 details the acreage of Orange County’s total area by jurisdiction and flood zone on the Effective DFIRM. Per this assessment, at 1 percent, the Town of Chapel Hill has the largest portion of its land area within the mapped 1%-annual-chance floodplain. Overall, 0.3 percent of the total land in the county is within the mapped 1%-annual-chance floodplain. Table C.7 – Flood Zone Acreage by Jurisdiction, Orange County Flood Zone Acreage Percent of Total (%) Unincorporated Orange County Zone AE 9,822.7 4.2 Zone X (500-year) 681.8 0.3 Zone X Unshaded 223,248.1 95.5 Total 233,752.6 -- Town of Carrboro Zone AE 263.5 6.3 Zone X (500-year) 23.3 0.6 Zone X Unshaded 3,881.2 93.1 Total 4,167.9 -- Town of Chapel Hill Zone AE 1,298.5 9.3 Zone X (500-year) 139.6 1.0 Zone X Unshaded 12,510.5 89.7 Total 13,948.6 -- Town of Hillsborough Zone AE 240.4 6.8 Zone X (500-year) 27.1 0.8 Zone X Unshaded 3,279.5 92.5 Total 3,547.0 -- County Total 255,416.2 -- Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM Figure C.9 through Figure C.12 reflect the effective mapped flood hazard zones for all jurisdictions in Orange County with land in or near the SFHA, and Figure C.13 through Figure C.16 display the depth of flooding estimated to occur in these areas during the 1%-annual-chance flood. Table C.8 provides building counts and values for critical facilities by flood zone in Orange County and participating jurisdictions. Table C.8 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Flooding, Orange County Flood Zone Critical Facility Count Structure Value Unincorporated Orange County Zone AE 0 $- Zone X (500-year) 1 $- Zone X Unshaded 55 $96,795,500 649 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 628 Flood Zone Critical Facility Count Structure Value Total 56 $96,795,500 Town of Carrboro Zone AE 0 $- Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X Unshaded 19 $86,745,200 Total 19 $86,745,200 Town of Chapel Hill Zone AE 0 $- Zone X (500-year) 1 $5,708,900 Zone X Unshaded 107 $1,761,242,100 Total 108 $1,766,951,000 Town of Hillsborough Zone AE 0 $- Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X Unshaded 21 $162,615,300 Total 21 $162,615,300 Orange County Total Zone AE 0 $- Zone X (500-year) 2 $5,708,900.00 Zone X Unshaded 202 $2,107,398,100.00 County Total 204 $2,113,107,000 Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM, HMPC 650 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 629 Figure C.9 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Orange County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 651 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 630 Figure C.10 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Town of Carrboro Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 652 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 631 Figure C.11 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Town of Chapel Hill Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 653 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 632 Figure C.12 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Town of Hillsborough Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 654 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 633 Figure C.13 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Orange County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 655 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 634 Figure C.14 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Town of Carrboro Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 656 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 635 Figure C.15 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Town of Chapel Hill Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 657 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 636 Figure C.16 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Town of Hillsborough Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 658 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 637 C.2.2.1 FLOOD INSURANCE DATA The following tables reflect NFIP policy and claims data for the County and incorporated jurisdictions categorized by structure type, flood zone, Pre-FIRM and Post-FIRM. Orange County also participates in the CRS program and is currently rated as a Class 6 community. Table C.9 – NFIP Program Entry Dates Community Regular Program Entry Emergency Program Entry Orange County 3/16/1981 7/15/1975 Town of Carrboro 6/25/1976 7/7/1975 Town of Chapel Hill 4/17/1978 2/9/1973 Town of Hillsborough 5/15/1980 4/6/1977 Source: FEMA Community Information System Table C.10 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data by Structure Type Structure Type Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Orange County Single Family 77 $51,801 $24,355,000 19 $225,163.96 2-4 Family 1 $1,851 $254,000 1 $31,837.94 Non-Residential 1 $4,617 $500,000 0 $0.00 Total 79 $58,269 $25,109,000 20 $257,001.90 Town of Carrboro Single Family 66 $49,551 $20,843,000 17 $171,494.16 All Other Residential 1 $360 $62,000 0 $0.00 Non-Residential 0 $0 $0 1 $0.00 Total 67 $49,911 $20,905,000 18 $171,494.16 Town of Chapel Hill Single Family 172 $156,824 $50,259,000 131 $1,452,507.83 2-4 Family 49 $17,909 $8,936,000 15 $279,372.47 All Other Residential 239 $152,783 $36,963,000 105 $7,732,173.68 Non-Residential 32 $97,491 $11,215,000 97 $5,266,751.98 Total 492 $425,007 $107,373,000 348 $14,730,805.96 Town of Hillsborough Single Family 15 $9,239 $4,618,000 6 $5,813.33 2-4 Family 0 $0 $0 1 $3,218.69 Non-Residential 1 $4,219 $733,000 0 $0.00 Total 16 $13,458 $5,351,000 7 $9,032.02 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 659 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 638 Table C.11 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data by Flood Zone Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Orange County A01-30 & AE Zones 8 $8,327 $2,480,000 3 $32,565.51 A Zones 0 $0 $0 3 $66,352.11 B, C & X Zone Standard 71 $49,942 $22,629,000 6 $30,296.04 Preferred 0 $0 $0 8 $127,788.24 Total 79 $58,269 $25,109,000 20 $257,001.90 Town of Carrboro A01-30 & AE Zones 17 $14,827 $5,021,000 10 $109,576.28 A Zones 0 $0 $0 3 $8,183.31 B, C & X Zone Standard 50 $35,084 $15,884,000 3 $38,353.32 Preferred 0 $0 $0 2 $15,381.25 Total 67 $49,911 $20,905,000 18 $171,494.16 Town of Chapel Hill A01-30 & AE Zones 342 $314,249 $64,888,000 250 $13,415,786.19 A Zones 11 $1,611 $1,168,000 5 $189,883.78 B, C & X Zone Standard 139 $109,147 $41,317,000 40 $484,997.67 Preferred 0 $0 $0 51 $639,873.60 Total 492 $425,007 $107,373,000 346 $14,730,541.24 Town of Hillsborough A01-30 & AE Zones 1 $683 $250,000 2 $5,813.33 B, C & X Zone Standard 15 $12,775 $5,101,000 0 $0.00 Preferred 0 $0 $0 5 $3,218.69 Total 16 $13,458 $5,351,000 7 $9,032.02 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 Table C.12 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data Pre-FIRM Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Orange County A01-30 & AE Zones 3 $4,574 $874,000 2 $19,583.26 A Zones 0 $0 $0 3 $66,352.11 B, C & X Zone 21 $13,574 $6,562,000 9 $123,074.64 Standard 21 $13,574 $6,562,000 4 $16,078.56 Preferred 0 $0 $0 5 $106,996.08 Total 24 $18,148 $7,436,000 14 $209,010.01 660 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 639 Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Town of Carrboro A01-30 & AE Zones 5 $4,980 $1,260,000 5 $77,659.06 A Zones 0 $0 $0 1 $2,000.00 B, C & X Zone 10 $6,189 $2,682,000 5 $53,734.57 Standard 10 $6,189 $2,682,000 3 $38,353.32 Preferred 0 $0 $0 2 $15,381.25 Total 15 $11,169 $3,942,000 11 $133,393.63 Town of Chapel Hill A01-30 & AE Zones 272 $252,646 $48,169,000 223 $12,640,862.04 A Zones 10 $1,436 $1,113,000 5 $189,883.78 B, C & X Zone 69 $57,315 $19,709,000 75 $860,031.29 Standard 69 $57,315 $19,709,000 35 $360,657.22 Preferred 0 $0 $0 40 $499,374.07 Total 351 $311,397 $68,991,000 303 $13,690,777.11 Town of Hillsborough A01-30 & AE Zones 0 $0 $0 2 $5,813.33 B, C & X Zone 4 $6,305 $1,763,000 3 $3,218.69 Standard 4 $6,305 $1,763,000 0 $0.00 Preferred 0 $0 $0 3 $3,218.69 Total 4 $6,305 $1,763,000 5 $9,032.02 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 Table C.13 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data Post-FIRM Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Orange County A01-30 & AE Zones 5 $3,753 $1,606,000 1 $12,982.25 B, C & X Zone 50 $36,368 $16,067,000 5 $35,009.64 Standard 50 $36,368 $16,067,000 2 $14,217.48 Preferred 0 $0 $0 3 $20,792.16 Total 55 $40,121 $17,673,000 6 $47,991.89 Town of Carrboro A01-30 & AE Zones 12 $9,847 $3,761,000 5 $31,917.22 A Zones 0 $0 $0 2 $6,183.31 B, C & X Zone 40 $28,895 $13,202,000 0 $0.00 Standard 40 $28,895 $13,202,000 0 $0.00 Total 52 $38,742 $16,963,000 7 $38,100.53 Town of Chapel Hill A01-30 & AE Zones 70 $61,603 $16,719,000 27 $774,924.15 A Zones 1 $175 $55,000 0 $0.00 B, C & X Zone 70 $51,832 $21,608,000 16 $264,839.98 Standard 70 $51,832 $21,608,000 5 $124,340.45 Preferred 0 $0 $0 11 $140,499.53 Total 141 $113,610 $38,382,000 43 $1,039,764.13 661 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 640 Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Town of Hillsborough A01-30 & AE Zones 1 $683 $250,000 0 $0.00 B, C & X Zone 11 $6,470 $3,338,000 2 $0.00 Standard 11 $6,470 $3,338,000 0 $0.00 Preferred 0 $0 $0 2 $0.00 Total 12 $7,153 $3,588,000 2 $0.00 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 C.2.3 WILDFIRE Table C.14 summarizes the acreage in Orange County that falls within the Functional Wildland Urban Interface (WUI), categorized into zones that describe the wildfire risk mitigation activities appropriate for each zone. Areas in the Functional WUI are those areas where development and building structures may intermix with burnable land cover. Approximately, 27 percent of Orange County is categorized as having direct exposure to wildfire risk within the Functional WUI. Table C.14 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface Acreage, Orange County Functional Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Category Acres Percent Direct Exposure 69,797 27% Indirect Exposure 12,073 5% Critical Fireshed 99,108 39% Sources of Ember Load to Buildings 73,277 29% Little to No Exposure 0 0% Water 2,366 1% Total 256,622 100% Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Figure C.17 through Figure C.20 depict the Functional WUI with the location of critical facilities for unincorporated Orange County and all participating jurisdictions. Figure C.21 through Figure C.24 depict the Fire Intensity Scale, which indicates the potential severity of fire based on fuel loads, topography, and other factors. Figure C.25 through Figure C.28 depicts Burn Probability based on landscape conditions, percentile weather, historical ignition patterns, and historical prevention and suppression efforts. Functional WUI areas with direct exposure to wildfire are distributed throughout the county with larger clusters occurring in the southeast portion of the County near the Town of Chapel Hill. Burn probability is low throughout the majority of the county with only a few small clusters of moderate burn probability in northern and southwestern Orange County. Potential fire intensity is low to moderate across much of Orange County with a few clusters of moderate to high fire intensity in the central region of unincorporated Orange County. Table C.15 and Table C.18 provides building counts and values for critical facilities by FEMA lifeline that are located in areas categorized with direct exposure to wildfire risk on the Functional WUI scale. 662 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 641 Table C.15 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Unincorporated Orange County Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 1 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 18 $10,380,800 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 3 $2,310,600 Safety and Security 8 $14,991,200 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 3 $- Total 33 $27,682,600 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Table C.16 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Town of Carrboro Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 3 $14,502,900 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 0 $- Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 0 $- Total 3 $14,502,900 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Table C.17 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Town of Chapel Hill Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 4 $80,041,619 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 1 $6,680,000 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 0 $- Total 5 $86,721,619 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 663 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 642 Table C.18 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Town of Hillsborough Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 1 $551,200 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 1 $892,700 Total 2 $1,443,900 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 664 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 643 Figure C.17 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Unincorporated Orange County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 665 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 644 Figure C.18 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Town of Carrboro Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 666 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 645 Figure C.19 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Town of Chapel Hill Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 667 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 646 Figure C.20 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Town of Hillsborough Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 668 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 647 Figure C.21 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Unincorporated Orange County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 669 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 648 Figure C.22 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Town of Carrboro Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 670 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 649 Figure C.23 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Town of Chapel Hill Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 671 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 650 Figure C.24 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Town of Hillsborough Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 672 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 651 Figure C.25 – Burn Probability, Unincorporated Orange County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 673 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 652 Figure C.26 – Burn Probability, Town of Carrboro Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 674 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 653 Figure C.27 – Burn Probability, Town of Chapel Hill Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 675 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 654 Figure C.28 – Burn Probability, Town of Hillsborough Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 676 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 655 C.3 MITIGATION STRATEGY Table C.19 – Mitigation Action Plan, Orange County Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Incorporate relevant HMP priorities into drafted 2050 Land Use Plan for adoption; in the meantime, continue implementation of the Orange County 2030 Comprehensive Plan. All Hazards 1.1 Medium Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward This action has been revised to incorporate priorities into the drafted 2050 Land Use Plan. Implementation of the 2030 Comprehensive Plan is ongoing. P-2 Continue participation in the Community Rating System (CRS) and annual recertification in order to increase public safety, reduce property damage, avoid economic loss, and allow for a decrease in flood insurance premiums for Orange County residents. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.1 High Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) Ongoing Carried Forward The CRS re-certification period runs from August 1st to August 1st for each fiscal year. Staff works with CRS every July to submit our annual CRS recertification application. Orange County’s 2024 CRS rating was a score of Class 6, which qualifies our constituents for a 20% discount in FEMA flood insurance premiums. Staff hopes to maintain our relatively high CRS score for FY25, with potential eventual score increase (perhaps to Class 5), once staff is able to procure Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM) status. P-3 Continue to enforce floodplain regulations through the county's Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) Overlay District contained within the Orange County Unified Development Ordinance and continue training efforts for the Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM). Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 High Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) Ongoing Carried Forward Orange County underwent a successful Floodplain Management program (NFIP) audit by the NC Department of Public Safety (NCDPS) in June 2023. Current feedback from NCDPS is that the program is in full compliance; with only a few minor deficiencies noted, of which staff is aware of and actively working to address into FY25. Staff hopes to procure Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM) status in FY25. P-4 Continue to collaborate and support municipal mitigation strategies All Hazards 3.2 Medium Orange County Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County remains committed to supporting municipal mitigation strategies. Orange County Emergency Management is assisting UNC Chapel Hill with a generator project funded through the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) from Hurricane Florence. Additionally, Orange County Emergency Management is supporting the Town of Carrboro in applying for HMGP funding for a property acquisition related to flood damage from Hurricane Helene. P-5 Climate Action Plan All Hazards 2.1 High Orange County Sustainability General Fund (existing staff salaries), CIP, Federal and State grants 2023-2032 New The Orange County Climate Action Plan was adopted in November 2023 and is currently in implementation. The plan addresses climate mitigation strategies as well as resilience and adaptation. 677 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 656 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments P-6 Continue to develop, review, update, and implement recommendations in local and regional plans to improve the reliability, redundancy, and resiliency of water resources (water, wastewater, reclaimed water). All Hazards 3.1 Medium OWASA, Orange County Planning and Inspections Department CIP and Operating Budgets Ongoing Carried Forward Moving into FY25, Orange County continues to coordinate with City of Mebane and Town of Hillsborough and commit active County CIP funds for relevant public water/sewer system extensions, where applicable. Currently, the County has no active public water/sewer extension projects in the queue with remaining public utilities (i.e., City of Durham, OAWS, OWASA) that are geographically capable of serving County constituents. OWASA remains committed to ensuring the reliability, redundancy, and resiliency of the water resources that sustain the water supply for our customers and community P-7 Home weatherization for low-to-Medium income residents. Excessive Heat, Severe Winter Weather 4.2 Medium Orange County Housing Department, Orange County Home Preservation Coalition General Fund (existing staff salaries), grants 2025-2030 New P-8 Tree giveaway program. Excessive Heat 4.2, 2.1 Medium Orange County Sustainability General Fund (existing staff salaries), grants 2025-2030 New P-9 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Continue enforcement of the North Carolina State Building Code. All Hazards 1.2 High Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Currently operating under the 2018 edition of the NC State Building Codes and 2017 edition of the National Electrical Code. The updated codes were adopted in 2025 with implementation occurring in 2026 or later. PP-2 Continue participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to reduce the impact of a future flood event, mitigate effects of flooding, and allow citizens to be eligible for affordable flood insurance. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 High Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) Ongoing Carried Forward Orange County underwent a successful Floodplain Management program (NFIP) audit by the NC Department of Public Safety (NCDPS) in June 2023. Current feedback from NCDPS is that the program is in full compliance; with only a few minor deficiencies noted, of which staff is aware of and actively working to address into FY25. Staff hopes to procure Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM) status in FY25. Orange County’s 2024 CRS rating was a score of Class 6, which qualifies our constituents for a 20% discount in FEMA flood insurance premiums. Staff hopes to maintain our relatively high CRS score for FY25, with potential eventual score increase (perhaps to Class 5), once staff is able to procure CFM status. PP-3 Identify potential flood hazards of critical infrastructure and mitigation measures to address. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 4.2 High OWASA CIP and Operating Budgets 2025-2030 Carried Forward OWASA is developing a Climate Action Plan in 2025 to identify vulnerabilities and outline mitigation measures to address the highest climate risks, including flood hazards of critical infrastructure. 678 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 657 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PP-4 Explore expanding situational awareness tools and strategies for increased monitoring of local hazards such as installation of additional stream gauges All Hazards 2.2 Medium Emergency Services, OWASA General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County has collaborated with NC Dam Safety to assess local stream and dam gauges. To enhance situational awareness, CONTRAIL access has been granted to all fire chiefs with dam gauges in their jurisdiction. PP-5 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties, including repetitive loss properties and substantially damages properties. Flooding 4.2 Medium Orange County Planning and Inspections Department Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Strive to ensure future development occurs in a manner that protects floodplains, streams, wetlands, and other natural features which work to reduce flood hazard susceptibility and continue to enforce existing regulations pertaining to stormwater management and erosion control standards contained within the Orange County Unified Development Ordinance. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.1 High Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) Ongoing Carried Forward Moving into FY25, Orange County’s ongoing stance (as defined in the UDO) is no new development within the SFHA, barring extraneous/rare circumstances in which a property owner has fully justified that there are no feasible alternatives for by-right development. Substantial improvements to existing structures within the SFHA are permitted; however, any/all construction (new construction and/or or substantial improvements) will continue to require complete floodproofing per FEMA standards. Staff will continue to require No-Rise studies for any fill within the SFHA, and staff will continue to process CLOMR/LOMR applications per regulatory requirements. Structural Projects SP-1 Explore the possibility of retrofitting critical facilities to harden against high winds and lightning. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Emergency Services, Asset Management Unified hazard Mitigation Assistance (UHMA) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County will continue to identify opportunities to protect critical facilities from wind and lightning. SP-2 Conduct a cost-benefit review during the planning and design phase of construction of new government owned facilities or critical facilities to determine the feasibility of equipping the facility with back-up generators, lightening protection, high wind protection, and/or 361 compliant tornado shelters. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Emergency Services, Asset Management Unified hazard Mitigation Assistance (UHMA) 2025-2030 Carried Forward This is being completed on a case-by-case basis with each new facility and major retrofit. SP-3 Continue to identify and explore possibility of improving or retrofitting existing critical facilities with on site energy generation. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Emergency Services, Asset Management, OWASA Unified hazard Mitigation Assistance (UHMA) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County, in partnership with the Central Pines Regional Council, is applying for a grant to assess generator specifications for existing County facilities and estimate associated costs. SP-4 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Emergency Services, Planning and Inspections Department State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 New 679 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 658 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Emergency Services ES-1 Engage with regional stakeholders in comprehensive emergency response planning including Complex Coordinated Terror Attack response and Mass Casualty Incident response planning. All Hazards 3.2 Medium Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County continues to provide ASIM training to onboarding EMS personnel and others upon request. Emergency Services initially began the application process for an Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG) to fund mass casualty incident (MCI) equipment and training but has instead incorporated it into the 2023-2024 budget. Additionally, Orange County Emergency Services is in the initial planning phase of developing a comprehensive MCI plan. Following the 2019 Regional Complex Coordinated Terrorist Attack (CCTA) Plan, Orange County, in partnership with Durham and Wake counties, hosted a series of trainings to strengthen identified capabilities. ES-2 Continue to provide warming/cooling centers during extreme temperatures. Excessive Heat, Severe Winter Weather 2.2 Medium Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New ES-3 Explore a box fan giveaway program for residents without central air conditioning. Excessive Heat 2.1, 2.2 Medium Orange County Social Services/Aging General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New ES-4 Develop a comprehensive Emergency Operations Plan update with integration of all three municipal Emergency Operations Plans. All Hazards 3.1 High Emergency Services State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2027 New ES-5 Develop a Countywide Tactical Interoperable Communications Plan, addressing both voice communication and data. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Emergency Services General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New ES-6 Improve situational awareness and interagency coordination during hazard events by using mobile geospatial tools that support real-time data sharing, location tracking, and operational overlays that can support both public safety and non-public safety assets. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Emergency Services General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New 680 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 659 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Provide education and outreach to Orange County residents in multiple languages before, during, and after a hazardous weather event and maintain a link to the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan on Orange County's Website. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County continues to host and sponsor Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) training, offering two CERT basic training courses annually and meeting regularly with the CERT Council. Orange County Emergency Services partners with Orange County Cooperative Extension to host an annual summer camp that enhances youth resilience to hazards. Additionally, Orange County Emergency Management collaborates with NCEM to host the Emergency Management Experience, an all-girls summer camp focused on careers in emergency management and first response. Orange County remains committed to public education on hazard risks and has developed a multilingual repository of preparedness information. In 2024, the County updated the Ready Orange website to support easy translation into multiple languages and to clearly communicate hazard information and preparedness measures. Emergency Management continues to leverage social media and other platforms to educate residents about natural hazards, including the creation of multilingual preparedness graphics for targeted outreach and social media use. Efforts are ongoing to ensure all communications, especially OC Alert notifications, use plain language for accessibility and clarity. PEA-2 Engage in regional events, activities, and training opportunities related to natural hazards in order to improve communication, enhance, partnerships, and improve planning efforts with other local jurisdictions. All Hazards 3.2 Medium Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Orange County actively participates in local and regional exercises. In 2023, Orange County Emergency Services partnered with OWASA to conduct a dam failure tabletop exercise. Currently, Emergency Services is engaged in a Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA) to identify capability gaps related to various hazards. Additionally, in 2021, Orange County hosted a full-scale active shooter exercise at UNC Hillsborough PEA-3 Provide staff support and information on Orange County's website to provide education and assistance to residents experiencing floodplain, stormwater, and erosion control issues. Flood, Hurricane and Tropical Storm 2.1 Medium Orange County Planning and Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward Updated information was posted in 2024 at Floodplain Protection | Orange County, NC. Information also available on https://www.orangecountync.gov/3427/Floods PEA-4 Continue to support strategies identified in Orange County’s Climate Action Plan All Hazards 3.2 Medium Orange County Sustainability Multiple 2023-2050 New Information on the Climate Action Plan and current progress can be found at https://www.orangecountync.gov/3096/Climate - Action-Plan PEA-5 Provide utility bill assistance to income eligible residents. Excessive Heat, Winter Weather 3.2 Medium Orange County Housing General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New 681 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 660 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PEA-6 Conduct periodic heat mapping to understand which parts of Orange County are most vulnerable to excessive heat. Excessive Heat 3.2 Medium Orange County Sustainability General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New PEA-7 Develop and begin implementing a countywide Heat Action Plan. Excessive Heat 2.2 Medium Orange County Sustainability, Emergency Services General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New 682 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 661 Table C.20 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Carrboro Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 The Town of Carrboro, as a member of the Orange County hazard Mitigation Planning Team, will coordinate with Orange County to reevaluate and update its hazard mitigation planning component at least once every five years or sooner as deemed appropriate by the Orange County Planning Director All Hazards 1.2 High Town of Carrboro Self-funded 2025-2030 Carried Forward Actively participating in update process with local government partners in Eno-Haw Region. P-2 The Town of Carrboro intends to submit a Community Rating System (CRS) application to the ISO for a flood insurance rating that will benefit owners of flood-prone properties Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town is still interested in submitting a CRS application to ISO. The Town is assessing current programs and will conduct further research to determine if applying for the CRS is in the best interest of the community; P-3 The Town of Carrboro will continue to monitor ongoing efforts by the State and the US Army Corps of Engineers to complete new floodplain mapping for the planning area. Local staff resources will be needed to implement and encourage the completion of these activities. Flooding 1.1 High Town of Carrboro - Planning Department N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town’s Stormwater Utility was established in 2017, and the Stormwater Division created in 2018. The Planning Department and GIS administrator ensure local floodplain maps are updated. The Town also utilizes the Flood Risk Information System as needed. P-4 Establish comprehensive framework for plans, policies, and regulations pertaining to land use, generally, and the relationship to natural hazard mitigation All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department Self-funded 2025-2030 Carried Forward Incorporated into Carrboro Connects Comprehensive Plan which was adopted on 7 June 2022. Will continue in this area with the implementation of a new Unified Development Ordinance. P-5 Establish framework for assessing urban wildfire risk, communicating with the public on measures that can reduce risk. Wildfire 2.1 Medium Town of Carrboro - Fire Department Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 Carried Forward Will partner with other local fire departments, the Orange County Fire Marshal’s Office, and the North Carolina Forestry Service to assess and mitigate wildfire hazards with a concentration on the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). P-6 Explore opportunities to pilot cool pavement. Excessive Heat 1.2 Medium Town of Carrboro – Sustainability Division TBD 2025-2030 New Piloted cool pavement titanium dioxide additive to pavement resurfacing in several neighborhoods in 2024 using NC DOT Powell Bill Funding. P-7 Home weatherization for low-to-moderate income residents. Excessive Heat, Severe Winter Weather 4.2 Medium Town of Carrboro – Housing and Community Services Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 New Work with Orange County Housing and other partner agencies to continue weatherization of homes in the community. P-8 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 New Will partner with other local fire departments, the Orange County Fire Marshal’s Office, and the North Carolina Forestry Service to assess and mitigate wildfire hazards with a concentration on the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). 683 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 662 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Property Protection PP-1 Seek funding to retrofit critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, backup generators, solar and battery electric storage systems, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, and anchoring fixed building equipment. All Hazards 4.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town will continue to assess facilities and seek funding sources related to needs identified. PP-2 Manage watersheds and stormwater by promoting active maintenance of stormwater infrastructure, reducing impacts of increased impervious surfaces, and minimizing impact to waterways. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Landslide 1.2 High Town of Carrboro - Stormwater Division Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 Carried Forward Action Revised. The Town of Carrboro established a Stormwater Utility Fee in 2017 to fund stormwater services/operations and provide residential and commercial assistance for stormwater related issues by expanding technical assistance, outreach, and other program components. The Town has an active MS4 permit and is subject to requirements, including post- construction stormwater control measures. Stormwater control measures are often designed to exceed state minimum requirements. PP-3 Look for opportunities to mitigate repetitive loss structures, and to increase resilience by ensuring critical infrastructure is not in locations susceptible to flooding. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New This mitigation measure includes pursuing the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties, including repetitive loss properties and substantially damaged properties. Currently in discussions with one property owner and expect the process to begin in earnest in 2025. This mitigation measure also includes the possibility of relocating Carrboro Public Works. Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Development of greenways and parklands dedicated to public use along streams and utility easements. The Town will seek to secure funding from federal, state, and local sources to implement the Town's greenway system, which will in turn mitigate flood hazards. Flood 1.1 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department Federal and county grants, and Town funded. 2025-2030 Carried Forward Phase 1B/Homestead-Chapel Hill High School Multi-use Path is completed. The Morgan Creek and Jones Creek greenway projects are expected to begin construction in 2025/2026. The Town will continue to develop greenways along streams to protect natural resources. NRP-2 Protect and conserve land with environmental and natural hazard mitigation value as open space. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Landslide 1.1 High Town of Carrboro - Planning Department Self-funded; outside grants if available 2025-2030 Carried Forward Implementation underway for several projects and multiple approaches including land use regulations for developments, policy analysis/framework for comprehensive planning, and grant funding for repetitive loss properties. NRP-3 Coordinate with OWASA for planning for long-term and emergency water supply measures. All Hazards 1.1 High Town of Carrboro – Fire Department Self-funded 2025-2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Require new developments to install electric, cable, and telephone wires underground to increase critical infrastructure resilience. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Planning Department N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town of Carrboro will continue to require new developments to install electric, cable, telephone wires underground to the extent allowed by local utilities —Duke Power/Piedmont Electric Coop. 684 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 663 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments SP-2 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Stormwater Division State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New The Town has Capital Projects included in the adopted Capital Improvement Plan to implement public projects within the jurisdiction to manage stormwater within the community. Emergency Services ES-1 Provide misting tents and cold-water giveaways at fire stations during extreme heat days. Excessive Heat 2.2 Medium Town of Carrboro Fire General fund 2025-2030 New Partial implementation in-progress. Will work to formalize actions based on pre-established thresholds. ES-2 Develop a comprehensive Emergency Operations Plan update with integration of all three municipal Emergency Operations Plans. All Hazards 3.1 High Town of Carrboro – Fire Department State grants, UHMA grants, other federal grants 2025-2027 New ES-3 Work with partners across Orange County on the development a Countywide Tactical Interoperable Communications Plan, addressing both voice communication and data. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Research phase. Current plan is to implement mesh network or a similar technology for communications redundancy. ES-4 Improve situational awareness and interagency coordination during hazard events by using mobile geospatial tools that support real-time data sharing, location tracking, and operational overlays that can support both public safety and non-public safety assets. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Supporting Orange County Emergency Services efforts to transition to a new CAD system that will provide geospatial capabilities. Working with local response partners to enhance capabilities. Currently planning to implement Team Accountability Kit (TAK) for to increase situational awareness and improve inter-agency operations. ES-5 Develop a unified damage assessment process. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Work with local and regional response partners to enhance capabilities for damage assessment and tracking on a local and regional level. ES-6 Develop a Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) for the Town of Carrboro. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Funds (existing staff salaries) 2027-2030 New Begin the COOP planning process after completion of the comprehensive EOP update. ES-7 Engage in regional events, activities, and training opportunities related to natural hazards to improve communication, enhance partnerships, and improve planning efforts both within the across jurisdictions. All Hazards 3.2 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Engage with local, regional, state, and federal emergency management services to increase capabilities and enhance interoperability. ES-8 Identify and implement strategies, processes, and procedures to enhance hazardous materials leak and spill response capabilities. Hazardous Materials 3.1 Medium Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Maintenance and implementation of adopted (2017) Community Climate Action Plan All Hazards 1.2 High Town of Carrboro - Sustainability Division Self-funded; grants, other revenue as available 2025-2030 Carried Forward Includes implementation of 2014 Strategic Energy Plan. Will serve as coordinating focus of actions underscoring Town's emphasis on building community resilience. Could potentially be included under Structural Projects, Prevention and Property Protection as well. 685 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 664 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PEA-2 Create and maintain web-based resources for hazard risk, mitigation, and preparedness information. All Hazards 1.2 High Town of Carrboro – Fire Department Self-funded 2025-2030 Carried Forward A web page was created during the 2020-2025 implementation phase. Will update the page and add additional resources in the next implementation phase. This action item also includes utilization of social media and other web-based tools for public education. PEA-3 Conduct periodic heat mapping to understand which parts of Carrboro are most vulnerable to excessive heat. Excessive Heat 3.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Sustainability Division General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Partnering with UNC to conduct heat mapping in 2025. PEA-4 Develop and begin implementing a countywide Heat Action Plan. Excessive Heat 2.2 Medium Town of Carrboro - Sustainability Division General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Working with Orange County and other local partners to develop and implement a comprehensive Heat Action Plan. PEA-5 Encourage and educate private property owners regarding Nature-Based Hazard Mitigation nutrient management. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Landslide 2.1 Medium Town of Carrboro - Stormwater Division Self-funded 2025-2030 New Conducted 90 property assessments and are developing conservation plans for those properties. Goal is to complete approximately 50 assessments and associated conservation plans annually. PEA-6 Provide increased public outreach before, during, and after a natural hazard or emergency. All Hazards 2.2 High Town of Carrboro – Fire Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New 686 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 665 Table C.21 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Chapel Hill Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Consider creative zoning options. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department/ Managers Office General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. ToCH continues to try to engage with developers to pursue creative zoning options including conditional zoning which allows flexible and open conversations. The Blue Hill District and the Innovative, Light Industrial Conditional Zoning District are other examples of creative zoning options. The Town Council and Town staff review zoning requirements and making adjustments as needed to achieve hazard mitigation goals. For example, developers now commonly volunteer to design their stormwater management to meet the 100-year storm, up from the 25-year storm. P-2 Encourage mixed-use development forms. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department/ Managers Office General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. ToCH continues to emphasize mixed-use redevelopment in the downtown and in future focus areas, as per the comprehensive plan. In 2021, the Town adopted a new future land use map called "Charting Our Future.". This initiative charts a course for mixed-use and compact development along major transportation corridors. P-3 Establish a growth management protocol to maintain sufficient infrastructure capacity. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 4.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town will continue existing growth management protocols to maintain sufficient infrastructure capacity including the Town's urban services district and the rural buffer, both of which continue to guide development decisions within the municipal boundaries. In 2021, the Town adopted a new future land use map called "Charting Our Future.". This initiative charts a course for mixed-use and compact development along major transportation corridors. P-4 Improve the Development Review Process Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. This continues to be an ongoing effort since 2009. The Town is in the process of a complete rewrite of the development ordinance, which will include a comprehensive review of the Development Review Process. P-5 Continue to enforce the stormwater management regulations through the Town's Land Use Management Ordinance and the floodplain regulations through the town's Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance. Continue training initiatives to maintain the Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM) registrations. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Stormwater Division Stormwater Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward The Town has made updates to the stormwater management regulations that modernize and streamline our rules, including a design standard that moved from the 25-year storm to the 100-year storm for large new construction. The Town now has a Certified Floodplain Manager and will continue to support training. P-6 Continue to participate in county-wide collaborative efforts and mitigation strategies All Hazards 3.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. Engage in regular Emergency Management meetings, training, and data sharing to strengthen community resilience and organizational response to hazards. P-7 Continue enforcement of the North Carolina State Building Code. All Hazards 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Inspections Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town continues to enforce the building code by maintaining a staff with multiple trade certifications for all forms of development. 687 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 666 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments P-8 Continue participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to allow citizens to be eligible for affordable flood insurance. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Stormwater Division Stormwater Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town continues to administer its Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance, consistent with federal and state regulations, to maintain compliance with the National Flood Insurance Program. P-9 Explore expanding situational awareness tools and strategies for increased monitoring of local hazards All Hazards 2.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. In collaboration with ESRI consultants, we continue to work on building and enhancing dashboard viewers to monitor real-time conditions and aid in the decision-making process. P-10 Pursue grants and other resources to support tree planting. Excessive Heat 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill – Parks & Recreation, Office of Sustainability & Resilience Grants, donations, general fund 2025-2030 New P-11 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Develop a network of greenways with regional connections. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Parks and Recreation and Planning Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town continues to implement the Mobility Plan, which will create a future Chapel Hill where you don’t need a car to get around. This work also includes planning for Everywhere-to-Everywhere greenways. The Town is also in the process of updating the Parks Master Plan, which will integrate greenway and other off-road connections with the Town’s parks system. PP-2 Preserve open space in residential developments through the application of conservation development principles. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department/ Managers Office General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2050 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town is in the process of rewriting the development ordinance, which will include an evaluation of conservation measures like tree and habitat protection. PP-3 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties, including repetitive loss properties and substantially damages properties. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department/ Managers Office Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Manage watersheds, stormwater, and water quality and seek funding to design and construct projects on the subwatershed study reports' priority project lists, which have been identified and approved by the Town Council. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Stormwater Division Stormwater Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. In 2014, the Town Council adopted the Stormwater Master Plan, which included a recommendation for conducting subwatershed studies. These studies evaluate existing conditions and identify problems – failing/undersized infrastructure, drainage and flooding, water quality, and stream conditions – then develop integrated watershed plans for improvements based on a full build-out condition, using zoning and land use plans. The Town has completed several of these studies and will continue to implement the identified improvement strategies in accordance with Council’s direction. 688 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 667 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments NRP-2 Strive to ensure future development occurs in a manner that protects floodplains, streams, wetlands, and other natural features which work to reduce flood hazard susceptibility and continue to enforce existing regulations. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department/ Managers Office General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town’s future land use map includes a resiliency map series that identifies important climate stressors like flooding and extreme heat. Town is now in the process rewriting our development ordinance, which will include an evaluation of resiliency standards and regulations that can help to mitigate hazard impacts on new development and redevelopment. NRP-3 Coordinate with OWASA on long-term water supply planning and local conservation measures. Drought, Extreme Heat 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability & Resilience OWASA 2025-2030 Carried Forward In progress. The Town continues to work closely with OWASA as it updates its emergency and long-range water supply plan. NRP-4 Strategically preserving, acquiring, or protecting additional open spaces to provide environmental buffer. Work to implement open space recommendations as outlined in the Recreation Standards and Needs Assessment included as a component of the Comprehensive Parks Plan, adopted 5/29/2013. (https://www.townofchapelhill.org/town- hall/departments-services/parks-recreation/planning- and-development/comprehensive-parks-plan-adopted- may-29-2013). Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. ToCH has open space standards in the ordinances for residential property. In addition, there are environmental resections for development town-wide. The Town has adopted the Jordan Watershed Stormwater Management for New Develop ordinance in an effort to further protect land with environmental value. The Town is also in the process of updating the Parks Master Plan, which will evaluate opportunities for protecting open space. NRP-5 Encourage public and private partnerships to restore and maintain the Town's environmental resources. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 1.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill N/A 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. These types of partnerships are negotiated on a case-by-case basis. As an example, the town worked with UNC Healthcare at Eastowne to preserve a natural area as part of the development approval. Structural Projects SP-1 Continue to identify and explore possible retrofits to critical facilities and Town-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. This could include, but is not limited to: wind retrofits, low water consumption fixtures, leak detectors, back up generators, ignition-resistant materials, 320 or 361 compliant safe rooms, lightning protection, hail resistant roofing, anchoring fixed building equipment. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Public Works General Fund (existing staff salaries) / Unified Hazard Mitigation Assistance (UHMA) 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to funding limitations. SP-2 Seek funding to install backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed county/town critical facilities. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Local, State grants, other federal grants 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress made due to funding limitations. 689 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 668 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments SP-3 Coordinate with utility partners and property owners regarding the use of microgrids and other forms of distributed energy to provide backup power to critical facilities. Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability & Resilience General Fund, Utilities, Developers, Federal Grants (DOE) 2020-2025 Carried Forward In progress. Town is actively planning for solar and battery storage upgrades to critical facilities over the next five years. SP-4 Coordinate with OWASA to enhance the capacity of regional water system interconnects, as needed. Drought, Excessive Heat 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability & Resilience OWASA 2020-2025 Carried Forward In progress. The Town continues to work closely with OWASA on water system interconnects. SP-5 Coordinate with OWASA to limit the impacts of water supply leaks through infrastructure planning, maintenance and design. Critical Infrastructure Failure 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability & Resilience OWASA 2020-2025 Carried Forward In progress. The Town continues to work closely with OWASA as it maintains and upgrades critical infrastructure. SP-6 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Public Works State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Engage in regional events, activities, and training opportunities related to natural hazards in order to improve communication, enhance, partnerships, and improve planning efforts both within the Town and with other local jurisdictions. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 3.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town of Chapel Hill Office of Emergency Management (EM) routinely engages with emergency management services in surrounding jurisdictions and participates in joint meetings, planning sessions, and briefings with other agencies and jurisdictions. The Town has maintained an agreement for a countywide alert system. ES-2 Identify and implement strategies to increase swift water rescue capacity. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 3.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Fire Department Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town is part of the NC Task Force 8 Team assigned by the State of North Carolina and has certified several staff within the Fire Department for swift water rescue. The department will continue to advance this work going forward. ES-3 Engage with regional and county stakeholders in comprehensive emergency response planning including Complex Coordinated Terror Attack response and Mass Casualty Incident response planning. All Hazards 3.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. Public safety agencies undergo regular training, and currently, all municipalities in the county are revising a comprehensive Emergency Operations Plan. This revision includes annexes addressing regional responses, mass casualty incidents (MCIs), and responses to terror attacks. ES-4 Connect unhoused populations to services/resources during extreme temperatures. Excessive Heat, Severe Winter Weather 2.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Police Department (CARE team, Crisis Unit) General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Encourage low-impact development for addressing stormwater quality and quantity concerns. Flooding, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 1.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Planning Department General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. Low Impact Design (LID) is encouraged throughout the Town. The central theme of these regulations is to encourage "low-impact design" that disperses pavement into small modules, and replicates the natural hydrological system of the site." LUMO Article 5 Design and Development Standards). The Town will explore ways of modernizing these and similar measures as part of rewriting of our land development regulations. 690 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 669 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments PEA-2 Provide education and outreach to Chapel Hill residents in multiple languages in order to increase awareness of natural hazard potential in the town. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division and Communications and Public Affairs General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. The Town’s community connections team conducts neighborhood-scale engagement throughout the year that includes information about hazards with translation services. PEA-3 Strive to improve communication and outreach in multiple languages to Town of Chapel Hill residents before, during, and after hazard weather event with the county's website, press releases, social media accounts in order to keep residents informed and improve public safety in and around the Town. All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Chapel Hill - Emergency Management Division and Communications and Public Affairs General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 Carried Forward In Progress. Unified hazardous weather messaging continues to be shared across multiple forms of social media and printed flyers as appropriate, and exploring the use of mass notification platforms and automated translation technologies continues . PEA-4 Conduct periodic heat mapping to understand which parts of Chapel Hill are most vulnerable to excessive heat. Excessive Heat 3.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability and Resilience and Technology Solutions General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New PEA-5 Install water level and rain gauge sensors to provide early warning alerts for downstream flooding. Flooding 2.2 High Town of Chapel Hill Public Works, Office of Emergency Preparedness and Risk Management, Office of Sustainability and Resilience General Fund (existing staff salaries), Stormwater Fees 2025-2030 New PEA-6 Develop and begin implementing a countywide Heat Action Plan. Excessive Heat 2.2 Medium Town of Chapel Hill Office of Sustainability and Resilience in collaboration with Orange County General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New 691 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 670 Table C.22 – Mitigation Action Plan, Town of Hillsborough Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency/Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments Prevention P-1 Work with State efforts to study hydrology and maps/designate any new flood prone areas Flooding 1.1 High Town of Hillsborough Planning Department N/A 2025-2030 Carry Forward New flood maps and GIS maps were drawn for much of our jurisdiction as of 2017, but the northwest, south, and southwest areas of town continue to utilize 2007 FIRM panels. P-2 Ensure public safety is prioritized through investing in building trust and legitimacy with the community All Hazards 2.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Police Department Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-3 Coordinate with community organizations to prepare for and respond to emergencies together. All Hazards 2.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Police Department, Communications Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-4 Ensure employee safety through regular maintenance of facilities and by establishing an open-door policy, conducting hazard assessments, and addressing staff concerns in a timely manner. All Hazards 3.1 Medium Safety and Risk Management Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-5 Revise the Urban Service Boundary to reflect a 2040 actual water and sewer capacity and availability with already identified improvement as well as incorporate preferred future land use and growth patterns. Drought 1.1 High Town of Hillsborough Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection, Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-6 Update the Water and Sewer Management, Planning and Boundary Agreement and Central Orange Coordinated Area Land Use Plan to reflect revisions represented in the Comprehensive Sustainability plan. Drought 3.2 High Town of Hillsborough Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection, Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-7 Rewrite the Unified Development Ordinance to reflect current development trends and patterns to incorporate sustainability, environmental and climate best practices, economic resiliency measures, and equity in development and redevelopment as well as meet water and sewer system-wide needs. Incorporate additional hazard mitigation measures in the new UDO. All Hazards 1.1, 1.2, 4.1 High Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. This action has been updated here to reflect the Town’s ongoing UDO rewrite, which is scheduled to conclude in 2027. P-8 In the UDO rewrite, ensure development review processes are clear, responsive, predictable, and equitable while ensuring flexibility within design. Include requirement to obtain capacity assurance and Water and Sewer Extension Contract prior to rezoning or annexation requests. Drought 1.1 High Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-9 Clarify the roles and responsibilities of internal town department reviewers, appointed boards, and the town board in the development review process. Evaluate building staff capacity by transferring floodplain administration to Stormwater and Environmental Services. All Hazards 4.3 Medium Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development, Administrative Services, and Town Board Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. This action has been updated here to reflect internal discussions regarding floodplain administration. 692 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 671 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency/Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments P-10 Update Town drought policy and monitor drought conditions to best protect water supplies. Drought 1.1, 1.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Stormwater and Environmental Services, Water Distribution and Wastewater Collection Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-11 Develop and adopt reforestation plans for town- owned and town-maintained properties. All Hazards 1.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-12 Develop and adopt forest management plans and policies for town-owned and maintained properties. All Hazards 1.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-13 Map critical environmental and sensitive areas and significant landforms, such as slopes, ridges, streams, and wetlands, to inform other plans and development decisions. All Hazards 1.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-14 Develop and adopt a green infrastructure policy for town projects All Hazards 1.2 High Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Public Works Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-15 Develop and adopt a tree preservation policy for town-owned and town-maintained properties. All Hazards 1.1 High Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-16 Advocate for and endorse regulations that advance best management practices for development projects. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development, Stormwater and Environmental Services Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-17 Employ land suitability analysis to guide built environment policy and development decisions. All Hazards 1.1, 1.2 High Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-18 Develop and adopt regulations that limit development to slopes that are 3 to 1 or gentler. Landslide 1.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-19 Update recommended and prohibited plants list to incorporate drought-tolerant, deer resistant, and climate hardy species. Drought, Excessive Heat 2.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-20 Assess renewable energy generation potential (i.e., generating capacity) for solar photovoltaics and wind energy projects on town-owned properties and identify priority sites for planning and implementation. Critical Infrastructure Failure 4.2 High Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-21 Implement a water conservation and efficiency program marketed towards residents and local businesses with the aim of reducing water treatment loads and associated energy use. Drought 2.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Utilities Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. 693 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 672 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency/Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments P-22 Evaluate best practices for resilient power, such as backup generation sources, fuel, micro-grids, telecommunications, and emergency service providers. Prepare a community-wide GHG emissions inventory to understand how to reduce emissions associated with the broad set of activities occurring within town’s jurisdictional boundary (e.g., energy consumption in residential buildings, on-road transportation, waste generation). Critical Infrastructure Failure 4.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Public Works, Utilities, Police, Fire Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. P-23 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Investigate opportunities and incorporate to the greatest extent possible sustainability and climate initiatives in facility development including geothermal, solar, weatherization, and green infrastructure. All Hazards 1.2, 4.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. PP-2 For on-site renewable energy generation, explore the feasibility of energy storage systems (e.g., solar PV plus battery storage). Critical Infrastructure Failure 4-2 High Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Public Works Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. PP-3 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties, including repetitive loss properties and substantially damages properties. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Stormwater and Environmental Services, Planning and Economic Development Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Implement green infrastructure projects on town- owned and town-maintained properties. All Hazards 4.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Stormwater and Environmental Services Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. NRP-2 Support floodplain reclamation projects. Flooding 4.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Stormwater and Environmental Services, Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. NRP-3 Investigate opportunities to restore the Eno River to its natural channel in Gold Park. Flooding 4.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Stormwater and Environmental Services Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. NRP-4 Develop a rainwater harvesting or rain barrel cost- sharing program. Drought, Flooding 2.1 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Space and Sustainability, Stormwater and Environmental Services Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. NRP-5 Coordinate with housing partners to incorporate green infrastructure and best management practices into housing developments and property management policies. Flooding 1.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development, Stormwater and Environmental Services Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. 694 ANNEX C: ORANGE COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 673 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency/Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Implementation Status Comments NRP-6 Develop and adopt incentives to expand the use of green infrastructure (such as bioswales, rain gardens, and green roofs) for development sites. Drought, Excessive Heat, Flooding 1.2 High Town of Hillsborough Planning and Economic Development Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. Structural Projects SP-1 Relocate the Public Works operation to a non- floodprone site. This is a sizable project and is expected to be completed in the next 5-7 years. Flooding 4.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Public Works Department Town Budget 2025-2026 Carry Forward This was originally budgeted for a contract for the 2016-2017 budget cycle. The Public Works department is slated to move to the Town’s NC Hwy 86 N facility, but now with construction expected to begin in summer 2025. SP-2 Develop and implement a capital improvement projects plan for stormwater infrastructure improvements. Flooding 1.1, 1.2 High Town of Hillsborough Stormwater and Environmental Services, Public Space and Sustainability Town Budget 2025-2027 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. Emergency Services ES-1 Provide public Wi-Fi in town parks and at town facilities. Critical Infrastructure Failure, Cyber Threat 2.2 Medium Information Technology Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. ES-2 Coordinate with organizations and agencies to expand access to high-speed internet. Critical Infrastructure Failure, Cyber Threat 2.2 Medium Information Technology Town Budget 2025-2030 New Recommended Action in Hillsborough Comprehensive Sustainability Plan (2030) adopted June 12, 2023. ES-3 Explore a box fan giveaway program for residents without central air conditioning. Excessive Heat 2.1, 2.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 Develop and begin implementing a countywide Heat Action Plan. Excessive Heat 3.2 Medium Town of Hillsborough Administration in collaboration with Orange County General Fund (existing staff salaries) 2025-2030 New 695 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 674 ANNEX D. PERSON COUNTY D.1 ASSET INVENTORY Person County and the HMPC provided a local inventory of critical facilities and community lifelines, which are a priority for mitigation planning and emergency management. Lifelines are the most fundamental services in the community that, when stabilized, enable all other aspects of society to function. Table D.1 and Table D.2 provide a count of critical facilities by FEMA lifeline category by jurisdiction in Person County. Figure C.1 through Figure C.4 show the locations of all critical facilities by jurisdiction in Person County. Table D.3 provides a detailed inventory of the critical facilities in Person County, indicating each facility’s FEMA lifeline category, flood zone, 1% annual chance flood depth, and wildfire. More information on hazard vulnerability is provided in the hazard profiles. Table D.1 – Critical Facilities by Type, Unincorporated Person County Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 5 $635,020 Food, Hydration, Shelter 1 $177,716 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 1 $894,681 Safety and Security 11 $1,138,607 Transportation 1 $8,426,125 Water Systems 3 $1,493,129 Total 22 $12,765,278 Source: Person County, HMPC Table D.2 – Critical Facilities by Type, City of Roxboro Facility Type Count of Facility Type Structure Value Communications 3 $622,930 Energy 1 $607,465 Food, Hydration, Shelter 2 $6,086,670 Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 3 $21,865,626 Safety and Security 12 $11,511,759 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 3 $1,895,136 Total 24 $42,589,586 Source: Person County, HMPC 696 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 675 Figure D.1 – Critical Facilities, Unincorporated Person County Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 697 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 676 Figure D.2 – Critical Facilities, City of Roxboro Source: NCEM IRISK Database, HMPC input, GIS Analysis 698 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 677 Table D.3 – Person County Critical Facilities Inventory FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity City of Roxboro Food, Hydration, Shelter School 304 SOUTH MORGAN STREET, ROXBORO, NC, 27573 $1,311,446.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical Hospital 615 RIDGE ROAD, ROXBORO, NC, 27573 $14,080,411.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Emergency Operations Center 216 WEST BARDEN STREET, ROXBORO, NC, 27573 $308,934.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter School 115 LAKE DRIVE, ROXBORO, NC, 27573 $4,775,224.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Treatment Plant 1599 CHUB LAKE RD $919,905.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Water Systems Treatment Plant 902 CAVEL CHUB LAKE RD $975,231.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Health and Medical Municipal 303 S MADISON BLVD $7,476,281.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 105 S LAMAR ST $443,558.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Communications Municipal 323 HILL ST - NA X, Unshaded 0 Communications Municipal 204 W BARDEN ST $267,580.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 2130 CHUB LAKE RD $594,027.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Municipal 425 LONG AVE $1,712,784.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Safety and Security Municipal 304 S MORGAN ST $1,311,446.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 779 MOUNTAIN RD $1,038,645.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Municipal 120 COURT ST $3,231,692.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Fuel Station 207 MADISON BLVD $607,465.00 1.33 AE Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1051 DURHAM RD $109,023.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 105 S LAMAR ST $443,558.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Communications Communications 700 FRANKLIN ST $355,350.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Health and Medical EMS 216 W BARDEN ST $308,934.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station LEASBURG RD $260,684.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station N MAIN ST $328,500.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Police Station 109 S LAMAR ST $1,728,908.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Water Systems Utility WESLEYAN HEIGHTS RD - NA X, Unshaded 2 699 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 678 FEMA Lifeline Facility Type Address Structure Value Flood Depth Flood Zone High WUI Exposure Fire Intensity Unincorporated Person County Safety and Security Police Station 3434 BURLINGTON ROAD, ROXBORO, NC, 27574 $184,616.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Food, Hydration, Shelter Hog Farm 134 TED MOORE DRIVE, HURDLE MILLS, NC, 27541 $177,716.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Fuel Station 3400 BURLINGTON RD $79,638.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Fuel Station 411 HELENA MORIAH RD $203,229.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1291 CONCORD CEFFO RD $173,838.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station UNION GROVE CHURCH RD - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 1215 SHILOH CHURCH RD $82,865.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Health and Medical EMS 295 HELENA MORIAH RD $894,681.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 350 ASHLEY AVE $156,175.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 2 Safety and Security Fire Station 1344 DENNYS STORE RD $121,103.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Safety and Security Fire Station 1879 MOUNT HARMONY CHURCH RD $59,007.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 5939 HESTERS STORE RD $78,309.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Safety and Security Fire Station 185 OLIVE BRANCH RD $142,571.00 NA X, Unshaded 2 Safety and Security Fire Station 6005 MOUNT HARMONY CHURCH RD $70,999.00 NA X, Unshaded 1 Transportation Transportation 385 Montgomery Dr, Timberlake, NC 27583 $8,426,125.00 NA X, Unshaded 0 Water Systems Utility MOUNT HARMONY CHURCH RD $41,515.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Water Systems Utility SEMORA RD $1,451,614.00 NA X, Unshaded 3 Energy Substation 331 ALLIE CLAY RD $352,153.00 NA X, Unshaded Y 0 Energy Substation DUNNAWAY RD - NA X, Unshaded 0 Safety and Security Fire Station 9379 BOSTON RD $69,124.00 NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Water Systems Utility 188 CLAUDE HALL RD - NA X, Unshaded 1.5 Energy Substation MAYO CREEK - NA X, Unshaded Y 0 700 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 679 D.2 RISK ASSESSMENT This section contains a summary of the County’s asset inventory as well as hazard profile and vulnerability assessment for those hazards that are spatially defined and have variations in risk that could be evaluated quantitatively on a jurisdictional level. The hazards included in this section are: Dam Failure, Flood, and Wildfire. D.2.1 DAM FAILURE Table D.4 lists all high hazard dams located in unincorporated Person County that have been identified by the North Carolina Dam Inventory with a condition assessment of “fair” or “poor.” Note that there are currently no high hazard dams located in Person County with a condition assessment of “poor.” Figure D.3 and Figure D.4 show the location of all dams by jurisdiction in Person County. Table D.4 – High Hazard Dams in Unincorporated Orange County Dam Name NID ID Condition as of Last Inspection Max Capacity (Ac-Ft) Nearest Downstream Location Lake Hyco Dam NC00656 Fair 160000 McGehees Mill Roxboro Municipal Lake Dam NC00658 Fair 4125 Olive Hill Roxboro Afterbay Dam NC00666 Fair 27000 Denniston South Hyco Lake Dam NC03689 Fair 9400 N/A Mayo Active Ash Basin Dam NC06003 Fair 1921 N/A Roxboro West Ash Basin Dam NC06006 Fair 5567 N/A Roxboro West Ash Basin Rock Filter Dam NC06007 Fair 5567 N/A Jimmie Bowes Transmission Line Dam NC06016 Fair - N/A Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 701 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 680 Figure D.3 – Dam Inventory, Unincorporated Person County Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 702 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 681 Figure D.4 – Dam Inventory, City of Roxboro Source: NC Dam Inventory, November 2024 703 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 682 D.2.2 FLOODING Table D.5 details the acreage of Person County’s total area by jurisdiction and flood zone on the Effective DFIRM. Per this assessment, the City of Roxboro has 0.1 percent of its land area within the mapped 1%- annual-chance floodplain while the total of unincorporated Durham County has 0.6 percent. Overall, 0.1 percent of the total land in the county is within the mapped 1%-annual-chance floodplain. Table D.5 – Flood Zone Acreage by Jurisdiction, Person County Flood Zone Acreage Percent of Total (%) Unincorporated Person County Zone AE 15,692.2 6.2 Zone X (500-year) 272.1 0.1 Zone X Unshaded 238,101.7 93.7 Total 254,066.0 -- City of Roxboro Zone AE 150.4 3.3 Zone X (500-year) 25.0 0.6 Zone X Unshaded 4,338.1 96.1 Total 4,513.5 -- County Total 258,579.5 -- Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM Figure D.5 and Figure D.6 reflects the effective mapped flood hazard zones for Person County, and Figure D.7 and Figure D.8 displays the depth of flooding estimated to occur in these areas during the 1%- annual-chance flood. Table D.6 provides building counts and values for critical facilities by flood zone in Person County and participating jurisdictions. Table D.6 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Flooding, Person County Flood Zone Critical Facility Count Structure Value Unincorporated Person County Zone AE 0 $- Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X Unshaded 22 $12,765,278 Total 22 $12,765,278 City of Roxboro Zone AE 1 $607,465 Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X Unshaded 23 $41,982,121 Total 24 $42,589,586 Person County Total Zone AE 1 $607,465 Zone X (500-year) 0 $- Zone X Unshaded 45 $54,747,399 County Total 46 $55,354,864 Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM, HMPC 704 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 683 Figure D.5 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, Person County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 705 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 684 Figure D.6 – FEMA Flood Hazard Areas, City of Roxboro Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 706 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 685 Figure D.7 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, Person County Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 707 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 686 Figure D.8 – Flood Depth, 1%-Annual-Chance Floodplain, City of Roxboro Source: FEMA Effective DFIRM 708 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 687 D.2.2.1 FLOOD INSURANCE DATA The following tables reflect NFIP policy and claims data for the County and incorporated jurisdictions categorized by structure type, flood zone, Pre-FIRM and Post-FIRM. Table D.7 – NFIP Program Entry Dates Community Regular Program Entry Emergency Program Entry Person County 9/14/1990 3/12/1990 City of Roxboro 3/25/1991 - Source: FEMA Community Information System Table D.8 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data by Structure Type Structure Type Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Person County Single Family 10 $8,404 $2,936,000 4 $8,356.96 Total 10 $8,404 $2,936,000 4 $8,356.96 City of Roxboro Single Family 0 $0 $0 2 $24,521.54 Non-Residential 3 $5,656 $1,502,000 0 $0.00 Total 3 $5,656 $1,502,000 2 $24,521.54 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 Table D.9 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data by Flood Zone Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Person County A01-30 & AE Zones 1 $2,246 $136,000 1 $0.00 B, C & X Zone Standard 9 $6,158 $2,800,000 0 $0.00 Preferred 0 $0 $0 3 $8,356.96 Total 10 $8,404 $2,936,000 4 $8,356.96 City of Roxboro A01-30 & AE Zones 3 $5,656 $1,502,000 2 $24,521.54 Total 3 $5,656 $1,502,000 2 $24,521.54 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 Table D.10 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data Pre-FIRM Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Person County A01-30 & AE Zones 1 $2,246 $136,000 1 $0.00 B, C & X Zone 4 $2,644 $1,400,000 0 $0.00 Standard 4 $2,644 $1,400,000 0 $0.00 Total 5 $4,890 $1,536,000 1 $0.00 709 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 688 Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses City of Roxboro A01-30 & AE Zones 2 $4,243 $1,153,000 2 $24,521.54 Total 2 $4,243 $1,153,000 2 $24,521.54 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 Table D.11 – NFIP Policy and Claims Data Post-FIRM Flood Zone Number of Policies in Force Total Premium Insurance in Force Number of Closed Paid Losses Total of Closed Paid Losses Person County B, C & X Zone 5 $3,514 $1,400,000 3 $8,356.96 Standard 5 $3,514 $1,400,000 0 $0.00 Preferred 0 $0 $0 3 $8,356.96 Total 5 $3,514 $1,400,000 3 $8,356.96 City of Roxboro A01-30 & AE Zones 1 $1,413 $349,000 0 $0.00 Total 1 $1,413 $349,000 0 $0.00 Source: FEMA Community Information System, accessed April 2025 D.2.3 WILDFIRE Table D.12 summarizes the acreage in Person County that falls within the Functional Wildland Urban Interface (WUI), categorized into zones that describe the wildfire risk mitigation activities appropriate for each zone. Areas in the Functional WUI are those areas where development and building structures may intermix with burnable land cover. Approximately, 16 percent of Person County is categorized as having direct exposure to wildfire risk within the Functional WUI. Table D.12 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface Acreage, Person County Functional Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Category Acres Percent Direct Exposure 41,493 16% Indirect Exposure 8,744 3% Critical Fireshed 132,034 51% Sources of Ember Load to Buildings 68,385 26% Little to No Exposure 0 0% Water 8,151 3% Total 258,806 100% Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Figure D.9 and Figure D.10 depict the Functional WUI with the location of critical facilities for unincorporated Durham County and all participating jurisdictions. Figure D.11 and Figure D.12 depict the Fire Intensity Scale, which indicates the potential severity of fire based on fuel loads, topography, and other factors. Figure D.13 and Figure D.14 depicts Burn Probability based on landscape conditions, percentile weather, historical ignition patterns, and historical prevention and suppression efforts. 710 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 689 Functional WUI areas with direct exposure to wildfire are distributed throughout the county with some larger gaps in development in the northern part of the county. Burn probability is low throughout the county with clusters of slightly elevated burn probability in the northwestern corner of the county and east of Roxboro. Potential fire intensity is low to moderate across much of Person County with a few clusters of moderate to high fire intensity in unincorporated areas surrounding the City of Roxboro. Table D.13 and Table D.14 provides building counts and values for critical facilities by FEMA lifeline that are located in areas categorized with direct exposure to wildfire risk on the Functional WUI scale. Table D.13 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, Unincorporated Person County Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 10 $1,548,018 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 1 $41,515 Total 11 $1,589,533 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Table D.14 – Critical Facilities Exposed to Wildfire, City of Roxboro Type Critical Facility Count Structure Value Communications 0 $- Energy 0 $- Food, Hydration, Shelter 0 $- Hazardous Materials 0 $- Health and Medical 0 $- Safety and Security 1 $1,712,784 Transportation 0 $- Water Systems 1 $975,231 Total 2 $2,688,015 Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 711 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 690 Figure D.9 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, Unincorporated Person County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 712 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 691 Figure D.10 – Functional Wildland Urban Interface, City of Roxboro Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 713 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 692 Figure D.11 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, Unincorporated Person County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 714 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 693 Figure D.12 – Characteristic Fire Intensity, City of Roxboro Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 715 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 694 Figure D.13 – Burn Probability, Unincorporated Person County Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 716 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 695 Figure D.14 – Burn Probability, City of Roxboro Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 717 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 696 D.3 MITIGATION STRATEGY Table D.15 – Mitigation Action Plan, Person County Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Status Comments Prevention P-1 Update the Person County Subdivision Ordinance by reviewing and incorporating hazard mitigation objectives. All Hazards 1.1 Low PLAN Local 2030 Carried Forward No progress to report. Staff remains interested in updating the Subdivision Ordinance in general and plans to address this item. P-2 Revise and update the regulatory floodplain maps. Flooding 4.1 Medium PLAN & GIS Local 2030 Carried Forward Floodplain map updates are in progress (per FEMA). P-3 Identify at risk-populations that may be exceptionally vulnerable in the event of long-term power outages. Excessive Heat, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms, Severe Winter Weather 2.2 High PLAN & ES Local 2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. P-4 Organize outreach to vulnerable populations during long-term power outage events Excessive Heat, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms, Severe Winter Weather 2.1 High ES Local 2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. P-5 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium ES, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties. Flooding 4.2 Low PLAN, INSP Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New PP-2 Create and maintain a list of repetitive flood loss properties. Flooding 4.2 Medium PLAN, GIS, & INSP Local 2030 Carried Forward No flood FEMA designated repetitive loss properties as of 2025. County will continue to track flood loss properties through GIS and Building Inspections using Crisis Track Software. PP-3 Retrofit existing public facilities and critical facilities to withstand impacts from all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High ES Federal; State; Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward Revised to property protection action; previously SP-2. Have previously applied for grant funding for critical facility protection. This action remains a priority. PP-4 Identify and strengthen public facilities to act as shelters for all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High ES Federal; State; Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward Revised to property protection action, previously SP-3. Have previously applied for grant funding for critical facility protection. This action remains a priority. PP-5 Encourage the identification and retrofitting of safe rooms in public buildings, critical facilities, schools, and nursing homes. Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 4.2 Medium ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward Revised to property protection action, previously SP-5. No progress to report. This action remains a priority. Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Establish Enhanced Voluntary Ag District (EVAD) Ordinance Flooding 1.1 Medium SW Local 2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. NRP-2 Develop a conservation easement program Flooding 1.1 Medium SW Federal; Local; State 2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. NRP-3 Encourage participation in State & Federal Cost Share programs Drought, Flooding 1.1 High SW, NRCS, & NC Forest Service Federal; Local; State 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. NRP-4 Conduct landowner/farmer workshops on conservation practices Drought, Flooding 1.1 Medium SW & AG State; Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. 718 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 697 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2025 Status 2025 Status Comments Structural Projects SP-1 Identify at risk facilities and evaluate potential mitigation techniques for all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High PLAN, GIS, & ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. SP-2 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium PLAN, ES State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New Emergency Services ES-1 Ensure adequate evacuation warning in case of major hazard event. All Hazards 3.1 High ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward County has emergency notification system, social & news media, message boards, etc. Will continue to re-evaluate after events. ES-2 Maintain/improve shelter capacities with alternative power/heat sources. All Hazards 4.2 High ES Federal; State; Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward Shelters do not have alternative power sources. Previously submitted a grant application for this action. ES-3 Review program to maintain continuity of government operations. All Hazards 3.1 Low ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward County's COOP Plan is reviewed annually. ES-4 Identify alternate/new Emergency Operations Center locations. All Hazards 3.1 High ES Local 2030 Carried Forward Identification of alternate EOC site in progress. ES-5 Update and maintain Emergency Plan. Review and update EOP every four years. All Hazards 3.1 Low ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward OEM reviews the EOP annually and updates as needed. The EOP is re-adopted every four years. Public Education & Awareness PEA-1 The Emergency Services Department will periodically make various hazard education items available through various media outlets including websites, newspaper, radio All Hazards 2.1 Medium ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward OEM and Plans Dept. conduct hazard awareness activities. PEA-2 The Emergency Services Department will establish an annual hazard awareness week in coordination with the media to promote hazard awareness. All Hazards 2.1 Medium ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward OEM conducts hazard awareness along with Emergency Preparedness week annually or as requested and we host regular NWS Storm Ready/Spotter seminars or as requested. PEA-3 Place flood protection and other hazard mitigation education materials in public buildings (i.e. City Hall, County offices, library etc.). All Hazards 2.1 Medium PLAN & ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward OEM and Planning will maintain educational materials in county offices. PEA-4 Post warning signage at local parks and outdoor venues with information about severe weather. Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 2.1 High ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward No progress to report. County will continue to seek opportunities for implementation. PEA-5 Ensure school officials are aware of the best area of refuge in school buildings during orientation. Tornadoes & Thunderstorms 2.1 High ES Local 2025-2030 Carried Forward OEM will continue to coordinate with public school officials on hazard preparedness. 719 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 698 Table D.16 – Mitigation Action Plan, City of Roxboro Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2020 Status 2020 Status Comments Prevention P-1 Assess purchasing, permitting, and employment policies to ensure compliance with FEMA, NCDPS, and NCEMS requirements for funding eligibility to seek BRIC or other mitigation grant opportunities. All Hazards 3.1 High Admin Staff Local 2030 New P-2 Update Street Specifications and UDO Development standards to discourage street development in flood hazard areas and/or increase minimum standards to withstand flood damage. Flooding 1.1, 1.2 High Planning and Public Services Local 2030 New P-3 Revise and update the regulatory floodplain maps. Flooding 4.1 Medium Planning Local 2030 Carried Forward Staff contacted members of the NCDPS about this work needing to be complete, but COR/Person County are not due for new maps yet. P-4 At the next update of the Unified Development Ordinance (UDO), incorporate Greenway and/or Open Space requirements to increase and protect natural areas. Flooding 2.1 Medium Planning Local 2030 Carried Forward Action revised. Existing UDO is 10 years old and updates are currently pending budget allowance. P-5 Create or Update Community Wildfire Protection Plans in each fire district. Wildfire 3.2 Medium County Emergency Management, Fire Departments, NC Forest Service Grant funds 2025-2030 New Property Protection PP-1 Create a registry of historic properties, including photos and key features. Use registry to identify opportunities for unique hazard mitigation techniques for historically sensitive properties/areas and communicate to property owners. Flooding, Tornadoes & Thunderstorms, Hurricane & Tropical Storm 2.1, 4.2 Medium Planning and PIO Local 2030 New PP-2 Create and maintain a list of areas that are repeatedly impacted by flash flood events. Flooding 4.2 Medium Planning Local 2021 Carried Forward Incomplete. There are no significant floods in our community, but there are areas that could be better documented. Action revised. PP-3 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties. Flooding 4.2 Low PLAN, INSP Local, State grants, Federal grants 2025-2030 New Natural Resource Protection NRP-1 Assess local water source for vulnerability to various hazards and develop a specific mitigation plan to reduce/avoid impacts. Drought, Flooding, Wildfire 1.1, 4.1 Medium Planning, Public Services, and Emergency Services Local 2030 New Structural Projects SP-1 Identify at risk facilities and evaluate potential mitigation techniques for all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High Planning Local 2030 Carried Forward The City is actively working to better identify/map critical facilities and infrastructure in the community. SP-2 Retrofit existing public facilities and critical facilities to withstand impacts from all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High Public Services, Planning Federal; State; Local 2030 Carried Forward New staff members are actively working to improve these elements SP-3 Identify and strengthen public facilities to act as shelters for all hazards All Hazards 4.2 High Person County Emergency Services Federal; State; Local 2025 Carried Forward No progress to report, but this action remains a priority. SP-4 Implement drainage improvement projects to reduce flood risk. Flooding 4.2 Medium Public Services State grants, federal grants 2025-2030 New 720 ANNEX D: PERSON COUNTY Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page 699 Action # Action Description Hazard(s) Addressed Goal & Objective Addressed Priority Lead Agency / Department Potential Funding Source Implementation Timeline 2020 Status 2020 Status Comments SP-5 Encourage the identification and retrofitting of safe rooms in public buildings, critical facilities, schools, and nursing homes. Tornados & Thunderstorms 4.2 Medium Public Services, Planning Local 2025 Carried Forward Some work completed, but this action remains a priority. Emergency Services ES-1 Develop equipment and supply inventory forms/checklists to ensure departments are adequately prepared for various hazardous events. All Hazards 3.1 High Admin Staff, Public Services, Planning, Fire, and Police Local 2030 New ES-2 Maintain/improve shelter capacities with alternative power/heat sources. All Hazards 4.2 High Person County Emergency Services Federal; State; Local 2025 Carried Forward Efforts are ongoing to identify funding and install backup power for shelters. ES-3 Develop an emergency response communications plan with PIO. All Hazards 3.1 High Admin Staff and PIO Local 2030 New Public Education & Awareness PEA-3 Place flood protection and other hazard mitigation education materials in public buildings (i.e. City Hall, County offices, library etc.). All Hazards 2.1 Medium Planning Local 2025 Carried Forward Shared information and now have a PIO that can improve upon what has been done. 721 Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page A.1 APPENDIX A PLAN REVIEW TOOL This page intentionally left blank 722 A-A.2 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Cover Page The Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool (PRT) demonstrates how the local mitigation plan meets the regulation in 44 CFR § 201.6 and offers states and FEMA Mitigation Planners an opportunity to provide feedback to the local governments, including special districts. 1. The Multi-Jurisdictional Summary Sheet is a worksheet that is used to document how each jurisdiction met the requirements of the plan elements (Planning Process; Risk Assessment; Mitigation Strategy; Plan Maintenance; Plan Update; and Plan Adoption). 2. The Plan Review Checklist summarizes FEMA’s evaluation of whether the plan has addressed all requirements. For greater clarification of the elements in the Plan Review Checklist, please see Section 4 of this guide. Definitions of the terms and phrases used in the PRT can be found in Appendix E of this guide. Plan Information Jurisdiction(s) Alamance County, Durham County, Orange County, Person County and incorporated jurisdictions Title of Plan Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan New Plan or Update Update Single- or Multi-Jurisdiction Multi-jurisdiction Date of Plan 4/10/2025 Local Point of Contact Title David Stroud Agency WSP Address 4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100, Durham, NC 27703 Phone Number 919-325-6497 Email david.stroud@wsp.com 723 A-A.3 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Additional Point of Contact Title Agency Address Phone Number Email Review Information State Review State Reviewer(s) and Title Click or tap here to enter text. State Review Date Click or tap to enter a date. FEMA Review FEMA Reviewer(s) and Title Click or tap here to enter text. Date Received in FEMA Region Click or tap to enter a date. Plan Not Approved Click or tap to enter a date. Plan Approvable Pending Adoption Click or tap to enter a date. Plan Approved Click or tap to enter a date. 724 A-A.4 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Multi-Jurisdictional Summary Sheet # Jurisdiction Name Requirements Met (Y/N) A. Planning Process B. Risk Assessment C. Mitigation Strategy D. Plan Maintenance E. Plan Update F. Plan Adoption G. State Requirements 1 Alamance County 2 Burlington 3 Graham 4 Mebane 5 Alamance 6 Elon 7 Green Level 8 Haw River 9 Ossipee 10 Swepsonville 11 Durham County 12 Durham 13 Orange County 14 Carrboro 15 Chapel Hill 16 Hillsborough 17 Person County 18 Roxboro 725 A-A.5 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Plan Review Checklist The Plan Review Checklist is completed by FEMA. States and local governments are encouraged, but not required, to use the PRT as a checklist to ensure all requirements have been met prior to submitting the plan for review and approval. The purpose of the checklist is to identify the location of relevant or applicable content in the plan by element/sub-element and to determine if each requirement has been “met” or “not met.” FEMA completes the “required revisions” summary at the bottom of each element to clearly explain the revisions that are required for plan approval. Required revisions must be explained for each plan sub-element that is “not met.” Sub-elements in each summary should be referenced using the appropriate numbers (A1, B3, etc.), where applicable. Requirements for each element and sub-element are described in detail in Section 4: Local Plan Requirements of this guide. Plan updates must include information from the current planning process. If some elements of the plan do not require an update, due to minimal or no changes between updates, the plan must document the reasons for that. Multi-jurisdictional elements must cover information unique to all participating jurisdictions. Element A: Planning Process Element A Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met A1. Does the plan document the planning process, including how it was prepared and who was involved in the process for each jurisdiction? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(1)) A1-a. Does the plan document how the plan was prepared, including the schedule or time frame and activities that made up the plan’s development, as well as who was involved? Section 2, p.7-19; Appendix B Choose an item. A1-b. Does the plan list the jurisdiction(s) participating in the plan that seek approval, and describe how they participated in the planning process? Section 1.3, p.2; Section 2.3-2.9, p.7- 19; Appendix B Choose an item. A2. Does the plan document an opportunity for neighboring communities, local and regional agencies involved in hazard mitigation activities, and agencies that have the authority to regulate development as well as businesses, academia, and other private and non-profit interests to be involved in the planning process? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(b)(2)) A2-a. Does the plan identify all stakeholders involved or given an opportunity to be involved in the planning process, and how each stakeholder was presented with this opportunity? Section 2.4, p.11-16; Section 2.5, p.16-17; Section 2.7-2.8, p.18- 19, Appendix B Choose an item. 726 A-A.6 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Element A Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met A3. Does the plan document how the public was involved in the planning process during the drafting stage and prior to plan approval? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(b)(1)) A3-a. Does the plan document how the public was given the opportunity to be involved in the planning process and how their feedback was included in the plan? Section 2.4-2.7, p.11- 119; Choose an item. A4. Does the plan describe the review and incorporation of existing plans, studies, reports, and technical information? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(b)(3)) A4-a. Does the plan document what existing plans, studies, reports and technical information were reviewed for the development of the plan, as well as how they were incorporated into the document? Section 2.3.1, p.9-10 Choose an item. ELEMENT A REQUIRED REVISIONS Required Revision: Click or tap here to enter text. Element B: Risk Assessment Element B Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met B1. Does the plan include a description of the type, location, and extent of all natural hazards that can affect the jurisdiction? Does the plan also include information on previous occurrences of hazard events and on the probability of future hazard events? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(2)(i)) B1-a. Does the plan describe all natural hazards that can affect the jurisdiction(s) in the planning area, and does it provide the rationale if omitting any natural hazards that are commonly recognized to affect the jurisdiction(s) in the planning area? Section 4.2, p.95-99, Section 4.5, p.115- 347 (Hazard Description, Location, Extent, Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction) Choose an item. B1-b. Does the plan include information on the location of each identified hazard? Section 4.5, p.115- 347 (“Location” subheadings) Choose an item. 727 A-A.7 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Element B Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met B1-c. Does the plan describe the extent for each identified hazard? Section 4.5, p.115- 347 (“Extent” subheadings) Choose an item. B1-d. Does the plan include the history of previous hazard events for each identified hazard? Section 4.5, p.115- 347 (“Historical Occurrences” subheadings) Choose an item. B1-e. Does the plan include the probability of future events for each identified hazard? Does the plan describe the effects of future conditions, including climate change (e.g., long-term weather patterns, average temperature and sea levels), on the type, location and range of anticipated intensities of identified hazards? Section 4.5, p.115- 347 (“Probability of Future Occurrence” subheadings) Choose an item. B1-f. For participating jurisdictions in a multi‐jurisdictional plan, does the plan describe any hazards that are unique to and/or vary from those affecting the overall planning area? Section 4.5, p.115- 347 (“Hazard Summary by Jurisdiction” subheadings); Annexes, p.451-650 Choose an item. B2. Does the plan include a summary of the jurisdiction’s vulnerability and the impacts on the community from the identified hazards? Does this summary also address NFIP-insured structures that have been repetitively damaged by floods? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(2)(ii)) B2-a. Does the plan provide an overall summary of each jurisdiction’s vulnerability to the identified hazards? Section 4.3, p.100- 103; Section 4.4, p.104-114; Section 4.5, p.115-347 (“Vulnerability Assessment” subheadings); Annexes, p.451-650 Choose an item. B2-b. For each participating jurisdiction, does the plan describe the potential impacts of each of the identified hazards on each participating jurisdiction? Section 4.5, p.115- 347; Annexes, p.451- 650 Choose an item. B2-c. Does the plan address NFIP-insured structures within each jurisdiction that have been repetitively damaged by floods? Section 4.5.5, p.194- 195 Choose an item. 728 A-A.8 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Element B Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met ELEMENT B REQUIRED REVISIONS Required Revision: Click or tap here to enter text. Element C: Mitigation Strategy Element C Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met C1. Does the plan document each participant’s existing authorities, policies, programs and resources and its ability to expand on and improve these existing policies and programs? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(3)) C1-a. Does the plan describe how the existing capabilities of each participant are available to support the mitigation strategy? Does this include a discussion of the existing building codes and land use and development ordinances or regulations? Section 5, p.348-369 Choose an item. C1-b. Does the plan describe each participant’s ability to expand and improve the identified capabilities to achieve mitigation? Section 5, p.348-369 Choose an item. C2. Does the plan address each jurisdiction’s participation in the NFIP and continued compliance with NFIP requirements, as appropriate? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(3)(ii)) C2-a. Does the plan contain a narrative description or a table/list of their participation activities? Section 5.3.1.3, p.354-362 Choose an item. C3. Does the plan include goals to reduce/avoid long-term vulnerabilities to the identified hazards? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(3)(i)) C3-a. Does the plan include goals to reduce the risk from the hazards identified in the plan? Section 6.1, p.370- 371 Choose an item. C4. Does the plan identify and analyze a comprehensive range of specific mitigation actions and projects for each jurisdiction being considered to reduce the effects of hazards, with emphasis on new and existing buildings and infrastructure? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(3)(ii)) C4-a. Does the plan include an analysis of a comprehensive range of actions/projects that each jurisdiction considered to reduce the impacts of hazards identified in the risk assessment? Section 7, p.374-418; Appendix C Choose an item. 729 A-A.9 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Element C Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met C4-b. Does the plan include one or more action(s) per jurisdiction for each of the hazards as identified within the plan’s risk assessment? Section 7, p.374-418 Choose an item. C5. Does the plan contain an action plan that describes how the actions identified will be prioritized (including a cost-benefit review), implemented, and administered by each jurisdiction? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(3)(iv)); (Requirement §201.6(c)(3)(iii)) C5-a. Does the plan describe the criteria used for prioritizing actions? Section 6.2, p. 372- 373 Choose an item. C5-b. Does the plan provide the position, office, department or agency responsible for implementing/administrating the identified mitigation actions, as well as potential funding sources and expected time frame? Section 7, p.374-418 Choose an item. ELEMENT C REQUIRED REVISIONS Required Revision: Click or tap here to enter text. Element D: Plan Maintenance Element D Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met D1. Is there discussion of how each community will continue public participation in the plan maintenance process? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(4)(iii)) D1-a. Does the plan describe how communities will continue to seek future public participation after the plan has been approved? Section 8.3, p.423 Choose an item. D2. Is there a description of the method and schedule for keeping the plan current (monitoring, evaluating and updating the mitigation plan within a five-year cycle)? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(4)(i)) D2-a. Does the plan describe the process that will be followed to track the progress/status of the mitigation actions identified within the Mitigation Strategy, along with when this process will occur and who will be responsible for the process? Section 8.2, p.420- 422 Choose an item. D2-b. Does the plan describe the process that will be followed to evaluate the plan for effectiveness? This process must identify the criteria that will be used to evaluate the information in the plan, along with when this process will occur and who will be responsible. Section 8.2, p.420- 422 Choose an item. 730 A-A.10 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Element D Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met D2-c. Does the plan describe the process that will be followed to update the plan, along with when this process will occur and who will be responsible for the process? Section 8.2, p.420- 422 Choose an item. D3. Does the plan describe a process by which each community will integrate the requirements of the mitigation plan into other planning mechanisms, such as comprehensive or capital improvement plans, when appropriate? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(4)(ii)) D3-a. Does the plan describe the process the community will follow to integrate the ideas, information and strategy of the mitigation plan into other planning mechanisms? Section 8.1, p. 419- 420; Section 8.2, p.420- 422 Choose an item. D3-b. Does the plan identify the planning mechanisms for each plan participant into which the ideas, information and strategy from the mitigation plan may be integrated? Section 8.1, p. 419- 420; Section 8.2, p.420- 422 Choose an item. D3-c. For multi-jurisdictional plans, does the plan describe each participant's individual process for integrating information from the mitigation strategy into their identified planning mechanisms? Section 8.1, p. 419- 420; Section 8.2, p.420- 422 Choose an item. ELEMENT D REQUIRED REVISIONS Required Revision: Click or tap here to enter text. Element E: Plan Update Element E Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met E1. Was the plan revised to reflect changes in development? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(d)(3)) E1-a. Does the plan describe the changes in development that have occurred in hazard-prone areas that have increased or decreased each community’s vulnerability since the previous plan was approved? Section 3, p.27-93 Choose an item. E2. Was the plan revised to reflect changes in priorities and progress in local mitigation efforts? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(d)(3)) E2-a. Does the plan describe how it was revised due to changes in community priorities? Section 2.1-2.2, p.5-7; Section 6, p.370-373, Section 7, p.374-418 Choose an item. 731 A-A.11 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Element E Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met E2-b. Does the plan include a status update for all mitigation actions identified in the previous mitigation plan? Section 7, p.374-418; Section 2.9, p.19-26 Choose an item. E2-c. Does the plan describe how jurisdictions integrated the mitigation plan, when appropriate, into other planning mechanisms? Section 8.1, p.419- 420 Choose an item. ELEMENT E REQUIRED REVISIONS Required Revision: Click or tap here to enter text. Element F: Plan Adoption Element F Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met F1. For single-jurisdictional plans, has the governing body of the jurisdiction formally adopted the plan to be eligible for certain FEMA assistance? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(5)) F1-a. Does the participant include documentation of adoption? Section 9, p.424-450 Choose an item. F2. For multi-jurisdictional plans, has the governing body of each jurisdiction officially adopted the plan to be eligible for certain FEMA assistance? (Requirement 44 CFR § 201.6(c)(5)) F2-a. Did each participant adopt the plan and provide documentation of that adoption? Section 9, p.424-450 Choose an item. ELEMENT F REQUIRED REVISIONS Required Revision: Click or tap here to enter text. Element G: High Hazard Potential Dams (Optional) HHPD Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met HHPD1. Did the plan describe the incorporation of existing plans, studies, reports and technical information for HHPDs? HHPD1-a. Does the plan describe how the local government worked with local dam owners and/or the state dam safety agency? N/A Choose an item. 732 A-A.12 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool HHPD Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met HHPD1-b. Does the plan incorporate information shared by the state and/or local dam owners? N/A Choose an item. HHPD2. Did the plan address HHPDs in the risk assessment? HHPD2-a. Does the plan describe the risks and vulnerabilities to and from HHPDs? N/A Choose an item. HHPD2-b. Does the plan document the limitations and describe how to address deficiencies? N/A Choose an item. HHPD3. Did the plan include mitigation goals to reduce long-term vulnerabilities from HHPDs? HHPD3-a. Does the plan address how to reduce vulnerabilities to and from HHPDs as part of its own goals or with other long- term strategies? N/A Choose an item. HHPD3-b. Does the plan link proposed actions to reducing long- term vulnerabilities that are consistent with its goals? N/A Choose an item. HHPD4-a. Did the plan include actions that address HHPDs and prioritize mitigation actions to reduce vulnerabilities from HHPDs? HHPD4-a. Does the plan describe specific actions to address HHPDs? N/A Choose an item. HHPD4-b. Does the plan describe the criteria used to prioritize actions related to HHPDs? N/A Choose an item. HHPD4-c. Does the plan identify the position, office, department or agency responsible for implementing and administering the action to mitigate hazards to or from HHPDs? N/A Choose an item. HHPD Required Revisions Required Revision: Click or tap here to enter text. 733 A-A.13 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Element H: Additional State Requirements Element H Requirements Location in Plan (section and/or page number) Met / Not Met This space is for the State to include additional requirements Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text. Choose an item. 734 LOCAL MITIGATION PLAN REVIEW TOOL A-14 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Plan Assessment These comments can be used to help guide your annual/regularly scheduled updates and the next plan update. Element A. Planning Process Strengths ▪ [insert comments] Opportunities for Improvement ▪ [insert comments] Element B. Risk Assessment Strengths ▪ [insert comments] Opportunities for Improvement ▪ [insert comments] Element C. Mitigation Strategy Strengths ▪ [insert comments] Opportunities for Improvement ▪ [insert comments] Element D. Plan Maintenance Strengths ▪ [insert comments] Opportunities for Improvement ▪ [insert comments] Element E. Plan Update Strengths ▪ [insert comments] Opportunities for Improvement ▪ [insert comments] 735 LOCAL MITIGATION PLAN REVIEW TOOL A-15 Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Element G. HHPD Requirements (Optional) Strengths ▪ [insert comments] Opportunities for Improvement ▪ [insert comments] Element H. Additional State Requirements (Optional) Strengths ▪ [insert comments] Opportunities for Improvement ▪ [insert comments] 736 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.1 APPENDIX B PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION B.1 PLANNING STEP 1: ORGANIZE TO PREPARE THE PLAN Table B.1 – HMPC Meeting Topics, Dates, and Locations Meeting Title Meeting Topic Meeting Date Meeting Location HMPC Mtg. #1 – Project Kickoff 1) Introduction to DMA, CRS, and FMA requirements and the planning process 2) Review of HMPC responsibilities and the project schedule. September 19, 2024 3 p.m. Whitted Building 300 West Tryon Street, Hillsborough HMPC Mtg. #2 1) Review Draft Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment (HIRA) December 9, 2024 10 a.m. Microsoft Teams HMPC Mtg. #3 1) Discuss changes in capability 2) Review and update plan goals and objectives 3) Report on status of actions from the 2020 plan 4) Discuss new mitigation action alternatives February 11, 2025 10 a.m. Microsoft Teams HMPC Mtg. #4 1) Review the Draft Hazard Mitigation Plan 2) Solicit comments and feedback April 3, 2025 10 a.m. Microsoft Teams Note: All HMPC Meetings were open to the public. 737 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.2 HMPC MEETING AGENDAS, MINUTES, AND ATTENDANCE RECORDS HMPC MEETING 1: SEPTEMBER 19, 2024 738 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.3 739 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.4 740 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.5 741 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.6 742 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.7 HMPC Meeting #1 Online Attendance 743 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.8 HMPC MEETING 2: DECEMBER 9, 2024 744 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.9 745 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.10 746 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.11 747 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.12 748 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.13 749 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.14 HMPC Meeting #2 Online Attendance 750 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.15 HMPC MEETING 3: FEBRUARY 11, 2025 751 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.16 752 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.17 753 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.18 754 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.19 755 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.20 756 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.21 HMPC Meeting #3 Online Attendance 757 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.22 HMPC MEETING 4: APRIL 3, 2025 758 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.23 759 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.24 760 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.25 761 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.26 HMPC Meeting #4 Online Attendance 762 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.27 B.2 PLANNING STEP 2: INVOLVE THE PUBLIC Table B.2 – Public Meeting Topics, Dates, Locations Meeting Title Meeting Topic Meeting Date Meeting Location Public Meeting #1 1) Introduction to DMA, CRS, and FMA requirements and the planning process 2) Explanation of mitigation 3) Review of the project schedule 4) Review of hazard identification September 19, 2024 5 p.m. Whitted Human Services Building, 300 West Tryon Street, Hillsborough Public Meeting #2 1) Review “Draft” Hazard Mitigation Plan 2) Solicit comments and feedback April 9, 2025 5 p.m. Microsoft Teams 763 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.28 PUBLIC MEETING AGENDAS, MINUTES, SIGN-IN SHEETS, AND ANNOUNCEMENTS PUBLIC MEETING 1: SEPTEMBER 19, 2024 764 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.29 765 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.30 Meeting materials posted on plan website: Meeting Advertisements: 766 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.31 767 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.32 PUBLIC MEETING 2: APRIL 9, 2025 768 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.33 769 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.34 770 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.35 Public Meeting #2 Online Attendance Meeting Advertisements 771 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.36 772 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.37 773 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.38 774 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.39 775 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.40 776 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.41 PLAN WEBSITE AND OUTREACH 777 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.42 778 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.43 779 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.44 780 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.45 781 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.46 DRAFT RISK ASSESSMENT & DRAFT PLAN POSTED FOR PUBLIC REVIEW 782 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.47 PUBLIC SURVEY The Eno-Haw Region distributed a public survey, shown below, that requested public input into the Hazard Mitigation Plan planning process and the identification of mitigation activities that could lessen the risk and impact of future flood hazard events. The survey was announced at the first public meeting, provided via a link on participating jurisdictions web and social media accounts, and made available online on the plan website. 783 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.48 784 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.49 785 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.50 786 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.51 The Region received 144 responses to the survey. Questions and response data are detailed in Figure B.1 through Figure B.11. Figure B.1 – Survey Response, Place of Residence Figure B.2 – Survey Response, Past Hazard Experience 787 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.52 Figure B.3 – Survey Response, Past Hazard Experience Explanation Figure B.4 – Survey Response, Concern About Hazards 788 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.53 Figure B.5 – Survey Response, Hazard Risk Ratings 789 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.54 Figure B.6 – Survey Response, Home in Floodplain Figure B.7 – Survey Response, Flood Insurance Figure B.8 – Survey Response, Reason for Not Having Flood Insurance 790 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.55 Figure B.9 – Survey Response, Personal Actions Taken for Mitigation Figure B.10 – Survey Response, Personal Actions Taken for Mitigation, Explained 791 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.56 Figure B.11 – Survey Response, Knowledge of Who to Contact for More Information Figure B.12 – Survey Response, Suggested Mitigation 792 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.57 Figure B.13 – Survey Response, Preferred Mitigation Categories 793 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.58 B.3 PLANNING STEP 3: COORDINATE This planning step credits the incorporation of other plans and other agencies’ efforts into the development of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. Other agencies and organizations must be contacted to determine if they have studies, plans and information pertinent to the Hazard Mitigation Plan, to determine if their programs or initiatives may affect the community’s program, and to see if they could support the community’s efforts. To incorporate stakeholder input into the plan, a variety of stakeholders were identified by the HMPC and sent an email inviting them to attend a public meeting, review the draft plan, and provide feedback and comments. The coordination letter sent via email is provided below. A list of stakeholders detailing their involvement is provided in Table B.3. Stakeholders were also involved through specific requests for data to support the development of the plan. 794 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.59 Table B.3 – Stakeholder List First Name Last Name Organization, Title Non-Profit Organizations Guenevere Abernathy The Conservation Fund, North Carolina State Director Jim Warren NC WARN Katherine Skinner The Nature Conservancy, Executive Director North Carolina Tania Dautlick Keep Durham Beautiful, Executive Director Tracey Grayzer Impact Alamance, President Janet Johnson American Red Cross Triangle Area, Executive Director Donna Carrington Community Empowerment Fund, Executive Director Sandy Sweitzer Triangle Land Conservancy, Executive Director Educational Institutions Danielle Jones Orange County Schools, Superintendent Nyah Hamlett Chapel Hill-Carborro City Schools, Superintendent Anthony Lewis Durham Public Schools, Superintendent Rodney Peterson Person County Schools, Superintendent Aaron Fleming Alamance Burlington School System, Superintendent Susan Bowen Durham Tech Chief Campus Operations Officer David Prevatte Alamance County Community College, Director of Public Safety Darrell Jeter UNC-CH Emergency Management and Planning Director John Noonan Duke University, Vice President Facilities Surrounding Municipalities Barry Lynch Caswell County Emergency Management Coordinator Matthew Hoagland Caswell County Planning Director Rodney Cates Rockingham County Emergency Management Director Tommy Sluder Guilford County Senior Emergency Management Coordinator Christie McCorquodale Randolph County Emergency Management, Major Steve Newton Chatham County Emergency Management Director Joshua Creighton Wake County Emergency Management Deputy Director Jason Reavis Granville County Emergency Services Director Federal Government Jason Hunter FEMA Region IV, Chief, Floodplain Management & Insurance Branch Valerie Anderson FEMA Region IV, Natural Hazards Program Specialist Dewana Davis FEMA Region IV, Insurance Specialist Roy McClure FEMA NFIP/CRS Specialist Kymberly Kudla FEMA Mitigation Planning Specialist David Holcomb ISO/CRS Specialist Mike Bratcher ISO/CRS Specialist Sherry Harper ISO/CRS Technical Coordinator Katherine Smith USGS Climate Adaptation Science Center State Government Steve Garrett State NFIP Coordinator Steve McGugan State Hazard Mitigation Officer Linda Culpepper DEQ Division of Water Resources, Director 795 APPENDIX B: PLANNING PROCESS DOCUMENTATION Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page B.60 First Name Last Name Organization, Title Hannah Thompson- Welch NC Forest Service, Wildfire Mitigation Specialist Becca Gallas NCDOT Division 5 Wright Archer NCDOT Division 7 Business Community Aaron Nelson Secretary and CEO, Chapel Hill-Carborro Chamber Jeri Lynn Schulke Downtown Chapel Hill, Executive Director Paige Shepard Burlington Downtown Corporation, Downtown Manager Bennie Clayton Roxboro Chamber of Commerce, Board Chair Geoff Durham Greater Durham Chamber of Commerce, President 796 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.1 C MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES As part of the process of developing the mitigation action plans found in Section 7, the HMPC reviewed and considered a comprehensive range of mitigation options before selecting the actions identified for implementation. This section summarizes the full range of mitigation measures evaluated and considered by the HMPC, including a review of the categories of mitigation measures outlined in the 2017 CRS Coordinator’s Manual, a discussion of current local implementation and CRS credits earned for those measures, and a list of the specific mitigation projects considered and recommended for implementation. Mitigation alternatives identified for implementation by the HMPC were evaluated and prioritized using the criteria discussed in Section 6 of this plan. C.1 CATEGORIES OF MITIGATION MEASURES CONSIDERED Once it was determined which flood hazards warranted the development of specific mitigation actions, the HMPC analyzed viable mitigation options that supported the identified goals and objectives. The HMPC was provided with the following list of mitigation categories which are utilized as part of the CRS planning process. — Prevention — Property Protection — Natural Resource Protection — Structural Projects — Emergency Services — Public Information and Outreach Action ideas within each of these categories were discussed and considered for inclusion in the plan. The HMPC was encouraged to select actions to pursue within most if not all of these categories so as to develop a comprehensive approach to hazard mitigation. C.2 ALTERNATIVE MITIGATION MEASURES PER CATEGORY This section presents a summary review of the mitigation measures that were considered by the HMPC. Note: the CRS Credit Sections are based on the 2017 CRS Coordinator’s Manual and the 2021 Addendum. C.2.1 PREVENTATIVE AND REGULATORY MEASURES Preventative measures are designed to keep a problem, such as flooding, from occurring or from getting worse. The objective of preventative measures is to ensure that future development is not exposed to 44 CFR Subsection D §201.6(c)(3)(ii): [The mitigation strategy section shall include] a section that identifies and analyzes a comprehensive range of specific mitigation actions and projects being considered to reduce the effects of each hazard, with particular emphasis on new buildings and infrastructure. All plans approved by FEMA after October 1, 2008, must also address the jurisdiction's participation in the NFIP, and continued compliance with NFIP requirements, as appropriate. 797 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.2 damage and does not cause an increase in damages to other properties. Building, zoning, planning and code enforcement offices usually administer preventative measures. Some examples of types of preventative measures include: — Building codes — Zoning ordinance — Comprehensive or land use plan — Open space preservation — Floodplain regulations — Subdivision regulations — Stormwater management regulations BUILDING CODES Building codes provide one of the best methods for addressing natural hazards. When properly designed and constructed according to code, the average building can withstand many of the impacts of natural hazards. Hazard protection standards for all new and improved or repaired buildings can be incorporated into the local building code. Building codes can ensure that the first floors of new buildings are constructed to be higher than the elevation of the 100-year flood (the flood that is expected to have a one percent chance of occurring in any given year). This is shown in Figure B.1. Just as important as having code standards is the enforcement of the code. Adequate inspections are needed during the course of construction to ensure that the builder understands the requirements and is following them. Making sure a structure is properly elevated and anchored requires site inspections at each step. Figure C-1 – Building Codes and Flood Elevations Source: FEMA Publication: Above the Flood: Elevating Your Floodprone House, 2000 798 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.3 ASCE 24 is a referenced standard in the International Building Code. Any building or structure that falls within the scope of the IBC that is proposed in a flood hazard area is to be designed in accordance with ASCE 24. Freeboard is required as a function of the nature of occupancy and the flood zone. Dwellings and most other buildings have 1-foot of freeboard; certain essential facilities have 2-3 feet; only agricultural facilities, temporary facilities and minor storage facilities are allowed to have their lowest floors at the BFE. COMPREHENSIVE OR LAND USE PLAN Building codes provide guidance on how to build in hazardous areas. Planning and zoning activities direct development away from these areas, particularly floodplains and wetlands. They do this by designating land uses that are compatible with the natural conditions of land that is prone to flooding, such as open space or recreation. OPEN SPACE PRESERVATION Keeping the floodplain and other hazardous areas open and free from development is the best approach to preventing damage to new developments. Open space can be maintained in agricultural use or can serve as parks, greenway corridors and golf courses. Comprehensive and capital improvement plans should identify areas to be preserved by acquisition and other means, such as purchasing an easement. With an easement, the owner is free to develop and use private property, but property taxes are reduced or a payment is made to the owner if the owner agrees to not build on the part set aside in the easement. Although there are some federal programs that can help acquire or reserve open lands, open space lands and easements do not always have to be purchased. Developers can be encouraged to dedicate park land and required to dedicate easements for drainage and maintenance purposes. ZONING ORDINANCE Zoning enables a community to designate what uses are acceptable on a given parcel. Zoning can ensure compatibility of land use with the land’s level of suitability for development. Planning and zoning activities can also provide benefits by allowing developers more flexibility in arranging improvements on a parcel of land through the planned development approach. Zoning regulations describe what type of land use and specific activities are permitted in each district, and how to regulate how buildings, signs, parking, and other construction may be placed on a lot. Zoning regulations also provide procedures for rezoning and other planning applications. The zoning map and zoning regulations provide properties with certain rights to development. Zoning is tied to land use planning; rezonings generally must be in agreement with a community’s future land use map. FLOODPLAIN REGULATIONS A Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance sets development standards for Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs). Communities participating in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) are required to adopt a flood damage prevention ordinance that meets at least the minimum standards of the NFIP; however, a community can incorporate higher standards for increased protection. For example, communities can adopt higher regulatory freeboard requirements, cumulative substantial damage definitions, fill restrictions, and other standards. Another important consideration in floodplain regulations is the protection of natural and beneficial functions and the preservation of natural barriers such as vegetation. Vegetation along a stream bank is extremely beneficial for the health of the stream. Trees and other plants have an extensive root system that strengthen stream banks and help prevent erosion. Vegetation that has sprouted up near streams 799 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.4 should remain undisturbed unless removing it will significantly reduce a threat of flooding or further destruction of the stream channel. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS Stormwater runoff is increased when natural ground cover is replaced by urban development. Development in the watershed that drains to a river can aggravate downstream flooding, overload the community's drainage system, cause erosion, and impair water quality. There are three ways to prevent flooding problems caused by stormwater runoff: 1 Regulating development in the floodplain to ensure that it will be protected from flooding and that it won't divert floodwaters onto other properties; 2 Regulating all development to ensure that the post-development peak runoff will not be greater than it was under pre-development conditions; and 3 Set construction standards so buildings are protected from shallow water. REDUCING FUTURE FLOOD LOSSES Zoning and comprehensive planning can work together to reduce future flood losses by directing development away from hazard prone areas. Creating or maintaining open space is the primary way to reduce future flood losses. Planning for open space must also be supplemented with development regulations to ensure that stormwater runoff is managed and that development is protected from flooding. Enforcement of the flood damage prevention ordinance and the flood protection elevation requirement provides an extra level of protection for buildings constructed in the planning area. Stormwater management and the requirement that post-development runoff cannot exceed pre- development conditions is one way to prevent future flood losses. Retention and detention requirements also help to reduce future flood losses. LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDATIONS The CRS encourages strong building codes. It provides credit in two ways: points are awarded based on the community's Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule (BCEGS) classification and points are awarded for adopting the International Code series. In North Carolina, communities are limited by the State Building Code Council which has not implemented the most current version of the International Building Code. CRS credits are available for regulations that encourage developers to preserve floodplains or other hazardous areas away from development. There is no credit for a plan, only for the enforceable regulations that are adopted pursuant to a plan. Communities in the Eno-Haw Region could receive credit for Activity 430 – Higher Regulatory Standards and for Activity 420 – Open Space Preservation for preserving parcels within the SFHA as open space. Preserving flood prone areas as open space is one of the highest priorities of the Community Rating System. The credits in the 2017 manual have doubled for OSP (Open Space Preservation). The participating communities could also receive credit for Activity 450 – Stormwater Management for enforcing regulations for stormwater management and soil and erosion control. Several prevention actions considered by the HMPC are detailed below. 800 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.5 Table C.1 – Prevention Mitigation Options and Recommended Projects Action # Mitigation Action Reason for Pursuing / Not Pursuing Funding Prevention Measures Considered by HMPC and Not Recommended - Continue enforcement of state building codes and more stringent local building requirements The City and County has established this as an ongoing policy and does not need to commit additional resources through this plan update process to complete this activity. n/a - Continued enforcement of zoning and development regulations The HMPC has established this is an ongoing policy and is unlikely to need additional resources to continue pursuing this preventative measure n/a Prevention Measures and Funding Recommended for Implementation Alamance P-4 Review the subdivision regulations and make appropriate changes to encourage alternatives to placing lots in flood-prone areas and to minimize impervious surface coverings, if necessary. Updates to the subdivision ordinance helps prevent new development occurring in known flood areas. Local Elon P-2 Consider adopting a policy prohibiting the development of critical public facilities in the 100-year floodplain in cases where viable alternatives exist. By preventing the development of critical facilities in high risk areas, the town can ensure continued operation of key infrastructure and services when a flood occurs. Local C.2.2 PROPERTY PROTECTION MEASURES Generally, natural hazards do not damage vacant areas; the major impact of hazards is to people and improved property. Property protection measures are used to modify buildings or property that are subject to damage in order to reduce their vulnerability. Property protection measures fall under three approaches: — Modify the site to keep the hazard from reaching the building; — Modify the building (retrofit) so it can withstand the impacts of the hazard; and — Insure the property to provide financial relief after the damage occurs. Property protection measures are normally implemented by the property owner, although in many cases technical and financial assistance can be provided by a government agency. KEEP THE HAZARD AWAY In some cases, properties can be modified so the hazard does not reach the damage-prone improvements. For example, a berm can be built to prevent floodwaters from reaching a house. 801 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.6 BARRIERS flood protection barrier can be built of dirt or soil (a "berm") or concrete or steel (a "floodwall"). Careful design is needed so as not to create flooding or drainage problems on neighboring properties. Depending on how porous the ground is, if floodwaters will stay up for more than an hour or two, the design needs to account for leaks, seepage of water underneath, and rainwater that will fall inside the perimeter. This is usually done with a sump or drain to collect the internal groundwater and surface water and a pump and pipe to pump the internal drainage over the barrier. Barriers can only be built so high. They can be overtopped by a flood higher than expected. Barriers made of earth are susceptible to erosion from rain and floodwaters if not properly sloped, covered with grass, and properly maintained. MODIFY THE BUILDING There are several common methods to keep a flood from damaging a building: — Move the building out of the flood-prone area. — Elevate the building above the flood level. — Demolish the building. — Replace the building with a new one that is elevated above the flood level. — Retrofit the building to reduce the impact of flooding when it occurs. RELOCATION Moving a building out of a flood prone area to higher ground is the surest and safest way to protect it from flooding. While almost any building can be moved, the cost increases for heavier structures, such as those with exterior brick and stone walls, and for large or irregularly shaped buildings. Relocation is also preferred for large lots that include buildable areas outside the floodplain or where the owner has a new flood-free lot (or portion of the existing lot) available. BUILDING ELEVATION Raising a building above the flood level can be almost as effective as moving it out of the floodplain. Water flows under the building, causing little or no damage to the structure or its contents. Raising a building above the flood level is cheaper than moving it and can be less disruptive to a neighborhood. Elevation has proven to be an acceptable and reasonable means of complying with floodplain regulations that require new, substantially improved, and substantially damaged buildings to be elevated above the base flood elevation. 802 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.7 DEMOLITION Some buildings, especially heavily damaged or repetitively flooded ones, are not worth the expense to protect them from future damages. It is cheaper to demolish them and either replace them with new, flood protected structures, or relocate the occupants to a safer site. Demolition is also appropriate for buildings that are difficult to move – such as larger, slab foundation or masonry structures – and for dilapidated structures that are not cost-beneficial to protect. PILOT RECONSTRUCTION If a building is not in good shape, elevating it may not be worthwhile or it may even be dangerous. An alternative is to demolish the structure and build a new one on the site that meets or exceeds all flood protection codes. FEMA funding programs refer to this approach as "pilot reconstruction." It is still a pilot program, and not a regularly funded option. Certain rules must be followed to qualify for federal funds for pilot reconstruction. RETROFITTING An alternative to keeping the hazard away from a building is to modify or retrofit the site or building to minimize or prevent damage. There are a variety of techniques to do this, as described below. — Dry Floodproofing Dry floodproofing means making all areas below the flood protection level watertight. Walls are coated with waterproofing compounds or plastic sheeting. Openings, such as doors, windows and vents, are closed, either permanently, with removable shields, or with sandbags. Dry floodproofing of new and existing nonresidential buildings in the regulatory floodplain is permitted under state, FEMA and local regulations. Dry floodproofing of existing residential buildings in the floodplain is also permitted as long as the building is not substantially damaged or being substantially improved. Owners of buildings located outside the regulatory floodplain can always use dry floodproofing techniques. Dry floodproofing is only effective for shallow flooding, such as repetitive drainage problems. It does not protect from the deep flooding along lakes and larger rivers caused by hurricanes or other storms. — Wet Floodproofing The alternative to dry floodproofing is wet floodproofing: water is let in and everything that could be damaged by a flood is removed or elevated above the flood level. Structural components below the flood level are replaced with materials that are not subject to water damage. For example, concrete block walls are used instead of wooden studs and gypsum wallboard. The furnace, water heater and laundry facilities are permanently relocated to a higher floor. Where the flooding is not deep, these appliances can be raised on blocks or platforms. INSURANCE Technically, insurance does not mitigate damage caused by a natural hazard. However, it does help the owner repair, rebuild, and hopefully afford to incorporate some of the other property protection measures in the process. Insurance offers the advantage of protecting the property, so long as the policy is in force, without requiring human intervention for the measure to work. 803 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.8 — Private Property Although most homeowner's insurance policies do not cover a property for flood damage, an owner can insure a building for damage by surface flooding through the NFIP. Flood insurance coverage is provided for buildings and their contents damaged by a "general condition of surface flooding" in the area. Most people purchase flood insurance because it is required by the bank when they get a mortgage or home improvement loan. Usually these policies just cover the building's structure and not the contents. Contents coverage can be purchased separately. Renters can buy contents coverage, even if the owner does not buy structural coverage on the building. Most people don't realize that there is a 30-day waiting period to purchase a flood insurance policy and there are limits on coverage. — Public Property Governments can purchase commercial insurance policies. Larger local governments often self-insure and absorb the cost of damage to one facility, but if many properties are exposed to damage, self- insurance can drain the government's budget. Communities cannot expect federal disaster assistance to make up the difference after a flood. LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDATIONS The CRS provides the most credit points for acquisition and relocation under Activity 520, because this measure permanently removes insurable buildings from the floodplain. Communities in the Eno-Haw Region could receive credit for Activity 520 – Acquisition and Relocation, for acquiring and relocating buildings from the SFHA. The HMPC recommended that communities pursue the purchase of repetitive loss buildings and other buildings which are subject to flood damage in order to return this land to open space. The CRS also credits barriers and elevating existing buildings under Activity 530. The credit for Activity 530 is based on the combination of flood protection techniques used and the level of flood protection provided. Points are calculated for each protected building. Bonus points are provided for the protection of repetitive loss buildings and critical facilities. Communities could receive credit for Activity 360 – Flood Protection Assistance by providing advice and assistance to homeowners who may want to flood proof their home or business. Advice is provided both on property protection techniques and on financial assistance programs to help fund mitigation. Flood insurance information for each community is provided in Section 5 and in greater detail in each community’s annex. There is no credit for purchasing flood insurance, but the CRS does provide credit for local public information programs that, among other topics, explain flood insurance to property owners. The CRS also reduces the premiums for those people who do buy NFIP coverage. Communities in the Eno-Haw Region could receive credit for Activity 330 – Outreach Projects. Property protection mitigation options considered by the HMPC are described below. Table C.2 – Property Protection Mitigation Options and Recommended Projects Action # Mitigation Action Reason for Pursuing / Not Pursuing Funding Property Protection Measures Considered by HMPC and Not Recommended - Flood barriers Due to the nature of flooding in this region, barriers are not a preferred mitigation technique n/a 804 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.9 Action # Mitigation Action Reason for Pursuing / Not Pursuing Funding Property Protection Measures and Funding Recommended for Implementation Durham PP-1 Seek funding to install backup generators or quick connect hook ups for mobile generators on any newly constructed County or City critical facilities This effort will help the Town and County protect its critical facilities to provide continuity of operations during a flood or other event. Local, State, Federal Orange PP-5 Pursue the acquisition and/or elevation of flood prone properties, including repetitive loss properties and substantially damages properties. This action can help proactively protect properties known to flood and prevent future recovery efforts. Local, State, Federal C.2.3 NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION Resource protection activities are generally aimed at preserving (or in some cases restoring) natural areas. These activities enable the naturally beneficial functions of fields, floodplains, wetlands, and other natural lands to operate more effectively. Natural and beneficial functions of watersheds, floodplains and wetlands include: — Reduction in runoff from rainwater and stormwater in pervious areas — Infiltration that absorbs overland flood flow — Removal and filtering of excess nutrients, pollutants and sediments — Storage of floodwaters — Absorption of flood energy and reduction in flood scour — Water quality improvement — Groundwater recharge — Habitat for flora and fauna — Recreational and aesthetic opportunities As development occurs, many of the above benefits can be achieved through regulatory steps for protecting natural areas or natural functions. This section covers the resource protection programs and standards that can help mitigate the impact of natural hazards, while they improve the overall environment. Six areas were reviewed: — Wetland protection — Erosion and sedimentation control — Stream/River restoration — Best management practices — Dumping regulations — Farmland protection 805 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.10 WETLAND PROTECTION Wetlands are often found in floodplains and topographically depressed areas of a watershed. Many wetlands receive and store floodwaters, thus slowing and reducing downstream flows. They also serve as a natural filter, which helps to improve water quality, and they provide habitat for many species of fish, wildlife and plants. EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL Farmlands and construction sites typically contain large areas of bare exposed soil. Surface water runoff can erode soil from these sites, sending sediment into downstream waterways. Erosion also occurs along stream banks and shorelines as the volume and velocity of flow or wave action destabilize and wash away the soil. Sediment suspended in the water tends to settle out where flowing water slows down. This can clog storm drains, drain tiles, culverts and ditches and reduce the water transport and storage capacity of river and stream channels, lakes and wetlands. There are two principal strategies to address these problems: minimize erosion and control sedimentation. Techniques to minimize erosion include phased construction, minimal land clearing, and stabilizing bare ground as soon as possible with vegetation and other soil stabilizing practices. STREAM/RIVER RESTORATION There is a growing movement that has several names, such as "stream conservation," "bioengineering," or "riparian corridor restoration." The objective of these approaches is to return streams, stream banks and adjacent land to a more natural condition, including the natural meanders. Another term is "ecological restoration," which restores native indigenous plants and animals to an area. A key component of these efforts is to use appropriate native plantings along the banks that resist erosion. This may involve retrofitting the shoreline with willow cuttings, wetland plants, or rolls of landscape material covered with a natural fabric that decomposes after the banks are stabilized with plant roots. In all, restoring the right vegetation to a stream has the following advantages: — Reduces the amount of sediment and pollutants entering the water — Enhances aquatic habitat by cooling water temperature — Provides food and shelter for both aquatic and terrestrial wildlife — Can reduce flood damage by slowing the velocity of water — Increases the beauty of the land and its property value — Prevents property loss due to erosion — Provides recreational opportunities, such as hunting, fishing and bird watching — Reduces long-term maintenance costs Communities are required by state and federal regulations to monitor storm water drainage outfalls and control storm water runoff. BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Point source pollutants come from pipes such as the outfall of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. They are regulated by the US EPA. Nonpoint source pollutants come from non-specific locations and harder to regulate. Examples of nonpoint source pollutants are lawn fertilizers, pesticides, other chemicals, animal wastes, oils from street surfaces and industrial areas, and sediment from agriculture, 806 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.11 construction, mining and forestry. These pollutants are washed off the ground's surface by stormwater and flushed into receiving storm sewers, ditches and streams. The term "best management practices" (BMPs) refers to design, construction and maintenance practices and criteria that minimize the impact of stormwater runoff rates and volumes, prevent erosion, protect natural resources and capture nonpoint source pollutants (including sediment). They can prevent increases in downstream flooding by attenuating runoff and enhancing infiltration of stormwater. They also minimize water quality degradation, preserve beneficial natural features onsite, maintain natural base flows, minimize habitat loss, and provide multiple usages of drainage and storage facilities. DUMPING REGULATIONS BMPs usually address pollutants that are liquids or are suspended in water that are washed into a lake or stream. Dumping regulations address solid matter, such as shopping carts, appliances and landscape waste that can be accidentally or intentionally thrown into channels or wetlands. Such materials may not pollute the water, but they can obstruct even low flows and reduce the channels' and wetlands' abilities to convey or clean stormwater. Many cities have nuisance ordinances that prohibit dumping garbage or other "objectionable waste" on public or private property. Waterway dumping regulations need to also apply to "non-objectionable" materials, such as grass clippings or tree branches, which can kill ground cover or cause obstructions in channels. Regular inspections to catch violations should be scheduled. Many people do not realize the consequences of their actions. They may, for example, fill in the ditch in their front yard without realizing that is needed to drain street runoff. They may not understand how re - grading their yard, filling a wetland, or discarding leaves or branches in a watercourse can cause a problem to themselves and others. Therefore, a dumping enforcement program should include public information materials that explain the reasons for the rules as well as the penalties. FARMLAND PROTECTION Farmland protection is an important piece of comprehensive planning and zoning throughout the United States. The purpose of farmland protection is to provide mechanisms for prime, unique, or important agricultural land to remain as such, and to be protected from conversion to nonagricultural uses. Frequently, farm owners sell their land to residential or commercial developers and the property is converted to non-agricultural land uses. With development comes more buildings, roads and other infrastructure. Urban sprawl occurs, which can lead to additional stormwater runoff and emergency management difficulties. Farms on the edge of cities are often appraised based on the price they could be sold for to urban developers. This may drive farmers to sell to developers because their marginal farm operations cannot afford to be taxed as urban land. The Farmland Protection Program in the United States Department of Agriculture's 2002 Farm Bill (Part 519) allows for funds to go to state, tribal, and local governments as well as nonprofit organizations to help purchase easements on agricultural land to protect against the development of the land. LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDATIONS There is credit for preserving open space in its natural condition or restored to a state approximating its natural condition. The credit is based on the percentage of the floodplain that can be documented as wetlands protected from development by ownership or local regulations. Communities in the Eno-Haw Region could receive credit for Activity 420 – Open Space Preservation for preserving a portion of the SFHA as open space. 807 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.12 Additionally, credit is available for Activity 540 – Drainage System Maintenance. Having a portion of the drainage system inspected regularly throughout the year and maintenance performed as needed would earn a community credit. Communities could also get credit under this activity for providing a listing of problem sites that are inspected more frequently, and for implementing an ongoing Capital Improvements Program. Table C.3 – Natural Resource Protection Mitigation Options and Recommended Projects Action # Mitigation Action Reason for Pursuing / Not Pursuing Funding Natural Resource Protection Measures Considered by HMPC and Not Recommended - Continued enforcement of soil erosion and sedimentation control ordinance. The Town now has a program in place, and additional funding is not needed for continued enforcement. n/a Natural Resource Protection Measures and Funding Recommended for Implementation Durham NRP-1 Identify and obtain additional properties to increase protected open space as a land-use tool to reduce adverse impacts from floods Creation of open space through acquisition of flood prone properties protects natural resources and reduces potential future losses. Federal w/ State/Local Match Durham NRP-2 Complete one (1) stream restoration project to reduce flooding risk by restoring or enhancing stream channels to improve natural flow and capacity of streams, allowing them to better handle increased water volume during storms. Stream restoration can reduce flooding risk by enhancing stream channels and increase capacity to better handle water volume during storms. Local C.2.4 EMERGENCY SERVICES MEASURES Emergency services measures protect people during and after a disaster. A good emergency management program addresses all hazards, and it involves all local government departments. This section reviews emergency services measures following a chronological order of responding to an emergency. It starts with identifying an impending problem (threat recognition) and continues through post-disaster activities. THREAT RECOGNITION The first step in responding to a flood is to know when weather conditions are such that an event could occur. With a proper and timely threat recognition system, adequate warnings can be disseminated. The National Weather Service (NWS) is the prime agency for detecting meteorological threats. Severe weather warnings are transmitted through NOAA's Weather Radio System. Local emergency managers can then provide more site-specific and timely recognition after the Weather Service issues a watch or a warning. A flood threat recognition system predicts the time and height of a flood crest. This can be done by measuring rainfall, soil moisture, and stream flows upstream of the community and calculating the subsequent flood levels. On smaller rivers and streams, locally established rainfall and river gauges are needed to establish a flood threat recognition system. The NWS may issue a "flash flood watch." This is issued to indicate current or developing hydrologic conditions that are favorable for flash flooding in and close to the watch area, 808 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.13 but the occurrence is neither certain nor imminent. These events are so localized and so rapid that a "flash flood warning" may not be issued, especially if no remote threat recognition equipment is available. In the absence of a gauging system on small streams, the best threat recognition system is to have local personnel monitor rainfall and stream conditions. While specific flood crests and times will not be predicted, this approach will provide advance notice of potential local or flash flooding. WARNING The next step in emergency response following threat recognition is to notify the public and staff of other agencies and critical facilities. More people can implement protection measures if warnings are early and include specific detail. The NWS issues notices to the public using two levels of notification: — Watch: conditions are right for flooding, thunderstorms, tornadoes or winter storms. — Warning: a flood, tornado, etc., has started or been observed. A more specific warning may be disseminated by the community in a variety of ways. The following are the more common methods: — CodeRED countywide mass telephone emergency communication system — Commercial or public radio or TV stations — The Weather Channel — Cable TV emergency news inserts — Telephone trees/mass telephone notification — NOAA Weather Radio — Tone activated receivers in key facilities — Outdoor warning sirens — Sirens on public safety vehicles — Door-to-door contact — Mobile public address systems — Email notifications Just as important as issuing a warning is telling people what to do in case of an emergency. A warning program should include a public information component. STORMREADY The National Weather Service (NWS) established the StormReady program to help local governments improve the timeliness and effectiveness of hazardous weather-related warnings for the public. To be officially StormReady, a community must: — Establish a 24-hour warning point and emergency operations center — Have more than one way to receive severe weather warnings and forecasts and to alert the public — Create a system that monitors weather conditions locally — Promote the importance of public readiness through community seminars — Develop a formal hazardous weather plan, which includes training severe weather spotters and holding emergency exercises Being designated a NWS StormReady community is a good measure of a community's emergency warning program for weather hazards. 809 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.14 RESPONSE The protection of life and property is the most important task of emergency responders. Concurrent with threat recognition and issuing warnings, a community should respond with actions that can prevent or reduce damage and injuries. Typical actions and responding parties include the following: — Activating the emergency operations center (emergency preparedness) — Closing streets or bridges (police or public works) — Shutting off power to threatened areas (utility company) — Passing out sand and sandbags (public works) — Holding children at school or releasing children from school (school superintendent) — Opening evacuation shelters (the American Red Cross) — Monitoring water levels (public works) — Establishing security and other protection measures (police) An emergency action plan ensures that all bases are covered and that the response activities are appropriate for the expected threat. These plans are developed in coordination with the agencies or offices that are given various responsibilities. Emergency response plans should be updated annually to keep contact names and telephone numbers current and to ensure that supplies and equipment that will be needed are still available. They should be critiqued and revised after disasters and exercises to take advantage of the lessons learned and of changing conditions. The end result is a coordinated effort implemented by people who have experience working together so that available resources will be used in the most efficient manner possible. EVACUATION AND SHELTER There are six key components to a successful evacuation: — Adequate warning — Adequate routes — Proper timing to ensure the routes are clear — Traffic control — Knowledgeable travelers — Care for special populations (e.g., disabled persons, prisoners, hospital patients, schoolchildren) Those who cannot get out of harm's way need shelter. Typically, the American Red Cross will staff a shelter and ensure that there is adequate food, bedding, and wash facilities. Shelter management is a specialized skill. Managers must deal with problems like scared children, families that want to bring in their pets, and the potential for an overcrowded facility. LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDATIONS Flash flood warnings are issued by National Weather Service Offices, which have the local and county warning responsibility. Flood warnings are forecasts of coming floods, are distributed to the public by the NOAA Weather Radio, commercial radio and television, and through local emergency agencies. The warning message tells the expected degree of flooding, the affected river, when and where flooding will begin, and the expected maximum river level at specific forecast points during flood crest. Communities in the Eno-Haw Region could receive credit for Activity 610 – Flood Warning Program for maintaining a program that provides timely identification of impending flood threats, disseminates warnings to appropriate floodplain residents, and coordinates flood response activities. Community 810 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.15 Rating System credits are based on the number and types of warning media that can reach the community's flood prone population. Depending on the location, communities can receive credit for the telephone calling system and more credits for additional measures, like telephone trees. Being designated as a StormReady community also provides additional credits. Table C.4 – Emergency Services Mitigation Options and Recommended Projects Action # Mitigation Action Reason for Pursuing / Not Pursuing Funding Emergency Services Measures Considered by HMPC and Not Recommended - Develop an Emergency Operations Plan This was noted as a gap in the capability assessment but is not currently being pursued n/a Emergency Services Measures and Funding Recommended for Implementation Orange ES-2 Identify and implement strategies to increase swift water rescue capacity. Training will support improved rescue and response capabilities Local, Federal Orange ES-2 Engage with regional stakeholders in comprehensive emergency response planning including Complex Coordinated Terror Attack response and Mass Casualty Incident response planning. Such planning will improve inter-jurisdictional capacity to respond to events including but not limited to flooding. Local C.2.5 STRUCTURAL PROJECTS Four general types of flood control projects are reviewed here: levees, reservoirs, diversions, and dredging. These projects have three advantages not provided by other mitigation measures: — They can stop most flooding, protecting streets and landscaping in addition to buildings. — Many projects can be built without disrupting citizens' homes and businesses. — They are constructed and maintained by a government agency, a more dependable long-term management arrangement than depending on many individual private property owners. However, as shown below, structural measures also have shortcomings. The appropriateness of using flood control depends on individual project area circumstances. Advantages — They may provide the greatest amount of protection for land area used — Because of land limitations, they may be the only practical solution in some circumstances — They can incorporate other benefits into structural project design, such as water supply and recreational uses — Regional detention may be more cost-efficient and effective than requiring numerous small detention basins Disadvantages — They can disturb the land and disrupt the natural water flows, often destroying wildlife habitat — They require regular maintenance — They are built to a certain flood protection level that can be exceeded by larger floods 811 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.16 — They can create a false sense of security — They promote more intensive land use and development in the floodplain LEVEES AND FLOODWALLS Probably the best-known flood control measure is a barrier of earth (levee) or concrete (floodwall) erected between the watercourse and the property to be protected. Levees and floodwalls confine water to the stream channel by raising its banks. They must be well designed to account for large floods, underground seepage, pumping of internal drainage, and erosion and scour. RESERVOIRS AND DETENTION Reservoirs reduce flooding by temporarily storing flood waters behind dams or in storage or detention basins. Reservoirs lower flood heights by holding back, or detaining, runoff before it can flow downstream. Flood waters are detained until the flood has subsided, and then the water in the reservoir or detention basin is released or pumped out slowly at a rate that the river can accommodate downstream. Reservoirs can be dry and remain idle until a large rain event occurs. Or they may be designed so that a lake or pond is created. The lake may provide recreational benefits or water supply (which could also help mitigate a drought). Flood control reservoirs are most commonly built for one of two purposes. Large reservoirs are constructed to protect property from existing flood problems. Smaller reservoirs, or detention basins, are built to protect property from the stormwater runoff impacts of new development. DIVERSION A diversion is a new channel that sends floodwaters to a different location, thereby reducing flooding along an existing watercourse. Diversions can be surface channels, overflow weirs, or tunnels. During normal flows, the water stays in the old channel. During floods, the floodwaters spill over to the diversion channel or tunnel, which carries the excess water to a receiving lake or river. LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDATIONS Structural flood control projects that provide at least 100-year flood protection and that result in revisions to the Flood Insurance Rate Map are not credited by the CRS so as not to duplicate the larger premium reduction provided by removing properties from the mapped floodplain. Other flood control projects can be accepted by offering a 25-year flood protection. Table C.5 – Structural Projects Mitigation Options and Recommended Projects Action # Mitigation Action Reason for Pursuing / Not Pursuing Funding Structural Project Measures Considered by HMPC and Not Recommended - Explore the possibility of retrofitting existing critical facilities with back-up generators. Orange county has 20 total county facilities with backup generators installed and functioning. The County determined this action to be completed. n/a Retention pond 812 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.17 Action # Mitigation Action Reason for Pursuing / Not Pursuing Funding Structural Project Measures and Funding Recommended for Implementation Durham SP-1 Seek funding to retrofit critical facilities and City- and County-owned facilities for improved resilience to all hazards with the use of the latest building materials and technology. Structural improvements to City- and County-owned facilities will ensure resilience and continuity of operation from multiple hazards. Local, State, Federal Orange SP-2 Conduct a cost-benefit review during the planning and design phase of construction of new government owned facilities or critical facilities to determine the feasibility of equipping the facility with back-up generators, lightening protection, high wind protection, and/or 361 compliant tornado shelters. Prioritizing resilience during the design and construction phase of new Government owned buildings enhances resilience longer term and prevents necessity of future retrofits. Local, State, Federal C.2.6 PUBLIC INFORMATION OUTREACH PROJECTS Outreach projects are the first step in the process of orienting property owners to the hazards they face and to the concept of property protection. They are designed to encourage people to seek out more information in order to take steps to protect themselves and their properties. Awareness of the hazard is not enough; people need to be told what they can do about the hazard. Thus, projects should include information on safety, health and property protection measures. Research has shown that a properly run local information program is more effective than national advertising or publicity campaigns. Therefore, outreach projects should be locally designed and tailored to meet local conditions. Community newsletters/direct mailings: The most effective types of outreach projects are mailed or distributed to everyone in the community. In the case of floods, they can be sent only to floodplain property owners. News media: Local newspapers can be strong allies in efforts to inform the public. Local radio stations and cable TV channels can also help. These media offer interview formats and cable TV may be willing to broadcast videos on the hazards. LIBRARIES AND WEBSITES The two previous activities tell people that they are exposed to a hazard. The next step is to provide information to those who want to know more. The community library and local websites are obvious places for residents to seek information on hazards, hazard protection, and protecting natural resources. Books and pamphlets on hazard mitigation can be given to libraries, and many of these can be obtained for free from state and federal agencies. Libraries also have their own public information campaigns with displays, lectures and other projects, which can augment the activities of the local government. Today, websites are commonly used as research tools. They provide fast access to a wealth of public and private sites for information. Through links to other websites, there is almost no limit to the amount of up to date information that can be accessed on the Internet. 813 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.18 In addition to online floodplain maps, websites can link to information for homeowners on how to retrofit for floods or a website about floods for children. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE HAZARD INFORMATION Residents and business owners that are aware of the potential hazards can take steps to avoid problems or reduce their exposure to flooding. Communities can easily provide map information from FEMA's FIRMs and Flood Insurance Studies. They may also assist residents in submitting requests for map amendments and revisions when they are needed to show that a building is located outside the mapped floodplain. Some communities supplement what is shown on the FIRM with information on additional hazards, flooding outside mapped areas and zoning. When the map information is provided, community staff can explain insurance, property protection measures and mitigation options that are available to property owners. They should also remind inquirers that being outside the mapped floodplain is no guarantee that a property will never flood. PROPERTY PROTECTION ASSISTANCE While general information provided by outreach projects or the library is beneficial, most property owners do not feel ready to retrofit their buildings without more specific guidance. Local building department staffs are experts in construction. They can provide free advice, not necessarily to design a protection measure, but to steer the owner onto the right track. Building or public works department staffs can provide the following types of assistance: — Visit properties and offer protection suggestions — Recommend or identify qualified or licensed contractors — Inspect homes for anchoring of roofing and the home to the foundation — Explain when building permits are needed for home improvements. PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM A Program for Public Information (PPI) is a document that receives CRS credit. It is a review of local conditions, local public information needs, and a recommended plan of activities. A PPI consists of the following parts, which are incorporated into this plan: — The local flood hazard — The property protection measures appropriate for the flood hazard — Flood safety measures appropriate for the local situation — The public information activities currently being implemented within the community, including those being carried out by non-government agencies — Goals for the community's public information program — The outreach projects that will be done each year to reach the goals — The process that will be followed to monitor and evaluate the projects LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDATIONS Communities in the Eno-Haw Region could receive credit under Activity 330 – Outreach Projects as well as Activity 350 – Flood Protection Information. Credit is available for targeted and general outreach 814 APPENDIX C: MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page C.19 projects. Credit is also provided for making publications relating to floodplain management available in the reference section of the local library. Table C.6 – Public Information and Outreach Mitigation Options and Recommended Projects Action # Mitigation Action Reason for Pursuing / Not Pursuing Funding Public Information and Outreach Measures Considered by HMPC and Not Recommended - Continue All-Hazards Public Information campaign This program is already in existence, and no additional funding is need to continue its operation n/a Public Information and Outreach Measures and Funding Recommended for Implementation Orange PEA-2 Engage in regional events, activities, and training opportunities related to natural hazards in order to improve communication, enhance, partnerships, and improve planning efforts with other local jurisdictions. The County will enhance inter- jurisdictional capacity for education, outreach, and response. Local Orange PEA-1 Provide education and outreach to Orange County residents in multiple languages before, during, and after a hazardous weather event and maintain a link to the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan on Orange County's Website. The County will ensure as many residents as possible are included in communications and can act accordingly by utilizing multiple languages. Local 815 APPENDIX D: REFERENCES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page D.1 APPENDIX D REFERENCES — Alamance County Tax Parcels, 2024 — Carter, L., A. Terando, K. Dow, K. Hiers, K.E. Kunkel, A. Lascurain, D. Marcy, M. Osland, and P. Schramm, 2018: Southeast. In Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 743–808. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH19. — Chernet, Haregewoin Haile. 2013. The Impact of Climate Change on Dam Safety and Hydropower. — David D. Haddock and Daniel D. Polsby. Understanding Riots. Cato Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp 147- 157 — Durham County Tax Parcels, 2024 — Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. 2020 — FEMA Disaster Declarations Summary, Updated December 2, 2024. — FEMA Mitigation Ideas: A Resource for Reducing Risk to Natural Hazards. 2013. — FEMA. Alamance County and Incorporated Areas Flood Insurance Study. Revised November 17, 2017. — FEMA. Durham County and Incorporated Areas Flood Insurance Study. Revised July 19, 2022. — FEMA. Orange County and Incorporated Areas Flood Insurance Study. Revised October 19, 2018. — FEMA. Person County and Incorporated Areas Flood Insurance Study. Revised December 6, 2019. — FEMA. Community Information System, 2025. — FEMA. OpenFEMA Dataset: NFIP Multiple Loss Properties. April 2024. — James B. Elsner, Svetoslava C. Elsner, and Thomas H. Jagger. The increasing efficiency of tornadoes in the United States. Climate Dynamics/vol. 45 issue 3-4, pp 651-659. — National Drought Mitigation Center, Drought Impact Reporter. — National Integrated Drought Information System, U.S. Drought Portal. — National Weather Service. — NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information, Storm Events Database. — NOAA, National Hurricane Center. — NOAA, Office of Coastal Management. — NOAA, Regional Snowfall Index. — North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality. Dam Inventory, November 2024. — North Carolina Disease Event Tracking and Epidemiologic Collection Tool — North Carolina Emergency Management. IRISK Database — North Carolina Emergency Management. Risk Management Tool. 816 APPENDIX D: REFERENCES Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan WSP April 2025 Page D.2 — North Carolina Forest Service. Annual Reports. 1999-2023. — North Carolina Geological Survey. November 2024. — North Carolina State Climate Office. Climate Tools. — Orange County Tax Parcels, 2024. — Person County-Roxboro Hazard Mitigation Plan. 2015. — Person County Tax Parcels, 2024. — Southern Poverty Law Center, 2024. — Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment, 2024. — State of North Carolina 2023 Hazard Mitigation Plan, December 2022. — Triangle J Council of Governments. Triangle Regional Resilience Assessment. 2019. — Tornado and Storm Research Organization (TORRO), Department of Geography, Oxford Brookes University. — U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams. — U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey 2018-2022 5-Year Estimates. — U.S. Census Bureau. 2010 Decennial Census. — U.S. Census Bureau. 2000 Decennial Census. — U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2022 Census of Agriculture. — U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency, Cause of Loss Historical Data Files, 2007-2021. — U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency, Disaster Designation Information, 2007-2023. — U.S. Department of Health and Human Services empower Program, Accessed 2024. — U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration — U.S. Drought Monitor. October 2024 — U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Release Inventory. — U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Hazards Program, Earthquake Catalog. — U.S. Geological Survey Landslide Susceptibility and Incidence. — USGCRP, 2023: Fifth National Climate Assessment. Crimmins, A.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA5.2023 — U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2016: The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0R49NQX — USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp., doi: 10.7930/J0J964J6. — VAISALA, National Lightning Detection Network. 817 PERSON COUNTY A RESOLUTION ADOPTING THE ENO-HAW REGIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN WHEREAS, the residents, visitors and property owners of Person County are subject to death, personal injury, damage to property and disruption of activities and personal pursuits as a result of natural or manmade hazards; and WHEREAS, Person County desires to seek ways to mitigate the effects and impacts of such hazards; and WHEREAS, North Carolina state law in General Statutes Chapters 153A and 166A authorizes Counties to prepare plans and implement such plans for mitigation of hazards and to do so in cooperation with other counties and cities, WHEREAS, Person County finds it desirable to prepare and adopt a plan in concert with the City of Roxboro and the counties of Alamance, Orange and Durham and the municipalities in those counties, which such plan is to be designated the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan; and WHEREAS, the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act and the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires adoption by local governments of an All-Hazards Mitigation Plan as a condition of receipt of federal funds in connection with a disaster, and WHEREAS, Person County through its designated agents, officials and employees has, pursuant to state and federal guidelines, performed a comprehensive review and examination of potential risks, exposures and hazards and actions necessary and has done so in concert and cooperation with the other governmental units of the Eno-Haw region. NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED by the Person County Board of Commissioners that: 1. The attached Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan is hereby adopted, 2. Person County agrees to take such further action as is reasonably necessary and feasible to carry out and implement the Eno-Haw Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan, and 3. The Person County Emergency Manager / Director of Emergency Services is designated as the responsible official to inform State and Federal officials of Person County’s action and to carry out the emergency management duties under the Plan including ensuring the County is compliant with State and Federal rules, informing the County Manager and the Board of Commissioners of any necessary adjustments and amendments to the Plan. Adopted this 15th day of September 2025. 818 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: September 15, 2025 Agenda Title: Creative Economic Development Consulting Agreement Summary of Information: The Economic Development Commission obtained a proposal from Creative Economic Development Consulting, LLC for facilitating a leadership summit for elected and community leaders in Person County to assess the local economy and discuss strategies for improving citizen prosperity. Key activities include researching economic data (labor trends, industry changes, education, income, and demographics), evaluating industrial site inventories, and developing a summit agenda that incorporates presentations on economic development fundamentals and best practices. At its Aug. 26 meeting, the EDC voted to recommend approval of the agreement and to fund the economic development consulting services from the Economic Catalyst Fund. Financial Impact: Funding in the amount of $9,500 plus mileage is available in the FY26 Adopted Budget. Recommended Action: Authorize the County Manager to enter into the agreement with Creative Economic Development Consulting. Submitted By: Brandy Lynch, Economic Development Director 819 820 Creative Economic Development Consulting, LLC PO Box 706, Elkin, NC 28621 • 336-526-1332 • www.creativeedc.com August 28, 2025 Sherry Wilborn, CEcD, County Commissioner Person County 304 S. Morgan, Street Roxboro, NC 27573 swilborn@personcountync.gov Dear Sherry, Thank you for contacting our firm to support Person County’s economic development efforts. This proposal follows up on our conversation regarding facilitating a leadership summit for elected and community leaders in Person County. Summits are a good way to understand the current state and develop a vision for the future. Given recent industry announcements and changes in industrial development opportunities, now is a good time to reflect and set a course for the future. The attached scope of work includes assessing the current state of the economy and industrial development opportunities in Person County, then presenting that information at the summit and engaging leaders in a discussion about the desired future state. At the summit, I will make presentations, facilitate group exercises and discussion, and lead the group to consensus on vision, mission, goals, and next steps. Following the summit, we will submit a summary report. This letter may serve as the engagement of Creative Economic Development Consulting to provide economic development services to Person County. Creative EDC’s fee will be $9,500 plus mileage. Please review the scope of work and fee. If the terms are acceptable, please sign below, retain a copy for your files, and return a copy to our office. You may return an electronic copy to cmorphis@creativeedc.com or a hard copy to PO Box 706, Elkin, NC 28621. We look forward to working with you and leaders in Person County to set a course for the future. Sincerely, Crystal Morphis, CEcD Founder and CEO Economic Development Consulting Services: _________________________________ ___________________ Name Date 821 1 Scope of Services: Leadership Summit We understand the goal of this project is to “provide a forum for elected officials to be presented with a clear assessment of the current state of items affecting the prosperity of citizens in Person County to generate discussion about the desired state and what will be required to achieve it in a reasonable timeframe.” Assessment of Local and Regional Market Research market, economic, income, and other data to provide an assessment of the Person County economy in the leadership summit. Examples of data that will be analyzed: • Labor, employment, unemployment, wages • Industry clusters growing/declining • Business starts, layoffs, closures • Educational attainment, degree awards • Income, poverty, median home value • Population and demographic trends • Agriculture data Assessment of Industrial Product • Using EDPNC and local economic development staff, analyze the inventory of industrial sites and buildings and compare to similar counties in the region. • Present the information in the leadership summit as part of the “assessment of the current state of items affecting prosperity in Person County.” Leadership Summit • Meet with our Person County contact to set goals for the summit, review the “assessment of the current state,” and discuss desired outcomes of the summit. • Develop an advance survey for the Board of Commissioners and Economic Development Commission to provide input into the summit agenda. • Develop an agenda that includes: o Presentation and workshop-style engagement on the fundamentals of economic development. o Presentation of the “assessment of the current state in Person County.” o Presentation of best practices in economic development. o Facilitate vision, mission, and goal setting. o Facilitate break-out group exercises. o Facilitate prioritization of goals and strategies. o Establish metrics and timelines. • Facilitate an approximate half-day retreat on October 30, 2025, in Person County. • Deliver a summary of summit outcomes that can be used for action planning. Fee Creative EDC’s fee will be $9,500 plus mileage billed at the IRS reimbursement rate. The fee will be billed at the completion of the project. Timeline Creative EDC can meet the October 30 summit date and complete the follow up summary by November 20 if we are engaged by September 10, 2025. 822 2 References The references below are related to facilitating workshops, retreats, and summits and strategic planning. Feel free to contact any of our clients as a reference – they do our best marketing. Creative EDC just wrapped up an elected leaders workshop and strategic planning process in Sampson County, NC. The workshop included presentation and exercises on the fundamentals of economic development, strategies used by rural communities, best practices, and trends. The strategic planning process gathered input from over 400 citizens, elected, and community leaders. Sampson County will focus on business retention and development, product development, marketing and communications, and building stronger community connections. Ray Jordan, Executive Director, Sampson County Economic Development, 919-592-8921, rjordan@sampsonedc.com In 2016, Creative EDC facilitated the first economic development strategic plan for Amherst County. In 2021, Creative EDC updated that strategic plan, launching Forward Amherst. Goals are in the areas of Space for Businesses to Grow; Business Start-Up, Retention, and Expansion; Education and Workforce Development; Marketing and Communications; and Allied Initiatives. Amherst County’s Board of Supervisors voted to add one penny on the tax rate specifically for implementation of the strategic plan in 2016 and renewed that commitment in 2021. Since 2021, we have completed annual reports, economic impact studies, and facilitated several retreats. Victoria Hanson, Executive Director, EDA of Amherst County, 434.946.5200, victoria.aeda@gmail.com In 2020, Golden LEAF engaged Creative EDC and Economic Leadership to facilitate a strategic plan that reinforced the organization’s mission to “increase economic opportunity in North Carolina’s rural and tobacco-dependent communities through leadership in grantmaking, collaboration, innovation, and stewardship as an independent and perpetual foundation.” During the strategic planning process, Creative EDC developed a white paper on site development programs. These best practices were used by staff in the development of the new, statewide Site Development Program Ted Lord, Senior Vice President/General Counsel, Golden LEAF, 252-442-7474, tlord@goldenleaf.org 823 3 Strategic Planning Strategic plans and action plans that help EDOs and communities reach their goals. How do you know where you are going without a road map? Creative approaches to economic development challenges. When you look around your community, do you find yourself wondering how to transform that vacant site into a new business park? How to spark entrepreneurs to invest in your community? How to position a project to catalyze the economy? Just like kids, we like transforming what others see as plain boxes into something special. Let us help transform your community. We Are The Go-To Firm Product Development Proprietary tools and a wide range of site and building development services to identify, assess, prioritize, plan, and fund product development services. Economic Impact Analysis Will the project produce a positive ROI? We can help you find out. Too often EDOs and local officials invest without first analyzing whether the project really is a good deal. Organizational Development Whether your organization is in a transition, mired in chaos, or just looking for better ways to do business, our team can apply best practices that lead to success. Creative Back Office Suite of Services Ever wish you could delegate a research task, have someone else write the blog, or turn around a quick survey? Our back office for EDOs is the answer. 824 4 Meet the Team Crystal Morphis, CEcD, Founder and CEO, formed Creative Economic Development Consulting, LLC in 2012. She built a firm that has become the “go-to” economic development consulting firm while maintaining her commitment to pay-it- forward. She is the firm’s “bright idea generator.” She has expertise in product development, strategic planning, best practices analyses, economic impact studies, existing business retention, and expansion programs and site selection. Crystal has consulted across the Southeast U.S. with companies and EDOs. Click here for full bio. Penny Whiteheart, Senior Consultant, provides strategy, research, and facilitation support for CEDC’s clients and internal programs. With more than 25 years of experience in economic development, she brings experience in regional innovation and cluster strategies, marketing, and international trade. She is a frequent speaker on topics including international trade and workforce and economic development practices. Click here for full bio. Heather Beard, Research Analyst, began her economic development career at the county level and has since worked in many capacities at the county and regional levels. She joined the Creative EDC team as Research Analyst supporting the firm’s work in strategic planning, product development, and site selection. Heather’s experience in research and analysis is practical and developed with implementation in mind. Click here for full bio. Billye Carter, Technology, Marketing and Operations Manager, leads Creative EDC’s social media services and all things technology. Billye manages Creative EDC’s marketing, social media, database management, all outreach, and technology. She ensures all deliverables effectively communicate the project. Click here for full bio. Creative EDC is a certified HUB in North Carolina, SWaM in Virginia, and Woman-Owned Small Business with the City of Charlotte, NC. 825 Creative Economic Development Consulting PO Box 706, Elkin, NC 28621 | 336.526.1332 | www.creativeedc.com T H I N K O U T S I D E T H E B O X 826 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: Sept. 15, 2025 Agenda Title: SUP-02-25 – “Written Decision Approving Special Use Permit Application” (i.e. Written Order) following Special Use Permit approval for the Hodgin Recreational Vehicle Park Summary of Information: On September 2, 2025, the Person County Board of Commissioners (Board of Commissioners) voted unanimously (3-0) to approve Special Use Permit (SUP-02-25) for the Hodgin Recreational Vehicle Park site. The 11.02-acre Subject Property is located at 1676 Zion Level Road at Tax Map #A14 47. In making their decision, the Board of Commissioners considered and addressed the Findings of Fact listed in Section 155-3(b) of the Person County Planning Ordinance (Planning Ordinance) in determining that the Special Use Permit application and Hodgin Recreational Vehicle Park project is in keeping with the Person County & City of Roxboro Joint Comprehensive Land Use Plan (Comprehensive Plan), as follows: 1. That the use will not materially endanger the public health or safety if located where proposed and developed according to the plan as submitted and approved; 2. That the use meets all required conditions and specifications; 3. That the use will not substantially injure the value of adjoining or abutting property, or that the use is a public necessity; and 4. That the location and character of the use if developed according to the plan as submitted and approved will be in harmony with the area in which it is to be located and in general conformity with the Comprehensive Plan. The proposed Hodgin Recreational Vehicle Park was determined to be compatible with the Hyco future land use designation for the Subject Property, as is permitted in an R zoning district with Special Use Permit approval. The Special Use Permit (SUP-02-25) was approved by the Board of Commissioners with the following conditions: 1. The Applicant obtains all required permits from the Person County prior to the operation of the park; 2. The Park is limited to two Recreational Vehicle parking spaces. As a Special Use Permit, the permit required a quasi-judicial public hearing, witnesses were sworn in and subject to cross-examination, there was no ex-parte communication listed without 827 full disclosure at the public hearing, and the application was reviewed with the four Findings of Fact criteria listed in Section 155 of the Person County Planning Ordinance. Financial Impact: None Recommended Action: Approve the Written Decision Approving Special Use Permit Application and to grant Special Use Permit (SUP-02-25) for the Hodgin Recreational Vehicle Park project. Submitted By: Margaret A. Hauth, Interim Planning Director 828 1 PERSON COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA WRITTEN DECISION APPROVING SPECIAL USE PERMIT APPLICATION This matter came before the Person County Board of Commissioners for a quasi-judicial public hearing (public hearing) on September 2, 2025, regarding the Special Use Permit application (SUP-02-25) by Chris Hodgin (“Applicant” and “Property Owner”) for the “Hodgin Recreational Vehicle Park” (“Project”). Special Use Permit (SUP-02-25) approval will allow for the operation of a recreational vehicle park with 2 sites on the Subject Property. The Board of Commissioners, based upon the sworn testimony and evidence presented and received at the public hearing, made the following findings and conclusions: FINDINGS OF FACT 1. The Applicant submitted a complete Special Use Permit application that was accompanied by a Site Plan that was prepared by a North Carolina registered land surveyor and/or engineer. Based on a review of the documents presented and testimony from the Person County Planning staff, we found the application to be complete. 2. The Site Plan included proper data and information listed within Section 81, Commercial and Industrial Site Plan Requirements and Section 155, Special Use Permits, specifically Section 155-2, Submission of Petitions, of the Person County Planning Ordinance (Planning Ordinance). 3. The 11.02-acre Subject Property is located at 1676 Zion Level Road which is known as Tax Map #A14 47. 4. The existing land use for the Subject Property undeveloped pasture land that used to contain a mobile home. 5. The proposed land use for the Subject Property is for the establishment of the Hodgin Recreational Vehicle Park to allow no more than two (2) RV pads within the project. 6. The zoning designation for the Subject Property is R (Residential). Appendix C, Table of Permitted Uses of the Planning Ordinance, allows for Camper/Recreational Vehicle Park as a permitted use in the R zoning district with Special Use Permit approval from the Person County Board of Commissioners. 7. The Subject Property’s zoning designation of R is consistent and compatible with the Hyco future land use designation for the site and the Person County & City of Roxboro Joint Comprehensive Land Use Plan (Comprehensive Plan). 8. A public hearing was properly noticed in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations governing the noticing requirements for public hearings. At the beginning of the hearing and prior to presentation of any evidence on the Special Use Permit application, the Board of Commissioners and everyone at the hearing was informed that the public hearing would be a quasi-judicial proceeding with sworn testimony from which the Board of Commissioners would make a decision similar to a court of law. Every person that presented evidence at the public hearing was properly sworn-in. The requirements for conducting a quasi-judicial hearing were met and complied with. 9. Section 155-3 of the Planning Ordinance establishes the following Findings of Fact that the Board of Commissioners must make in granting Special Use Permit approval: a. That the use will not materially endanger the public health or safety, if located where proposed and developed according to the plan submitted and approved; 829 2 b. That the use meets all required conditions and specifications; c. That the use will not substantially injure the value of adjoining or abutting property, or that the use is a public necessity; and d. That the locations and character of the use, if developed according to the plan as submitted and approved, will be in harmony with the area in which it is to be located and in general conformity with the Comprehensive Plan. 10. The staff report and all additional documents were submitted into evidence at the public hearing properly and satisfactorily addressing the above listed Findings of Fact. 11. The Applicant was present to answer any questions from the public or Board members, but did not formally address the Board. One neighbor spoke to describe an agreement the neighborhood has reached with Mr. Hodgin. His testimony was not classified as being in support nor as in opposition to granting the Special Use Permit. CONCLUSIONS Having heard and reviewed the evidence presented at the hearing, and having made the above referenced Findings of Fact, the Board of Commissioners concludes the following: 1. By a 3-0 vote, the use will not materially endanger the public health or safety if located where proposed and developed according to the plan submitted and approved. The Board of Commissioners made this finding per Section 155-3(b)(1) in the affirmative; 2. By a 3-0 vote, the use meets all required conditions and specifications. The Board of Commissioners made this finding per Section 155-3(b)(2) in the affirmative; 3. By a 3-0 vote, the use will not substantially injure the value of adjoining or abutting property, or that the use is a public necessity. The Board of Commissioners made this finding per Section 155-3(b)(3) in the affirmative; and 4. By a 3-0 vote, the location and character of the use, if developed according to the plan as submitted and approved, will be in harmony with the area in which it is to be located and in general conformity with the Comprehensive Plan. The Board of Commissioners made this finding per Section 155-3(b)(4) in the affirmative. Based on the above, Planning & Zoning Department staff recommends that the Board of Commissioners vote to approve the Written Decision Approving Special Use Permit Application and to grant Special Use Permit (SUP-02-25) for the Hodgin Recreational Vehicle Park project with the noted condition that the park is limited to 2 spaces. 830 3 Therefore, based on the foregoing, it is ordered that Special Use Permit (SUP-02-25) is hereby granted. Date: Chris Hodgin Applicant Date: _______________ ______________________________ Kyle Puryear, Chairman Person County Board of Commissioners ATTEST: ___________________________________ Michele Soloman, Clerk to the Board 831 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: September 15, 2025 Agenda Title: A Resolution by the County of Person to Direct the Expenditure of Opioid Settlement Funds Summary of Information: On April 21, 2025, the Person County Board of Commissioners approved “A Resolution by the County of Person to Direct the Expenditure of Opioid Settlement Funds” authorizing the expenditure of opioid settlement funds in the amount $205,114 in support of the “Recovery Housing Support” strategy. While providing support for this strategy also indirectly supports two other strategies, evidenced-based addiction treatment and recovery support services, only one strategy may be listed per authorization. These changes are required in order to be in compliance with Section E.6 of the MOA governing opioid settlement funds. The changes to the resolution are as follows under Strategy authorized: • c.: 2 and 3 were removed. • f.: An additional explanatory statement was added, “This funding will be utilized to provide services to individuals who are recovering from opioid addiction.” Financial Impact: No additional financial impact. The amended resolution reaffirms the allocation of the Opioid Settlement Funds in the amount of $205,114 for recovery housing support. Recommended Action: Approve the amended resolution as presented. Submitted By: Janet Clayton, Health Director 832 1 A RESOLUTION BY THE COUNTY OF PERSON TO DIRECT THE EXPENDITURE OF OPIOID SETTLEMENT FUNDS WHEREAS Person County has joined national settlement agreements with companies engaged in the manufacturing, distribution, and dispensing of opioids. WHEREAS the allocation, use, and reporting of funds stemming from these national settlement agreements and bankruptcy resolutions (“Opioid Settlement Funds”) are governed by the Memorandum of Agreement Between the State of North Carolina and Local Governments on Proceeds Relating to the Settlement of Opioid Litigation (“MOA”), the Supplemental Agreement for Additional Funds from Additional Settlements of Opioid Litigation (“SAAF”), and SAAF-2; WHEREAS Person County has received Opioid Settlement Funds pursuant to these national settlement agreements and deposited the Opioid Settlement Funds in a separate special revenue fund as required by section D of the MOA; WHEREAS section E.6 of the MOA states that, before spending opioid settlement funds, the local government’s governing body must adopt a resolution that: (i) indicates that it is an authorization for expenditure of opioid settlement funds; and, (ii) states the specific strategy or strategies the county or municipality intends to fund pursuant to Option A or Option B, using the item letter and/or number in Exhibit A or Exhibit B to identify each funded strategy; and, (iii) states the amount dedicated to each strategy for a specific period of time. NOW, THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, in alignment with the NC MOA, SAAF, and SAAF-2, Person County authorizes the expenditure of opioid settlement funds as follows: Strategy authorized a. Name of strategy: Recovery Housing Support b. Strategy is included in Exhibit A. c. Item letter and/or number in Exhibit A or Exhibit B to the MOA: 4 d. Amount authorized for this strategy: $205,113.60 e. Period of time during which expenditure may take place: Start date May 1, 2025 through End date June 30, 2026. f. Description of the program, project, or activity: A substance use halfway house will provide recovery housing support through a structured, six-month residential treatment program that is staffed 24 hours a day, seven days per week by trained and certified peers who help the client problem solve, connect to resources, and stabilize their mental and physical health. This funding will be utilized to provide services to individuals who are recovering from opioid addiction. g. Provider: Freedom House Recovery Center The total dollar amount of Opioid Settlement Funds appropriated across the above named and authorized strategy is $205,114. 833 2 This appropriation is in addition to the previously appropriated Opioid Settlement Funds as stated in the resolution adopted by the Person County Board of Commissioners on April 15, 2024. Revised and amended this the 15th day of September, 2025. __________________________________________ Kyle Puryear, Chair Person County Board of Commissioners ATTEST: __________________________________________ Michele Solomon, Clerk to the Board PERSON COUNTY SEAL 834 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: September 15, 2025 Agenda Title: Amendment to the Resolution Establishing 2025 Schedule of Regular Meetings for the Person County Board of Commissioners Summary of Information: The Board of Commissioners took action to set its regular schedule of meetings for 2025 at its December 2, 2024 meeting. Before the Board is a Resolution Amending the Board of Commissioners 2025 Meeting Schedule to change the location of the October 6, 2025 scheduled meeting to the Person County Office Building Auditorium. Financial Impact: None Recommended Action: Consider the location change and, if necessary, take action to adopt an Amended Resolution Establishing 2025 Schedule of Regular Meetings. Submitted By: Michele Solomon, Clerk to the Board 835 ! ! ! !!  !!!! ! ! !!! sXNmPEo ÂfKÂW~~©tÂo²t²·²~Â,)E*©~¨·Š©~®ÂvŸt©z®ÂŸÂyŸ••Š®®ŠŸ~©¯Â³ŸÂˆŸzÂtª~‡·tª®yˆ~{·~z •~~²Š‡Âu²Â‘~t®²ÂŸy~Ât–Ÿ²ˆDÂtz sXSmPEo²ˆ~Âj~©®ŸÂKŸ·²ÀÂIŸt©zŸÂKŸ••Š®®‹Ÿ~©®Â•~~²®ÂŠÂŠ²®ÂKŸ—˜Š®°Š ©®ÂIŸt©z©ŸŸ•Â&,ŠÂ ²ˆ~Âk~©®ŸÂKŸ·²ÀÂi„y~ÂJ·Š’{Š‡Ÿyt²~{Ât²Â)*ÂoÂaŸ©‡tÂo²©~~²ÂŠÂmŸ¾wŸ©ŸÂgŸŒˆÂKtªŸŠt ·~®®Â Ÿ²ˆ~©¼Š®~ ²~zÂx~Ÿ¼ sXQmPEo Âty²ŸÂŸÂ²ˆ~ÂIŸt©zŸÂKŸ••Š®®ŠŸ~©®Ât²ÂŠ²®Â•~~´Š‡ÂŸÂ[t¸t­ÁÂ' Â&&- ² Âyˆt‡~²ˆ~ Ÿyt²ŠŸÂŸÂ²ˆ~ÂT~x©¹t©À 2 Â&&,ÂE·tÂm~²©~t²Â²ŸÂ²ˆ~Â^Š©xÀÂK·²·©tÂE©²®ÂL¡™£~¿ Ÿyt²~zÂt²Â&)Âh atŠÂo² ÂmŸ¿vŸ©Ÿ ÂgK sXNmNEo ty²ŠŸÂŸÂ²ˆ~ÂIŸtª{ŸÂKŸ••Š®®ŠŸ~ª®Ât²ÂŠ²®Â•~~²Š‡ÂŸÂE¤ªŠÂ& Â&&, ²ŸÂyˆt‡~²ˆ~ atÀÂ, &&,Ât{Â[·~Â& &&,•~~²Š‡ÂŸyt²ŠŸÂ²ŸÂ²ˆ~Âj~ª®ŸÂKŸ·²ÀÂE·{Š²ŸªŠ·• WHEREAS, action of the Board of Commissioners at its meting on August 18, 2025, to change the September 2, 2025 meeting location to the Person County Auditorium. WHEREAS, action of the Board of Commissioners at its meting on September 15 2025, to change the October 6, 2025 meeting location to the Person County Auditorium. hŸ¼Â²ˆ~©~ƒ¢©~Âv~Š²Â nRoi`rOMÂvÀÂty²ŠŸÂ ‚²ˆ~Âl~©®ŸÂKŸ·²ÀÂIŸt©|ŸÂKŸ›•Š®®ŠŸ~ª® ²‰~ƒ¢Ÿ½Š‡Âoyˆ~{·’~Ÿ‚ m~‡·t©Âa~~²Š‡®Â†ªÂ&&,®Â®~²Â…ª²ˆÂt®Â…Ÿ¼Š‡7 \t·t©ÀÂ0Â&&, \t·t©ÀÂ&! &&,Âp·~®{tÀ U~x«»t©ÀÂ) Â&&, V€vª·t©ÀÂ2 Â&&, q·~±}tÀÂFž·tÂm~²©~t²Â bt©yˆÂ) Â&&, ctªyˆÂ 1 Â&&, G¥¬ŽÂ1Â&&, H§¬’Â( Â&&, dtÀÂ, Â&&, etÀ 5 Â&&,  [º~Â& Â&&, \·~Â0 &&, ]·ÀÂ&" Â&&, E·‡¹±²Â+ Â&&. E·‡·®¶Â"3 Â&&/  08¤• 49Âtš 0:¤• 4;Ât•Â_©vÀÂK·‘²·©tÂE«µ®ÂKŸ•¥~¿Â 0<¤š 4=Âtš 0>¦› 4?Ât• 0@¤šÂKŸ·²ÀÂiŠy~ÂI·Š{Š‡ÂE·{Š²ŸªŠ·• 4AÂt% 0;¦#$$ÂKŸ·²ÀÂiŠy~ÂI·Š{Š‡ÂE·{Š²ŸªŠ·• 4BÂt› 67Âtœ 0;Â¥› 4CÂtZ“” 836 September 2, 2025 (Tuesday) September 15, 2025 October 6, 2025 October 20, 2025 November 3, 2025 November 17, 2025 December 1, 202 6:00 p.m. *County Office Building Auditorium 9:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. *County Office Building Auditorium 9:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 9:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that a copy of this Resolution shall be posted on the Board of Commissioners' bulletin board located outside the Commissioners' meeting room 215 of the County Office Building at least ten (I0) days before the first meeting to which it applies, and that the adopted Schedule of Meetings dates shall be posted on the County website and distributed with the Sunshine email group. Adopted this, the 15th day of September 202. BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB .\OH3XU\HDUChairPDQ Person County Board of Commissioners Attest: ____________________________BBBBB Michele Solomon&OHUN 3HUVRQ&RXQW\%RDUGRI&RPPLVVLRQHUV 837 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: Sept. 15, 2025 Agenda Title: Piedmont Community College Sublease Summary of Information: On Dec. 27, 2024, Person County and Piedmont Community College (PCC) entered into a Lease and Agency Agreement for the CHATT Project, now known as the PCC South Campus. Section 11.1 “College Assignment or Subleasing” of the agreement states, “The College may not assign or sublease the Leased Property, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of the County, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld.” PCC desires to sublease a part of the PCC South Campus to Zachry Group, who will use the space for interviewing and hiring candidates for newly created jobs in Person County. Duke Energy recently awarded the engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contract for the first Person County Combined Cycle Project to Zachry. PCC representatives will share information about this new community partnership and request consent from the Board of Commissioners to enter into a sublease agreement. Financial Impact: None Recommended Action: Authorize the County Manager to provide the County’s written consent to PCC to enter into a sublease agreement with Zachry. Submitted By: Katherine M. Cathey, County Manager 838 1POWER: FOSSIL PROJECT OVERVIEW Client: Duke Energy Project Title: Person County CC Project Project Type/ Description: 2x1 Combined Cycle Power Generation Equipment: GE-supplied H-Class CTG & STG. Location: Semora, North Carolina (Person County) / ~11.5 Northwest of Roxboro, NC Duke Energy Roxboro Plant (North of new CC Project) Address: 1700 Dunnaway Rd Semora, NC 27343 Engineering Office: Charlotte, NC Site Type: Greenfield Capacity/ Output: 1,366 MW Civil Subcontractor Mobilization: Q3 2025 Construction Mobilization: Q1 2026 Guaranteed Substantial Completion: December, 2028 Contract Type: Lump Sum 839 2POWER: FOSSIL WORKFORCE BREAKDOWN TIMELINE Quantity Needed Peak Mobilize Crafts Craft Scope ~200Q3 2026Q1 2026 Form Carpenters; Reinforcement Ironworkers ; Cement Finishers ; Helpers ; Structural Concrete ~30Q1 2027Q2 2026Dirt Equipment Operators ; Laborers Civil Sitework ~300Q3 2027Q2 2026Pipefitters; Pipe Welders; Helpers Piping ~100Q1 2027Q3 2026Boilermakers ; Millwrights ; Helpers Mechanical Equipment ~150Q4 2027Q3 2026Electricians ; Helpers Electrical ~150Q1 2027Q4 2026Ironworkers ; Structural Welders Helpers Structural Steel ~50Q4 2027Q1 2027Insulators ; Helpers Insulation ~50Q4 2027Q2 2027Instrument Fitters ; Techs ; Helpers Instrumentation ~40 Q4 2027Q3 2027Industrial Painters ; Helpers Painting 840 3POWER: FOSSIL DUKE PERSON COUNTY 1 – WORKFORCE 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Civil Sitework Structural Concrete Structural Steel Mechanical Equip Piping Electrical Instrumentation Insulation Painting Peak ~ 625 Craft 841 4POWER: FOSSIL CRAFT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES Design programs that will support employees with limited to no experience in Construction Industry Ensure that employees have the skills and confidence to work safely and effectively on projects Provide opportunities for employees to work towards a careers as craft professionals Collaborate with local high schools, colleges and other community partners on development of current and future workers 842 5POWER: FOSSIL CRAFT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM EXAMPLES New Hire Orientation (NHO) New Hire Orientation provides awareness-level training to prepare employees for the hazards and expectations of a construction site. 1. Topics typically covered include a. Safety rules b. Company and client policies c. Site layout and logistics d. Compliance regulations e. Best practices for teamwork and site culture This orientation ensures every participant understands how to work safely and contribute to the success of the project. Short Service Worker Program The SSW/SSE program is designed for employees with limited experience working for Zachry or on construction sites — typically those with six months or less of verifiable field experience. This program is customizable to meet specific site needs and includes: 1. Identification & Enrollment a. Unique hardhat sticker b. Uniquely colored vest or hard hat 2. Oversight & Support a. Increased supervision 3. Continuous coaching on: a. Site hazards b. Site rules c. PPE requirements d. Site procedures e. Restricted tasks to minimize risk f. Ongoing performance monitoring g. Weekly classroom sessions to reinforce New Hire Orientation material This program ensures SSW/SSE employees are safely integrated into the workforce while gaining the knowledge and skills necessary for their role. 843 6POWER: FOSSIL CRAFT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM EXAMPLES Helper Progression Program 1. The Helper Progression Program is designed to prepare helpers to support journeymen safely and effectively in a wide range of crafts like: Carpentry Rebar Concrete Pipefitting Welding Boilermaker Millwright work Electrical 2. Structured Four-Step Approach Explanation o Clear instruction on the task and safe use of tools and equipment. Demonstration o Mentor demonstrates the task, emphasizing site-specific processes and procedures. Practice o Helper practices the task under supervision to build confidence and skill. Competency Assessment o Mentor evaluates the helper’s ability to perform the task safely and correctly according to site standards. Blended Training Offerings Zachry can provide a blended training program that combine internal, hands-on training with external, structured educational opportunities. 1. Internal Training a. Zachry Craft Advancement Program (ZCAP) i. A documented, task-based, hands-on training program that builds craft skills. 2. External Training a. Partnerships with local community colleges and ABC (Associated Builders and Contractors) facilities, offering industry-recognized certifications and credentials. These blended offerings provide employees with a clear path to skill development and career growth, aligning with both company standards and industry requirements. 844 7POWER: FOSSIL OTHER ONSITE CRAFT TRAINING AND WELD TESTING REQUIREMENTS Trainings: • Small Tool Training • Fall Protection Training • Scaffold Access / Egress • Buggy Training • Confined Space • Hole Watch / Fire Watch • Aerial Lifts • Forklift Operator 845 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: Sept. 15, 2025 Agenda Title: Vaya Health Update Summary of Information: Elliot Clark, Regional Director of Community Relations for Vaya Health, will provide an update on mental health services in Person County. Financial Impact: None Recommended Action: Receive presentation. Submitted By: Katherine M. Cathey, County Manager 846 Copyright © 2025 Vaya Health. All rights reserved. Vaya Health Person County BOCC Update September 15th, 2025 Elliot Clark Regional Director of Community Relations elliot.clark@vayahealth.com 919-608-7894 847 Copyright © 2025 Vaya Health. All rights reserved.2 Vaya Health’s Mission Vaya Health is a public manager of care for individuals facing challenges with mental illness,substance use and/or intellectual/developmental disabilities. Our goal is to successfully evolve in the health care system by embracing innovation, adapting to a changing environment and maximizing resources for the long-term benefit of the people and communities we serve. 848 3 Vaya Health is a public Local Management Entity Managed Care Organization (LME/MCO) and Tailored Plan that is statutorily mandated to administer Medicaid, federal, state, and local funding for services and supports related to mental health, substance use disorders, intellectual/developmental disabilities (I/DD), and traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Who We Are 849 4 We currently operate in 32 counties across North Carolina: Alamance Alexander Alleghany Ashe Avery Buncombe Caldwell Caswell Chatham Cherokee Clay Franklin Graham Granville Haywood Henderson Jackson Macon Madison McDowell Mitchell Person Polk Rowan Rockingham Stokes Swain Transylvania Vance Watauga Wilkes Yancey Where We Serve 850 5 Available for Medicaid and former NC Health Choice beneficiaries with significant mental health conditions, substance use disorders, intellectual/ developmental disabilities (I/DD), or traumatic brain injury (TBI) Available for qualifying North Carolina residents with no insurance, or not enough insurance, who have needs related to mental health, substance use disorders, I/DD, or TBI Vaya Total Care Medicaid Services State-Funded Services 851 What is a Tailored Plan? -Tailored Plans are a new kind of NC Medicaid Managed Care health plan. - Mandated through NC G.S. 108D- 23, They cover mental health, severe substance use, I/DD, TBI and prescriptions in one plan. Tailored Plans went live in NC on 7/1/2024 Serious Mental Illness (SMI) Severe Substance Use Disorders (SUD) Intellectual/ Developmental Disabilities (I/DD) Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) 852 7 Benefits and Services Physical Health Mental Health Substance Use Disorders Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities (I/DD) and Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) Housing Initiatives Health and Wellness Programs 853 8 Crisis Support Walk-In Centers Provider and Medication Search Tailored Care Management Family Partners System of Care Getting Help 854 9 Free Online Health Screenings Events, Community Education, and Training Advance Directives Emergency Disaster Information Getting Help Social Determinants of Health Value Added Benefits 855 10 Local Governance •Per N.C.G.S. § 122C-118.1: •Regional Board Composition. The Members of the Regional Advisory Board shall be as follows: •(a) One duly elected County Commissioner, appointed by each county's Board of Commissioners; •(b) One individual appointed by each county’s Board of Commissioners, who is either a county commissioner, county manager, county department of social services director, public health director, or law enforcement representative. •(c) Consumer and Family Advisory Council Member. 856 11 Medicaid / Tailored Plan current numbers at a glance •NC Medicaid enrollment: 3,112,249 •NC Tailored Plan enrollment: 257,207 •Vaya total catchment Tailored Plan: 45,894 •Person County Tailored Plan: 985 •Person County Innovations Waiver: 65 •Reference: Enrollment Dashboard | NC Medicaid 857 12 Community/ Stakeholder Engagement •Person Community Collaborative for Youth and Families •Person County Opioid Settlement Advisory Committee •Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) Subcommittee •Person County Case Management Meetings •Crisis Response Collaborative •Quarterly Regional DSS Meetings 858 13 Local Projects and Initiatives •Person County youth behavioral health service expansion with RHA. Family Centered Treatment with SPARC Services and Programs, LLC. •New Opioid Treatment Program development in Roxboro through Morse Clinics. First of its kind in the county. •Co-Responder Crisis Services through RHA. •Freedom House Recovery Center – Halfway House for Men in Roxboro 859 14 Members Served Volume •*Based on Claims for Quarter 3 of FY 2025860 15 Highest Service Volume 861 16 Highest Volume Providers 862 17 Contact Us Behavioral Health Crisis Line  24 hours a day, 7 days a week  1-800-849-6127  For NC Relay, dial 711 Member & Recipient Services Line  Mon. – Sat., 7 a.m. – 6 p.m.  1-800-962-9003 Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Hotline  24 hours a day, 7 days a week  1-866-916-4255  www.vayahealth.com Auxiliary aids and interpreter services are available for members and their caregivers, if English is not their first language. Vaya can provide information and materials orally or in writing in languages besides English. We also offer access to interpreter services, if needed. 863 18864 Thank You 865 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: Sept. 15, 2025 Agenda Title: Person County Multimodal Feasibility Study and 501 Railroad Corridor Acquisition Update Summary of Information: 2022: The Conservation Fund informed stakeholders that it was working with Norfolk Southern to purchase the rail corridor from Durham to Person County. The long-term plan was to transfer ownership to NCDOT, which would then grant management control to local jurisdictions. December 5, 2022: Person County Commissioners authorized the Parks Department to apply for an NCDOT grant to fund a feasibility study for the 501 Railroad Corridor. April 15, 2024: Person County adopted its 2025–2029 Capital Improvement Plan, allocating up to $480,000 as matching funds for NCDOT grants to support corridor acquisition. August 2024: The Multi-Modal Feasibility Study was completed and released for public review. The study outlines potential uses for the corridor, including sidewalks and trails, and serves as a key document for pursuing state and federal grant funding. March 17, 2025: The Person County Commissioners formally reviewed and adopted the completed feasibility study. May 2025: Norfolk Southern and the Conservation Fund signed a contract to proceed with the corridor purchase. During this period, NCDOT and its partners continued efforts to secure grant funding, as the corridor will be transferred directly to NCDOT. November 2025 – January 2026: This is the anticipated timeframe for closing the sale between Norfolk Southern and the Conservation Fund. Surveying and due diligence activities are currently underway. Ongoing: NCDOT is working closely with Person County, Durham County, and the City of Durham to finalize funding and develop management agreements for each jurisdiction’s section of the corridor. 866 Financial Impact: None. Recommended Action: Receive update. Submitted By: John Hill, Recreation, Arts, and Parks Director 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 Person County Multimodal Feasibility Study and 501 Railroad Corridor ACQUISITION UPDATE 879 Project Purpose In 2022, the Conservation Fund informed us they were working with Norfolk Southern to buy the rail corridor from Durham to Person County. The plan was to transfer it to NCDOT, which would grant management control to the local jurisdictions. 880 Timeline of Project •October 2022:The Parks Department requested $1.5 million in ARPA funds to help Person County gain management rights over a segment of the rail corridor. The request was not approved due to the need for more information, including a feasibility study. •December 5, 2022:County Commissioners authorized the Parks Department to apply for a NCDOT Grant to fund a feasibility study for the 501 Railroad Corridor. •April 17, 2023:A Capital Improvement Funding request for the corridor was also not approved, as the feasibility study was still in progress at the time. 881 Timeline of Project •April 15, 2024:Person County adopted the 2025–2029 Capital Improvement Plan, including up to $480,000 as matching funds for NCDOT grants to help acquire the corridor. •August 2024:The Multi-Modal Feasibility Study for the 501 Railroad Corridor was completed and made available for public review. •March 17, 2025:The feasibility study was formally presented to the Person County Commissioners and officially adopted. 882 Timeline of Project •In May 2025, Norfolk Southern and The Conservation Fund signed a contract to move forward with the purchase of the 501 Railroad Corridor. The corridor will be transferred directly to the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT), which is actively working with partners to secure grant funding. •The purchase is expected to close between November 2025 and January 2026, pending completion of the current due diligence period. •Currently:NCDOT is collaborating with Person County, Durham County, and the City of Durham to finalize funding and establish management agreements for each jurisdiction’s section of the corridor. 883 Person County moves forward with ACQUISITION: •Gains management control over the railroad corridor to decide when, where, and if development will or will not take place. •Secures management control over the railroad corridor so that no other jurisdiction or organizations can claim control. •Acquires ability to grant legal access across the corridor to our citizens, landowners, and business without fees. •Sets a precedence with Norfolk Southern to possibly sell the remaining portion north into uptown Roxboro allowing opportunity for more sidewalks and adding business access across the corridor. 884 Person County moves forward with ACQUISITION: •Opens opportunities for Economic Development. •Protects access to the residents/businesses with existing rail crossings. •Purchasing the option to manage the railroad corridor does not bind Person County to developing a trail. 885 Person County does not move forward with ACQUISITION: •Loses the opportunity for management control over the railroad corridor property in our county. •NCDOT offers management control of the railroad corridor located in Person County to other jurisdictions and/or organizations. •Norfolk Southern is merging with Union Pacific Transcontinental Railroad, which may change priorities for the railroad company. •Person County CMAQ funding will go to another jurisdiction. •Person County may never get the opportunity to own management control of the 501 Corridor property in our county. •Regardless of our participation, NCDOT and the Conservation Fund will continue to move forward with the acquisition. 886 Misconceptions 1. Person County’s feasibility study is an adopted plan for developing a trail system. FACT: It is a tool of guidance that helps to get future funding. 2. Purchasing the railroad corridor authorizes development of trails. FACT: Development of trails is a future decision by BOC. 3. If the Railroad corridor is abandoned, then the land reverts to ownership by adjacent resident/business. FACT: Norfolk Southern owns the property outright and the land would not revert to ownership by adjacent resident/business. 4. Person County has been surveying property along the corridor for development. FACT: Norfolk Southern and the Conservation Fund are doing the survey as part of the due diligence process. 887 Questions? John Hill Director, Person County Recreation, Arts, and Parks Director 888 AGENDA ABSTRACT Meeting Date: Sept. 15, 2025 Agenda Title: Strategic Plan Quarterly Report Summary of Information: On February 20, 2024, the Board of Commissioners adopted the FY25-27 Strategic Plan which includes vision and mission statements, organizational values and five strategic focus areas with associated goals and strategies. The goals provide a two- to four-year view of priorities, and the accompanying strategies describe specific tasks, outputs and/or outcomes intended to be accomplished over the next one to two fiscal years. The FY25 budget process incorporated the strategic plan. This plan is a guiding document for county elected officials, staff, and volunteers. The attached quarterly report for the timeframe of July 1, 2024-June 30, 2025 informs the board and the public on progress made towards achieving the goals of the strategic plan. Financial Impact: None. Recommended Action: Receive report and provide feedback to staff. Submitted By: Katherine M. Cathey, County Manager 889 AdministrationQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 2 : 2.1Support completion of the City of Roxboro’s Western Sewer Project $654,648 in county funding available to support project. Making ProgressWorked with city to provide right-of-way access on county properties. $654,648 in county funding available to support project. Making ProgressWorked with city to provide right-of-way access on county properties. $654,648 in county funding available to support project. Additional reimbursements are pending.Making ProgressCity is in the construction phase of the project. $654,648 in county funding available to support project. Additional reimbursements are pending.Making Progress2.2Evaluate needs for water and sewer expansion outside the city limits Other economic development projects have taken priority.Not StartedOther economic development projects have taken priority.Not StartedOther economic development projects have taken priority.Not StartedOther economic development projects have taken priority.Not Started2.3Partner with NC DIT to provide broadband to all unserved and underserved areasSupporting ISP efforts to complete two GREAT Grant projects and two CAB projects. Approximately 2,000 unserved/underserved locations remain unfunded. Working with NCDIT and ISP's to identify and fund next project. Making ProgressSupporting ISP efforts to complete two GREAT Grant projects and two CAB projects. Approximately 2,000 unserved/underserved locations remain unfunded. Working with NCDIT and ISP's to identify and fund next project through CAB 2.0. Making ProgressSupporting ISP efforts to complete two GREAT Grant projects and two CAB projects. Partnered with NCDIT and Spectrum on a CAB 2.0 project serving 200+ locations. Just under 2,000 unserved/underserved locations remain unfunded. Working with NCDIT and ISP's to identify and fund next project through CAB 2.0. Making ProgressSupporting ISP efforts to complete two GREAT Grant projects, two CAB projects and two CAB 2.0 projects. The six awards will reach more than 3,700 households and over 200 businesses.Making Progress2.4Complete Person County Trail Feasibility Study and work with partners to implement recommendationsCompleted study. Will present to BOC in Nov. 2024. Working with partners to identify funding opportunities.Making ProgressCompleted study. Will present to BOC in March 2025. Working with partners to identify funding opportunities.Making ProgressBOC approved study on March 17, 2025. Working with partners to identify funding opportunities.Making ProgressWorking with partners (NCDOT, Conservation Fund, Durham County, City of Durham) to acquire rail right-of-way for future trail development. Making ProgressGoal 6 : 6.1Negotiate lease renewal or purchase of Human Services Building or secure new facility prior to Aug. 2025Negotiated purchase of Human Services Building. Issued 2024 LOB's to fund purchase. Plan to close in Oct. 2024.Making ProgressPurchased building in Oct. 2024.Completed6.2Complete PI/MRF construction and physical and operational merger before May 2025 Construction is underway on new facility. Issued 2024 LOB's to fund construction.Making ProgressAddition is complete and remodel of recycling center has started. On target to move PI staff to new facility prior to end of lease in May 2025. Making ProgressAddition is complete and remodel of recycling center has started. On target to move PI staff to new facility prior to end of lease in May 2025. Making ProgressMoved PI staff to new facility. Ribbon-cutting and grand opening scheduled for Sept. 5, 2025.Making Progress6.3Utilize facility feasibility assessment to plan for current and future needs of the Emergency Services Department Emergency Services facility needs will need to be evaluated in this fiscal year. Not StartedDrafted RFQ for Grant/ Architectural/ Engineering and Technology Migration Services for a new 911 Center for Person County. This is tied to a NC 911 Board Grant we are planning to pursue for a new Emergency Telecommunications facility.Making ProgressDrafted RFQ for Grant/ Architectural/ Engineering and Technology Migration Services for a new 911 Center for Person County. This is tied to a NC 911 Board Grant we are planning to pursue for a new Emergency Telecommunications facility.Making ProgressA comprehensive faciities study is funded in the FY26 CIP and will incorporate the needs of the Emergency Services Department. Making Progress6.4Complete construction and open “County Farm” park Construction is underway and additional outside funding has been secured.Making ProgressConstruction is underway and additional outside funding has been secured. 2025 opening planned.Making ProgressConstruction is underway and additional outside funding has been secured. 2025 opening planned.Making ProgressConstruction is still underway. Fall 2025 soft opening planned, grand opening in Spring/Summer 2026.Making ProgressGoal 7 : 7.2Partner with the PCS to evaluate population/ enrollment growth, class size mandates, etc. to determine need for new constructionCounty staff provides data but may be able to partner more closely.Making ProgressPCS staff evaluated anticipated growth and will incorporate and report findings in the FY26 budget process. Making ProgressPCS staff evaluated anticipated growth and will incorporate and report findings in the FY26 budget process. Making ProgressPartnered with PCS to fund lobbyist to assist with pursuing state funding for the construction of a new middle school.Making Progress7.3Partner with PCC to plan for and fund the Center for Health, Advanced Technology & Trades (CHATT) Purchased Carolina Pride Carwash Building. Issued 2024 LOB's to fund purchase. Next step: Enter into agreement with PCC for use of the building.Making ProgressFinalized Facilities Use Agreement with PCC. Received state funds for PCC's portion of the purchase. CompletedGoal 8 : 8.1Increase funding to support improvements in pre-K-12 educationFunded 10.2% increase for FY25 current expense budget. Making ProgressFunded 10.2% increase for FY25 current expense budget. Making ProgressFunded 10.2% increase for FY25 current expense budget. Making ProgressFunded 8.4% increase for FY26 current expense budget (fully funded request). Partially funded capital request.Making ProgressEconomic Opportunity and GrowthDevelop and maintain infrastructure that enhances quality of lifeLifelong LearningSupport our educational partners, Person Count Schools (PCS) and Piedmont Community College (PCC)Capital Investment Ensure county facilities meet the needs of the public and employees Provide modern, safe, and accessible learning and working environments for Person County Schools (PCS) and Piedmont Community College (PCC) 1890 AdministrationQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4Progress8.2Ensure funding meets PCC’s operational needsFunded 20.0% increase for FY25 current expense budget. Purchased building for CHATT. Making ProgressFunded 20.0% increase for FY25 current expense budget. Purchased building for CHATT. Making ProgressFunded 20.0% increase for FY25 current expense budget. Purchased building for CHATT. Making ProgressFunded 6.89% increase for FY26 current expense budget (fully funded request). Partially funded capital request.Making ProgressGoal 9 : 9.2Partner with PCC and PCS to offer programs to develop skills for employment in county positions with a concentrated focus on areas of critical need Discussions happen on a case-by-case basis. No organized initiative to date. Not StartedDiscussions happen on a case-by-case basis. No organized initiative to date. Not StartedDiscussions happen on a case-by-case basis. No organized initiative to date. Not StartedDiscussions happen on a case-by-case basis. No organized initiative to date. Not StartedGoal 11 :11.1Monitor and analyze population growth and demographic changes and structure services to meet changing needs Each department pays attention to these changes and anticipates potential impacts. Need to implement countywide, standardized approach. Making ProgressEach department pays attention to these changes and anticipates potential impacts. Need to implement countywide, standardized approach. Making ProgressEach department pays attention to these changes and anticipates potential impacts. Need to implement countywide, standardized approach. Making ProgressEach department pays attention to these changes and anticipates potential impacts. Need to implement countywide, standardized approach. Making Progress11.2Measure progress and update the strategic plan Developed tracking spreadsheet and plan to report to BOC in Oct. 2024 and each subsequent quarter.Making ProgressFirst quarter report provided to BOC in Oct. 2024 and second quarter in March 2025.Making ProgressThird quarter report provided to BOC in May 2025. Strategic plan updates will be considered and finalized during the FY26 budget process.Making ProgressFourth quarter report provided to BOC in September 2025. Strategic plan updates finalized during the FY26 budget process.Completed11.3Work with partners to improve digital equity and inclusion Digital Inclusion Taskforce is finalizing Digital Equity Plan and will present to BOC in Nov./Dec. 2024. Making ProgressDigital Inclusion Plan presented to the BOC in Jan. 2025.Making ProgressEvaluating options for implementation during FY26 budget process.Making ProgressLibrary secured additonal funding from Kerr-Tar Regional Council of Governments and will assume programming responsiblities from Cooperative Extension in FY26.Making ProgressGoal 12 :12.1Implement provisions of Public Records Request Policy and online public records request platform Updated policy. Implemented NextRequest in Sept. 2024.Completed12.2Conduct a community survey Future initiative.Not StartedFuture initiative.Not StartedFuture initiative.Not Started12.3Offer a Citizens Academy Developed schedule for 8-week Civics Academy to be offered in Spring 2025.Making ProgressDeveloped program for 8-week Civics Academy to be offered in Spring 2025.Making ProgressKicked off 8-week Civics Academy on March 7, 2025 with full roster of 15 particpants. Making ProgressCompleted inaugural session of Civics Academy with 15 participants in May 2025. Offering second session in Fall 2025.Completed12.4Improve online access to public meeting materials and county ordinances and policies Created online database for agendas and minutes in Laserfiche (accessible through county website).Making ProgressWorked with advisory board liaisons to upload current information and begin adding historical documents to database. Making ProgressContinued working with advisory board liaisons to upload current information and begin adding historical documents to database. Making ProgressStaff liaisons routinely upload agendas and minutes to Laserfiche portal for public access, Clerk and PIO working to streamline ordinacne and policy information on website.Making ProgressGoal 13 :13.1Minimize tax increases based on necessity Implementing FY25 approved budget with no tax increase.Making ProgressImplemented FY25 approved budget with no tax increase. Closely monitored fund balance and FY26 revenues and expenditures with the goal of improving fund balance at year end.Making ProgressImplemented FY25 approved budget with no tax increase. Closely monitored fund balance and FY26 revenues and expenditures with the goal of improving fund balance at year end.Making ProgressFY26 budget apporved with a tax rate lower than FY25 (although higher than revenue neutral). Tax rate set as low as possible to address the loss of one-time revenues budgeted in FY25 and to meet community needs.Completed13.2Develop and implement an annual balanced budget and capital improvement plan Implementing FY25 approved budget and CIP.Making ProgressImplemented FY25 approved budget and CIP. Began planning for FY26.Making ProgressImplemented FY25 approved budget and CIP. Kicked off FY26-30 CIP process.Making ProgressFY26 annual budget and FY26-30 CIP adopted.CompletedGoal 15 :15.1Improve access to healthcare services See updates from other departments.Making ProgressSee updates from other departments.Making ProgressSee updates from other departments.Making ProgressSee updates from other departments.Making Progress15.2Promote healthy lifestyles and behaviors See updates from other departments. Making ProgressSee updates from other departments. Making ProgressSee updates from other departments. Making ProgressSee updates from other departments. Making ProgressQuality of Life Promote healthy communities Work with partners to create and support opportunities for the current and future workforce to learn and develop new skills Service ExcellenceProactively meet the changing needs of the community Enhance transparency and communication Promote fiscal responsibility and financial sustainability 2891 AdministrationQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4Progress15.3Develop and implement plan for utilizing Opioid Settlement Funds FY25 budget includes funding for Post-Overdose Response Team in Emergency Services and an Early Intervention program in Person County Schools. Opioid Settlement Committee continues to meet quarterly.Making ProgressDeveloped plans for Post-Overdose Response Team in Emergency Services. PCS implemented Early Intervention program. Opioid Settlement Committee met quarterly.Making ProgressContinued developing plans for Post-Overdose Response Team in Emergency Services. PCS implemented Early Intervention program. Opioid Settlement Committee met quarterly and considered request for funding from Freedom House.Making ProgressContinued developing plans for Post-Overdose Response Team in Emergency Services. PCS implemented Early Intervention program. Opioid Settlement Committee met quarterly and BOC approved request for funding from Freedom House.Making ProgressService ExcellenceImprove employee recruitment and retention. Working with HR to implement FY25 benefit enhancements, offering training and activities to enhance organization culture, adding video recruitment tools for departments with high staffing needs, etc. Making ProgressOffered training and activities to enhance organization culture, added video recruitment tools for departments with high staffing needs, etc. Making ProgressOffered training and activities to enhance organization culture. Evaluated employee pay and benefits in preparation of making FY26 budget requests. Making ProgressOffered training and activities to enhance organization culture. Evaluated employee pay and benefits in preparation of making FY26 budget requests, included COLA and merit and minor benefits changes. Making ProgressService ExcellenceDevelop communications plan and strategies for improving communications and community engagement. Continuing to improve county website, managing social media, planning for Civics Academy, etc.Making ProgressContinued to regularly update website, PIO working with IT to meet new ADA Compliance standards for website, developed schedule to launch Civics Academy in Spring 2025, etc.Making ProgressContinued to update website to meet new ADA Compliance standards, launched 8-week Civics Academy in March 2025, began planning for second session of Civics Acadeny in Fall 2025.Making ProgressOngoing ADA Compliance updates for website, planning for redesign of county website to start in Fall 2025, created internal work groups for cross-department marketing and communications collaboration,Making ProgressService ExcellencePrioritize professional development for all County staff. Funding provided through the budget process and expectations communicated. Making ProgressFunding provided through the budget process and expectations communicated. Making ProgressFunding provided through the budget process and expectations communicated. Making ProgressFunding provided through the budget process and expectations communicated. Making ProgressEconomic Opportunity and GrowthImprove broadband accessibility and digital inclusion throughout the County. See above.Making ProgressSee above.Making ProgressSee above.Making ProgressSee above.Making ProgressService ExcellenceContinue to support the evaluation and efficient operations of the newly formed Consolidated Human Services Agency. Working with CCR, Human Services staff and Board of Commissioners to evaluate services and develop plan for improvements where needed.Making ProgressWorked with CCR, Human Services staff and Board of Commissioners to evaluate services and develop plan for improvements where needed. CCR report expected in April 2025.Making ProgressWorked with CCR, Human Services staff and Board of Commissioners to evaluate services and develop plan for improvements where needed. CCR provided draft report. Final report will be presented in May/June 2025.Making ProgressWorked with CCR, Human Services staff and Board of Commissioners to evaluate services and begin implementing improvements where needed. CCR presented final report to BOC.Making ProgressQuality of LifeProvide additional support for volunteer boards and committees and the departmental liaisons.Developed Volunteer Handbook. Plan to provide staff training and volunteer training/appreciation in late 2024/early 2025.Making ProgressDeveloped Volunteer Handbook. Plan to provide staff training in early 2025 and volunteer training/appreciation later in 2025.Making ProgressProvided staff liasion training in Jan. 2025.Making ProgressRecognized advisory board volunteers with notes, gifts and board proclamation, updated training materials, planned for Advisory Board Training sessions in Fall 2025. Making ProgressQuality of LifeImprove access to and availability of affordable housing options.Exploring opportunities to partner locally and regionally for planning and funding purposes.Making ProgressExploring opportunities to partner locally and regionally for planning and funding purposes. Applied for Carolina Across 100 Our State, Our Homes cohort but was not selected.Making ProgressExploring opportunities to partner locally and regionally for planning and funding purposes.Making ProgressExploring opportunities to partner locally and regionally for planning and funding purposes.Making Progress......FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives 3892 AirportQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 4 :4.1Complete runway strengthening project Project is underway with expected completion in November 2024Making ProgressRunway phase of project was completed in early December 2024. Only thing remaining on Runway is the final painting which has to be scheduled around weather events.Making ProgressNo progress made during winter months due to cool temperatures. Plans are currently being made to complete this project within the next couple monthsMaking ProgressFor all practical purposes, this project is 98% completed, lacking only a bit of landscaping work.Completed4.2Complete beginning phases of runway extension project Making ProgressEnvironmental phase is complete and pending NCDOT approval. Upon approval, design phase will start and expected to take about 1 year.Making ProgressWaiting on FAA/DOA aproval of the Environmental phase. Should have this approval within next couple weeks. Then, we can start design phase and possible land acquisition phase.Making ProgressEnvironmental phase is completed. We have been waiting on DOT/FAA approval on the environmental for several months and must have that approval prior to having the public hearing and starting the design phase.Making Progress4.3Secure funding for and construct box hangars Project is in the DOT grant system and Eligible for STI funding, but no award at this time.Not StartedProject is in the DOT grant system and Eligible for STI funding, but no award at this time.Not StartedProject is in the DOT grant system and Eligible for STI funding, but no award at this time.Not StartedProject is in the DOT grant system and Eligible for STI funding, but no award at this time.Not Started4.4Design and secure funding to renovate or build new terminal Currently working on design for new proposed terminal with presentation at October Airport Commission meeting.Making ProgressAirport Commission and County Commissioners have approved to proceed with this project. A study was conducted to identify the location and general concept of what we wanted in a new Terminal. Design phase has now started.Making ProgressNew planned terminal building is being designed. A funding source has not yet been identified. However, in many cases, funding is not available until design plans are ready to bid. Thus, we are proceeding with design.Making ProgressThe design phase is 90% complete and 90% plans have been reviewed. We want to have the plans ready to bid once we identify and secure funding sources.Making ProgressCapital InvestmentRunway/Taxiway Rehabilitation construction project planned for FY25. Airport closure began Sept. 30, 2024. Completion expected in 35 days.Making ProgressAirport was reopened December 4, 2024, well beyond the scheduled 35 day closure. Project is now 95% complete but remaining items waiting for appropriate weather.Making ProgressSee 4.1 aboveMaking ProgressThis project is the same as 4.1 above.CompletedCapital InvestmentBegin process to design the airport Access Road Rehabilitation project. Access road to corporate hangar is in the planning/ design stage and is on hold until the rehabilitation project is complete because the rehabilitation project may further damage the existing road. Making ProgressTalbert & Bright is beginning the design of this proposed access road, now that the Runway/Taxiway Rehabilitation project is almost complete. Making ProgressPlanning to bid this project next monthMaking ProgressBid came in higher than expected. Currently, negotiating with the bidder to reduce the overall costs by removing some non-critical items.Making ProgressCapital InvestmentInitiate a study of the Airport Terminal (build new or add-on). Various design scenarios presented to the Airport Commission. Evaluating funding options. The refined Terminal Study will be presented to the Airport Commission on Oct. 24 for further evaluation.Making ProgressSee 4.4 aboveMaking Progresssee 4.4 aboveMaking ProgressSame as 4.4 above.Making ProgressCapital InvestmentRefurbish and re-logo the exterior of airport water tank. Completed......Economic Opportunity and GrowthExpand Raleigh Regional Airport at Person County to facilitate economic opportunity and growth FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives 4893 Animal ServicesQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 14 :14.4Promote responsible pet ownership and public safety Community involvement and education.Making ProgressInstalled first public use Pet Microchip station at Police Department. Looking to do 1 more by July.Making ProgressContinued to prioritze the well being of pets and the safety of our community thru monthly newsletters, local radio station, and offsite events.Making ProgressInstalling second pet microchip station at Timberlake fire department, continued community outreach for services provided by PCASMaking ProgressService ExcellenceContinue to increase adoptions and rescued animals to increase overall save rate. Slight increases each year. Ongoing effort.Making ProgressRecord 77% Save rate reached during 2nd quarter. Goal of 75-80% consistently (monthly).Making ProgressOvercrowding has slowed down our rescue rates, but we continue to have adoptions at the shelter and also at 2 Petsense StoresMaking ProgressSuccessful Clear the Shelter event with over 40 adoptions in August.Making ProgressQuality of LifePop-up rabies clinics throughout county; low-income communities/local Fire Departments/local businesses. Offered 3 community pop up clinics and 2 major clinics.Making Progress257 vaccines during a one-day clinic in Nov. One Year vaccines were free. Next 1 & 3 Year clinic scheduled for April 26. Making ProgressMuliple public announcements with 2 positive rabies cases this year of rabies vaccinations offered at the shelter. Have had offsite events at local businesses throughout county. Making ProgressNext scheduled 1 & 3 year clinic In October. All-day rabies vaccines offered at the shelter Tuesday through Saturday.Making ProgressQuality of LifeCommunity-oriented services to keep pets in current homes. Collaborated with Christian Help Center food bank and APS food bank.Making ProgressMultiple resources given out to get in-home help with food/supplies. Making ProgressWe provided multiple families with necessary items such as dog houses, food, flea prevention, collars and leashes etc. all from donated items. Making ProgressNew Animal Control Officer in field services to place animals back in the homes prior to coming to shelter. Ongoing pet food pantry.Making ProgressQuality of LifeContinue working with local Animal Protection Services to provide Chewy food donation to their food pantryThey pull from this as needed.Making ProgressFinished distributing the food in the warehouse to Christian Help Center. We will request another truck if available. CompletedAsked to be put on another chewy truck delivery when one becomes available for Person County. Making ProgressCollobration with APS with spay/neuter for priority homes that need assistance.Making ProgressLifelong LearningIncrease presence and participation in community and school events.Off site school events for education of basic animal care. Making ProgressRCS Community Days, Earl Bradsher visits, Events at Tractor Supply, Petsense, and OD on Coffee. Making ProgressStarted a new Pet A Pup program for county departments to have a dog brought to them for a brief period. Two local day cares visited our shelter for a learning day. Making ProgressWorking with PCC students and veterinary assistant program. Multiple adoption events each month, continued Pet a Pup Program.Making Progress..........Quality of LifeEnhance public safety and community wellbeing FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives 5894 Cooperative ExtensionQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 9 :9.1Offer education-based programs for all ages and expand outreach through partnerships with community organizations Working with over 10 agencies we organized Aging with Gusto with over 60 participants. Making ProgressWorked with over 12 local businesses and agencies to help with Farm-City Breakfast, over 100 were in attendance.Making ProgressWorked with 15-20 County and State agencies.Making ProgressWe have worked with 25-30 county and state agencies and local businessesMaking ProgressGoal 11 :11.3Work with partners to improve digital equity and inclusion Programs on Cancer Prevention and Nutrtion,50 Shades of Cancer, Cooking which goes over position size, and snacks, Budgeting, home safety and several others.Making ProgressDigital Agent held over eight classes and 23 Face-to-Faces and was the principal author of the County Digital Plan.Making ProgressDigital Agent held over five classes and 7 Face-to-Faces and was the principal author of the County Digital Plan which was approved by the Person County Commissioners.Making ProgressAfter losing the grant we have been transitioning the Digital program to Person County library and Sr CenterMaking ProgressGoal 15 :15.2Promote healthy lifestyles and behaviors Programs on Cancer Prevention and Nutrtion,50 Shades of Cancer, Cooking which goes over position size, and snacks, Budgeting, home safety and several others.Making ProgressHelped and presented at the Cancer Awareness Symposium, Extension Community Association Open House, and Community Health Screening and held monthly class with Lunch N' Learns.Making ProgressWorking with the health department six weeks of classes on diabetes and self management, extension at home virtual series over 60 participants. Worked with Person industries with 25 employees on well-being and work life balance.Making ProgressWe've completed living with diabetes series with 12 people as well as mental health and positive thinking of wellness. Helped with the Civics Academy. Finished up diabetes prevention with participants losing over 100 pounds. Worked with the veterans wall of honor.Making ProgressGoal 16 :16.2Promote agri-business and agri-tourism Planning Farm-City with local foods. Working with Kerr-Tar Regional Foods Counsel, recruiting food processors.Making ProgressHeld Farm-City with local foods. Working with Kerr-Tar Regional Foods Counsel, recruiting food processors.Making ProgressWorking with Kerr-Tar Regional Food Council and Agr-tourism work team. Working with 3 individual farms about Agr-tourism.Making ProgressWorking with Kerr-Tar food council to work together for possible food hub, organized the Person County Food Council to help with food policy decisions, assisted with food distribution with one grant purchasing more than $20,000 worth of local food products.Making ProgressLifelong LearningSupport digital equity with the recruitment, hiring and onboarding of Digital Equity Agent and continuing to steer and support the work of the County-wide Digital Equity Task Force. We have hired a Digital agent and she has lead the steering committee and has the plan digital inclusion plan for the countyMaking ProgressThe Digital Agent led the steering committee and developed a digital inclusion plan for the county. ECA continued to hold classes, and the Master Gardener classes will graduate 14 adults who will be our volunteersMaking ProgressThe digital skills agent had 5 digital classes as well as 7 to 8 face-to-face sessions 1-on-1. Also partnered with Google as well as the University of Utah with mastering remote work education certificates program. Agent resigned, and we are currently working on recruiting a new agent.Making ProgressAssisted with the Kerr-Tar grant for $7,500 for digital equipment for the library.Making ProgressQuality of LifeProvide Healthy Weight and Chronic Disease Prevention programs to help empower youth and families to lead healthier lives and become community leadersSeveral classesMaking ProgressHeld several Diabetes class.Making ProgressWorked with the Health Department and the senior center in February and March to celebrate Heart Healthy Month and National Nutrition Month. Also did training for NC Safe Plate training, food service employees as well as healthcare providers on colors on healthy nutrition programs.Making ProgressHeld diabetes prevention class with 9 participants losing over 100 pounds.Making ProgressLifelong LearningProvide Youth Development programs to train teachers in 4-H STEM hands-on curriculum, which will increase youth knowledge and understanding of STEM4-H had several day camps this summer with safety Explorers camp with several county dept., Textiles, investigation with DNA analyses Making ProgressHeld the 4-H Feather Classic, which is part of a poultry program where 4-H'ers get instructions on how to raise and show poultry and get baby chicks and show the adult birds.Making ProgressWorked with hunter safety classes for 4-Hers. Also introduced the chick embryology to 12 classrooms across the county both middle and elementary schools along with 27 projects for the butterfly metamorphosis project.Making ProgressWe held a summer fun camp with STEM as the main component as well as a safety explorer camp with EMS with over 20 children involved both being a week long.Making ProgressFY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)Lifelong LearningWork with partners to create and support opportunities for the current and future workforce to learn and develop new skills Service ExcellenceProactively meet the changing needs of the community Quality of LifePromote healthy communities Preserve and celebrate rural character and lifestyle 6895 Cooperative ExtensionQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressLifelong LearningProvide youth with improved knowledge of local food, agricultural systems and understanding of life skills.Summer day camps about plant and animalsMaking ProgressAt the Farm-City Breakfast, several youths showed their involvement in the community gardens at their school.Making ProgressThe livestock club met and looked at turkeys as well as getting ready for the feather, classic teaching, housing care and treatment of birds. Also prep work for spring break and summer break day camp for 4-Hers. Master gardeners helped with community gardens at schools and at the library.Making ProgressAll the spring break camp with 4-H'ers, learning about agriculture and 4-H clubs, working with youth and livestock and horses. Assisting schools in Person County with their community Gardens.Making ProgressEconomic Opportunity and Growth, Quality of LifeContinue to assist agricultural producers with their enterprises in maintaining their profitability, which supports local economy. Making ProgressThe Kerr-Tar Food Council is working to help producers get more local markets. Farm-City Breakfast had many local food and restaurants working together and finding new markets in Person County.Making ProgressWorked with Kerr-Tar on their food council to enable us to have a full circle from production to conception to waste management working with both restaurants and food pantry. Also work with PCC and EDC on Agri-business coming to the county.Making ProgressHelping farmers maintain licensing in waste management and pesticide certification. Making ProgressLifelong Learning, Quality of LifeDisseminate current information to producers on the latest research related to quality and safety.Presented Lawn Care at the Person County Library also held pesticide recertification classes for private applicator. Starting Master Garden classes.Making ProgressPresented Lawn Care at the Person County Library and also held pesticide recertification classes for private applicators, several are planned for the winter. Graduation of Master Garden classes.Making ProgressFarmer education has gone from in grass, workshops, Piedmont, forage, conference, gap trainings, soybean, trainings grain, marketing trainings, hosted a pesticide classes continuing Ed programs and testing center. Along with several homeowners questions and a plethora of soil testing education. Making ProgressContinuing with weekly Radio, newspaper, and Facebook articles about new research. Holding field days and teaching at office visits when clients come to ask us questions about their production and pest prevention. We send hundreds of soil test to NCDA for analysis as well as plants.Making Progress..........New Initiatives 7896 Economic DevelopmentQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 1 : 1.1Attract new businesses that create well-paying jobs, add to the tax base and provide valued services and productsThe Economic Development Department is currently working with potential prospects.Making ProgressThe Person County Mega Park was sold on October 31. The Department is working on other projects currently.Making ProgressThe Person County North Park Site was sold to Spuntech, an existing industry in Person County. Making ProgressThe Person County-owned property at the airport is now under lease with Alpha Craft. They plan to relocate from VA to NC.Making Progress1.2Expand and support existing businessesNew Existing Industry Specialist is making new contacts and has been well-received. Some discussion about local expansions taking place.Making ProgressThe New Industry Specialist has been working well meeting companies' needs. Expansion and intern possibilities are in the works. Making ProgressThe Exisisting Industry Specialist have made over 50 visits to local industries and businesses in the county. Making ProgressPartnered with Kerr Tar and NC Works to successfully host a dynamic job fair in Person County, aimed at connecting job seekers with local employment opportunities. Continued engaging with various industries through site visits to understand their needs and challenges better. Met with local banking institutions to brainstorm innovative strategies and support initiatives tailored to empower small businesses in the community.Making Progress1.3Work with partners to create and support opportunities for the current and future workforce to learn and develop new skillsThis will be an upcoming focus.Not StartedStarted working with PCC and NC State.Making ProgressContinue work with PCC and NC State. Currently working wiht NC State to have summer interns at several industries. Making ProgressZachry announced that to successfully implement the Duke Energy Contract, we will need to conduct comprehensive employee training. This initiative will empower our department to engage more effectively with both PCC and VGCC, fostering stronger collaboration and enhancing our overall capabilities.Making ProgressGoal 8 : 8.3Ensure the 6-14 Workforce Pipeline Remains Strong Assisting both partners as needed. Including helping securing internships and visiting industries with PCC.Making ProgressAssisting both partners as needed. Attended CTE meetings and worked with Judy Bradsher. Still working with PCC. Making ProgressMaintaining a strong relationship with PCC and PCS. Staff participated in several events including a "career day" to teach kids how to manange money. Making ProgressContinued meeting with PCS on CTE. Participated in a healthcare roundtable. Will participate in a manufacturing roundtable in October.Making ProgressGoal 11 :11.1Monitor and analyze population growth and demographic changes and structure services to meet changing needs Had a meeting last week about housing needs in Person County. As soon as some projects are completed we will work on this more.Not StartedHad several meetings with brokers and developers about new housing projects and needs of the county.Making ProgressContinue meetings with brokers, infrastructuire parterns, and developers to provide data on the needs of Person County. Making ProgressDevelopers are contacting the department to review their potential projects. Continued examining of data to address infrastructure needs. Worked with projects regarding rail issues.Making ProgressEconomic Opportunity and GrowthContinue product development for North Park Site and continue to look for additional sites for industry recruitmentThe North Park site is still active. There is currently a lawsuit pending on the site and the Golden Leaf grant is still open. Making ProgressSettled the lawsuit on North Park. Worked on closing the grant with Golden Leaf. Have a project looking at North Park.Making ProgressSold North Park SiteCompletedEconomic Opportunity and GrowthWork on new marketing for the North Park Site. The slide show has been updated, and a new sign is at the site.CompletedProactively meet the changing needs of the community FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)Economic Opportunity and GrowthRecruit, grow, and retain business and industryLifelong LearningSupport our educational partners, Person County Schools (PCS) and Piedmont Community College (PCC)Service Excellence 8897 Economic DevelopmentQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressQuality of LifeUpdate and streamline the Economic Development strategic plan to incorporate workforce development, housing and education as prioritiesBegan baseline meetings with attention to all three priorities. Not StartedMeetings have commenced with PCS and PCC. The Economic Development Department has engaged with brokers and developers to address housing needs.Making ProgressContinue meetings with brokers, infrastructuire parterns, and developers to provide data on the needs of Person County. Working with business to provide knowledge of needs of comsumers. Making ProgressParticipating in the tourism initiative with Kerr Tar has been an exciting opportunity. The Economic Development website now features a dedicated page highlighting the region's quality of life, showcasing the unique offerings that make our community special. The Economic Development team has actively engaged in numerous public events, where their presence has garnered enthusiastic feedback from attendees. This commitment to visibility and community involvement underscores their dedication to fostering a strong connection with residents and visitors alike.Making ProgressLifelong LearningContinue to support training and professional development opportunities for staff and the business communityThe ED boardroom has been a great resource for local businesses to have meetings and trainings. The department began offering this service in the summer of 2024. The department also completed a Small Business informational guide to inform business of the resources available. CompletedThe ED boardroom continues to be used for other county department training and local industry training. Staff continues training on their NC Certified Economic Development Certification. Staff attended training on record retention. Staff works with PCC and NCSU to provide training and coordination of internships. CompletedService ExcellenceEnhance the department’s focus to support the many aspects of Economic DevelopmentEnhanced the department's focus to support the many aspects of Economic Development. Making ProgressAttending multiple events for Chamber, URG and PCC. Minutes for last three years are on Laserfiche. Started new website development.Making ProgressContinue to grow community involvement. The ED department is more visiable than ever before. Making ProgressConsistently participated in a variety of public events throughout the year, including community festivals, town hall meetings, and charity fundraisers. Their presence at these gatherings has been met with overwhelming enthusiasm from attendees, who appreciate the organization's commitment to transparency and outreach. Feedback has highlighted not only the importance of ED's visibility in the community but also the meaningful interactions fostered between ED representatives and local residents, which have helped to strengthen relationships and promote a sense of unity among community members.Making Progress..........New Initiatives 9898 Environmental HealthQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressService ExcellenceImplement new available technology to provide more comprehensible documentation.The implementation of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) in conjunction with GPS arrow units allows for delineation of existing septic systems on GIS maps.Making ProgressImplementation is complete.CompletedEconomic Opportunity and GrowthMaintain onsite wastewater site evaluation processing time at 4 weeks.Current processing time for onsite wastewater evaluations averages 4 weeks.Making ProgressCurrent processing time for onsite wastewater evaluations averages 6 weeks.Making ProgressCurrent processing time for onsite wastewater evaluations averages 6 weeks.Making ProgressAs of June 30, 2025, the processing time was 6 weeks.Making Progress..........FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives 10899 ElectionsQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressService ExcellencePrepare for the 2024 Presidential General Election and follow all updated procedures and processes administered by the NCSBOE and changes in the law as outlined in the General Statues.Successfully completed the 2024 NCSBOE Wellness Audit. Conducting absentee meetings, preparing for a large voter turnout during early voting & on election day, conducting trainings for precinct officials, & keeping our board members abreast of updated procedures and processes administered by the NCSBOE. Making ProgressSuccessfully completed candidate filing and ballot preparation. Conducted all required trainings for EV & ED precinct officials including changes that affected processes and procedures. Also, successfully completed mandatory machine recount, hand-eye recount, & election protest hearing.CompletedLifelong LearningFurther develop Safety/Emergency Preparedness protocols for election day precincts and early voting sites and properly prepare and train part-time employees and contract workers. Plans for our 2nd TTX with county & city management were canceled due to Hurricane Helene. Kim Strickland and Chris Puryear gave presentations in our precinct official training sessions to enhance the understanding of cybersecurity, AI technology, & verifying resources. Making ProgressFacilitated training sessions to include presentations from our Director of Emergency Services, County CIO, & the County PIO. Focused efforts to develop greater understanding and confidence of technology and resources and the use of social media platforms.CompletedService ExcellenceCollaborate with other county departments to build relationships and trust to achieve common goals. Specifically, continue to strengthen efforts with the PIO to keep the public informed of upcoming events, dates, and services provided.On going meetings with other departments to prepare for Early Voting & Election Day. Working closely with Kim Strickland to enhance the use of social media & other platforms to heighten awareness to the public of dates, precinct information, & other election related events.Making ProgressWorked together with Emergency Mngt., General Services, County CIO and the IT Department, & PIO. Collaboration included set-up of equipment, telephone access, installed cameras, use of monitors, daily access to the building, the PCOB Auditorium set-up with access to SEIMS virtual desktop apps, voter photo ID equipment, etc.Making ProgressHosted the CIVICS Academy students and presented information regarding the 2024 General Election results. Also, shared statistics and information regarding the elections department. Also, working with the GIS dept. and the State Board to update addresses in our SEIMS database. Making ProgressWorking with general services & IT Dept to facilitate set-up & training for the 2025 municipal election.Making ProgressCapital InvestmentDrive results with the highest integrity by creating an environment of transparency and accuracy. Continue efforts to build greater confidence in the elections processes and accuracy of data. Initiatives will include 100% accuracy of data with L & A Testing, Mock Election Results, Hand/Eye Audit, and reconciliation processes.Completed L&A Testing with 100% accuracy. The mock election was completed timely and with 100% accuracy on early voting, election day, and other reporting groups. Making ProgressCompleted the early voting period (16,241 voters) voter history, ballot reconciliation, and tabulator count with 99.96% accuracy. Election Day (5,112 voters) with 99.98% accuracy, & Absentee Voting (695 voters) with 99.98% accuracy.CompletedService ExcellenceIncrease participation and access to residents living in facilities through proactive use of Multipartisan Assistance Teams (MATS) teams. The MATS team completed 8 site visits prior to 10/09/2024 to provide voting access to residents living in facilities.Making ProgressThe MATS team completed 12 site visits prior to the 2024 General Election to provide voting access to residents living in facilities.CompletedService ExcellenceCoordinate efforts with local party leaders to appoint/re-appoint board members and precinct officials for the 2025-2027 election cycle. Board members are sworn in July 22, 2025. Not StartedMet with the newly appointed local Republican party chair and the outgoing Democrat party chair to coordinate efforts on upcoming board member and precinct official appointments. Making ProgressBoard members were sworn-in and have attended the NCSBOE conference as a part of their required training. Received timely list from local party chairs for the precint chief judge/judge appointments. Board members have made recommendations for appointment for the 2025-2027 election cycle. Making ProgressService ExcellencePrepare for the 2025 Municipal Election and follow all updated procedures and processes administered by the NCSBOE and changes in the law as outlined in the General Statues.Shape files of the current city limits have been forwarded to the State Board in preparation for the SEIMS Geocode Audit. Making ProgressSubmitted resolutions to conduct in-person early voting & election day voting & processes at the BOE Office for the 2025 municipal election. Conducting precinct official training and weekly absentee meetings & processes.Making ProgressFY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives 11900 ElectionsQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressCapital InvestmentDrive results with the highest integrity by creating an environment of transparency and accuracy. Continue efforts to build greater confidence in the elections processes and accuracy of data. Initiatives will include 100% accuracy of data with L & A Testing, Mock Election Results, Hand/Eye Audit, and reconciliation processes.Completed Mock Election and Logic & Accuracy testing on 09/04/25 with 100% accuracy. Also, working with the NCSBOE on the Registration Repair Project.Making ProgressService ExcellenceIncrease participation and access to residents living in facilities through proactive use of Multipartisan Assistance Teams (MATS) teams. Conducted MATS training on 09/03/25 to prepare teams for the upcoming election season. Making Progress..12901 Emergency Services Quarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 6 : 6.3Utilize facility feasibility assessment to plan for current and future needs of the Emergency Services Department Planning efforts continue but funding was removed from the CIP so no further progress has been made on a new facility. Some cosmetic renovations have been made to the current EMS and Communications building to improve quality of the working environment for the employees but space limitations persist. Making ProgressPlanning efforts continue. Held multiple discussions with NC 911 Board about grant funding opportunities for the 911 portion of a new facility. An RFQ was written to be submitted to hire a company to assist with the grant process to include (if successful) building planning, construction management and migration. Making ProgressPlanning efforts continue. Held multiple discussions with NC 911 Board about grant funding opportunities for the 911 portion of a new facility. Continue to work closely with Economic Development to look at existing and potential spaces. Making ProgressPlanning efforts continue.911 Board denied our grant process because we already have another grant open and in progress for another project. Began in earnest planning for radio console upgrade for existing 911 facility. Continue to work closely with Economic Development to look at existing and potential spaces. Making ProgressGoal 14 :14.1Enhance the resiliency of the community by coordinating and collaborating the emergency and disaster mitigation, preparedness, prevention, response and recovery activities Conducted numerous public events to address emergency and disaster planning and recovery strategies. Attended Disaster Recovery Financial Planning Workshop along with the City of Roxboro to strengthen planning for financial recovery for the localities after a disaster. Continue to work on hazardous materials mitigation project and to strengthen LEPC activities. Work has begun on the 5 year re-write of the regional hazard mitigation plan. Continue to promote mass notification system and iPaws system for community notification and information sharing during emergencies. Training staff on WebEOC application and participating in quarterly exercises to increase proficiency. Making ProgressConducted numerous public events to address emergency and disaster planning and recovery strategies. Continue to work on hazardous materials mitigation project and to strengthen LEPC activities. Attended Tier II training to better assist businesses in the community with Tier II mandatory reporting for hazardous materials. Work continues on the 5 year re-write of the regional hazard mitigation plan. Continue to promote mass notification system and iPaws system for community notification and information sharing during emergencies. Training staff on WebEOC application and participating in quarterly exercises to increase proficiency. Completed deliverables for two Community Building Capacity Grants - 1. Portable Communications Center/Mobile EOC Project to increase capabilities to communicate during emergencies and disasters and enhance command and control operations on major incidents. 2. Shelter Generator and Transfer Switch - Installed a generator and power transfer switch at Warren's Grove Methodist Church so that facility has the ability to serve as a community mass shelter during emergencies. Applied for and received a Duke Energy Disaster Preparedness Grant for a Tethered Drone Program to enhance situational awareness, investigation, data collection and damage assessment capabilities during incidents. Applied for and received a Community Building Capacity Grant for a Utility Terrain Vehicle to enhance patient movement and wildland firefighting capability. Completed all deliverables for the FY25 Emergency Management Preparedness Grant Program. Making ProgressConducted numerous public events to address emergency and disaster planning and recovery strategies. Continue to work on hazardous materials mitigation project and to strengthen LEPC activities. Attended Tier II training to better assist businesses in the community with Tier II mandatory reporting for hazardous materials. Work continues on the 5 year re-write of the regional hazard mitigation plan. Continue to promote mass notification system and iPaws system for community notification and information sharing during emergencies. Training staff on WebEOC application and participating in quarterly exercises to increase proficiency. Completed deliverables for two Community Building Capacity Grants - 1. Portable Communications Center/Mobile EOC Project to increase capabilities to communicate during emergencies and disasters and enhance command and control operations on major incidents. 2. Shelter Generator and Transfer Switch - Installed a generator and power transfer switch at Warren's Grove Methodist Church so that facility has the ability to serve as a community mass shelter during emergencies. Applied for and received a Duke Energy Disaster Preparedness Grant for a Tethered Drone Program to enhance situational awareness, investigation, data collection and damage assessment capabilities during incidents. Applied for and received a Community Building Capacity Grant for a Utility Terrain Vehicle to enhance patient movement and wildland firefighting capability. Completed all deliverables for the FY25 Emergency Management Preparedness Grant Program. Making ProgressConducted numerous public events to address emergency and disaster planning and recovery strategies. Completed regional hazardous materials mitigation plan. Will present to BOCC for adoption[TS1] . Managed response and recovery for TS Chantal. Staff attended All-Hazards Incident Management training. Continue to promote mass notification system and iPaws system for community notification and information sharing during emergencies. Training staff on WebEOC application and participating in quarterly exercises to increase proficiency. Participated in a public health biological exposure exercise. Closed out three grants to include two Community Building Capacity Grant (CBCG) grants and one Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness grant, all of which increased community preparedness and resilience. Completed procurement for a Duke Energy Disaster Preparedness Grant for a Tethered Drone Program to enhance situational awareness, investigation, data collection and damage assessment capabilities during incidents. Multiple staff attended Drone Pilot training to enhance the program. Applied for and received a Community Building Capacity Grant for a Utility Terrain Vehicle to enhance patient movement and wildland firefighting capability. UTV’s have been delivered. Still awaiting delivery of the patient carrying and fire pump skids.Making ProgressCapital Investment Ensure county facilities meet the needs of the public and employees Quality of LifeEnhance public safety and community wellbeing 13902 Emergency Services Quarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4Progress14.3Support volunteer fire departments' efforts to maintain or lower their ISO ratings and provide greater protection to the community Assisted three departments in achieving lower ISO rating this year. No other department is scheduled for ISO inspections in 2024. Through the ALS360 program, provide the fire departments with high quality and maintained AED's and LUCAS devices to provide better patient care. Acquisition of a UTV with both patient movement and fire suppression capability to be available for all public safety agencies to assist when needed. Complete deployment of Portable Communication Center to improve field communications during incidents. Making ProgressAssisted one department with completing their ISO certification rating process with OSFM. Acquired the AED's and LUCAS CPR chest compression devices from the Stryker ALS360 program for the fire departments and have started training the individual departments on the equipment. Received a Hazardous Materials Preparedness Grant to purchase HAZMAT training equipment for the fire departments. Making ProgressAssisted one department with completing their ISO certification rating process with OSFM. Acquired the AED's and LUCAS CPR chest compression devices from the Stryker ALS360 program for the fire departments and have started training the individual departments on the equipment. Received a Hazardous Materials Preparedness Grant to purchase HAZMAT training equipment for the fire departments. Making ProgressCompleted training with volunteer fire departments on LUCAS chest compression devices and AED training. Received a Hazardous Materials Preparedness Grant to purchase HAZMAT training equipment for the fire departments. Continuing to work on deployment mechanisms. Continue to support fire departments with medical supply purchase. Entered into discussion with Piedmont Community College to develop plans to assist fire departments with ongoing medical training and certifications. Conducted SCBA fit testing for multiple departments. Continue to attend and participate in Chief’s Association activities.Deploying new alerting application to all fire departments and law enforcement agencies to give them better functionality and situational awareness. Preparing to help fire departments with reporting system requirement changes that go into effect in January of 2026. Making ProgressGoal 15 : Promote healthy communities 15.1Improve access to healthcare services Continue to partner with Person Memorial Hospital to promote access of expanded services. Two recent additions have been orthopedics coverage and telestroke. Currently working to expand cardiology services. Continue to develop a post overdose response program (PORT). Continue to work collaborative with law enforcement on the Co-Responder Program. Continue to participate in the Person County Crisis collaborative to address access to behavioral health services. Continue to participate in RACECARS Clinical Trial and implement a Public Access AED program for the general public. Making ProgressContinue to partner with Person Memorial Hospital to promote access of expanded services. Currently working to expand cardiology services. Collaborated with hospital on chest pain and stroke accreditation. Continue to develop a post overdose response program (PORT) as part of a larger Mobile Integrated Healthcare Program. Continue to work collaboratively with law enforcement on the Co-Responder Program. Continue to participate in the Person County Crisis Collaborative to address access to behavioral health services. Continue to participate in RACECARS Clinical Trial and implement a Public Access AED program for the general public. Continue CPR/AED training for all new county employees. Entered into discussions with Person County School Division on a Traumatic Bleeding Control program for the schools. Making ProgressContinue to partner with Person Memorial Hospital to promote access of expanded services. Currently working to expand cardiology services. Collaborated with hospital on chest pain and stroke accreditation. Continue to develop a post overdose response program (PORT) as part of a larger Mobile Integrated Healthcare Program. Continue to work collaboratively with law enforcement on the Co-Responder Program. Continue to participate in the Person County Crisis Collaborative to address access to behavioral health services. Continue to participate in RACECARS Clinical Trial and implement a Public Access AED program for the general public. Making ProgressContinue to partner with Person Memorial Hospital to promote access of expanded services. Currently working to expand cardiology services. Participated in PMH hospital chest pain accreditation process. Continue to navigate collaboratively with PMH on reduced radiology services to minimize impacts to the citizens and EMS operations. Continue to develop a post overdose response program (PORT) as part of a larger Mobile Integrated Healthcare Program. Continue to work collaboratively with law enforcement on the Co-Responder Program. Continue to participate in the Person County Crisis Collaborative to address access to behavioral health services. Continue to participate in RACECARS Clinical Trial and implement a Public Access AED program for the general public.Making Progress14903 Emergency Services Quarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4Progress15.2Promote healthy lifestyles and behaviors Participate in community events to promote health, first aid and response to emergencies. In discussion with PCSD on two additional initiatives. Making ProgressParticipate in community events to promote health, first aid and response to emergencies. Introduced several mental health initiatives for department employees. Exploring the possibility of creating a county-wide Critical Incident Response Team. Continue to support department personnel attending Crisis Intervention Team training to better serve those in the community experiencing behavioral emergencies. Making ProgressParticipate in community events to promote health, first aid and response to emergencies. Introduced several mental health initiatives for department employees. Partnered with faith-based organizations to teach CPR/AED to their congregations. Exploring the possibility of creating a county-wide Critical Incident Response Team. Continue to support department personnel attending Crisis Intervention Team training to better serve those in the community experiencing behavioral emergencies. Making ProgressParticipate in community events to promote health, first aid and response to emergencies. Partnered with faith-based organizations to teach CPR/AED to their congregations. Exploring the possibility of creating a county-wide Critical Incident Response Team. Continue to support department personnel attending Crisis Intervention Team training to better serve those in the community experiencing behavioral emergencies. Completed our second Safety Explorers Camp for 3rd-5th grade students teaching them about emergency preparedness and skills. Participated in two county civics academy events teaching CPR and emergency preparedness topics.Making Progress15.3Develop and implement plan for utilizing Opioid Settlement Funds PORT team in development phase. Looking to implement in second quarter. Making ProgressPORT Team / Mobile Integrated Healthcare Program policies and procedures are completed. One employee transferred into this role to assist in finalizing development. Reporting and tracking software still being developed. Making ProgressPORT Team / Mobile Integrated Healthcare Program policies and procedures are completed. Tracking and data collection software design has been completed and tested. Advertised through HR to hire an additional provider for the program (interviews pending). Continue to procure equipment for the program. Actively participate in Opoiod Settlement committee. Making ProgressPORT Team / Mobile Integrated Healthcare Program policies and procedures are completed. Tracking and data collection software design has been completed and tested. Advertised through HR to hire an additional provider for the program (interviews pending). Continue to procure equipment for the program. Actively participate in Opoiod Settlement committee. Conducted training for partner organizations on naloxone administration. Coordinated a grant that allowed the county to receive a large supply of nasal naloxone delivery devices. Making ProgressQuality of LifeComplete re-write of operational policies and procedures for the EMS division.Entered into agreement with a contractor to assist staff with revision of EMS policies. Initial assessment completed. Developing work plan. Making ProgressStill in progress from 1st quarter. Making ProgressStill in progress from 1st quarter. Making ProgressWork is approxiamtey 50% complete on policy review and revision. Staff is continuing to work with contactor and line level employees on policy revision and creation. Did adpot and revised clinical policies in accordance with NCOEMS regulations. Making ProgressService Excellence, Quality of LifeRevision of County EMS Plan as a requirement of the NC Office of Emergency Medical ServicesInitial planning meetings held. Not StartedThis project will be on hold until Policies and Procedures re-write is completed to make sure both documents remain compatible and to not duplicate staff efforts. Not StartedThis project will be on hold until Policies and Procedures re-write is completed to make sure both documents remain compatible and to not duplicate staff efforts. Not StartedThis project will be on hold until Policies and Procedures re-write is completed to make sure both documents remain compatible and to not duplicate staff efforts. Not StartedFY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)15904 Emergency Services Quarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressQuality of LifeCollaboratively work with stakeholders to increase education and capability for mass casualty events, active threat events and vehicle extrications.Continue to work with public safety stakeholders on all three areas. Participated in an active threat, radiological dispersion device and pediatric burn surge exercises to increase awareness and assess gaps in response plans. Making ProgressContinue to work with public safety stakeholders on all three areas. Participated in a hazardous materials transportation accident exercise. Continue to increase capabilities to respond to hazardous material incidents. Implemented new active threat/mass casualty incident responder bags on emergency services vehicles. Making ProgressContinue to work with public safety stakeholders on all three areas. Participated in a hazardous materials transportation accident exercise. Continue to increase capabilities to respond to hazardous material incidents. Implemented new active threat/mass casualty incident responder bags on emergency services vehicles. Making ProgressContinue to work with public safety stakeholders on all three areas. Continuing to increase hazardous materials response capabilities. Working on grant application to purchase additional types of hazardous materials monitoring equipment to fill identified gaps. Attended hazardous materials training. Working with EMS and RFD to conduct a full scale hazardous materials exercise in the fall of 2025. Purchased training props for public safety agencies to use for hazardous materials and explosives training. Continue to provide regular training to EMS personnel on mass casualty trauma care. Some staff members have received their instructor certifications in Tactical Emergency Casualty Care and are hosting classes for public safety personnel through collaboration with Piedmont Community College. Making ProgressService ExcellenceContinue development in division logistics to achieve efficiencies in procurement and sustainability.Logistics continues to look for efficiencies in procurement and management of equipment, supplies and vehicles. ALS360 program is a significant step in ensuring high quality equipment is available at a cost savings to the County. Continue to develop and evaluate EMS vending machine program. Continue to pursue grants across all four divisions. Making ProgressSuccessfully implemented the EMS vending machine program. Based on successful feedback and metrics we have purchased a second machine (awaiting delivery). Finished specifications for three new ambulances to replace units within the EMS division that are at end of service life and have increased maintenance costs and reliability issues. Making ProgressSuccessfully implemented the EMS vending machine program. Based on successful feedback and metrics we have purchased a second machine (awaiting delivery). Finished specifications for three new ambulances to replace units within the EMS division that are at end of service life and have increased maintenance costs and reliability issues. Making ProgressSuccessfully implemented the EMS vending machine program to include installation of second machine. Continue to work through equipment modernization to replace old equipment to reduce maintenance costs and reduce risk. Successfully placed into service two new ambulances which was desperately needed for fleet stability. Have a third ambulance still in the queue at the manufacturer for building. Estimated delivery will be late summer of 2026. Continuing to work on engineering specifications for Rapid Response Unit modules for utility vehicles which will reduce future replacement costs. Conducting inspections at all county owned radio tower sites to identify any potential mainteneace or repair issues ro prevent future catastrophic events. Sunsetting some older radio technologies to reduce maintence costs. Making Progress16905 Emergency Services Quarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressService ExcellenceContinue to rebuild education branch with a focus on not just clinical education but also on professional development, ethics, leadership and personnel management training.Developed a new training plan for all EMS personnel. Focus on key clinical areas and non-clinical areas such as personal growth, ethics, and leadership. Making ProgressImplemented a complete re-write of the 911/Emergency Telecommunications Training program to be more efficient. Implemented "Reality Based Training" into the third training phase. Had all 911 Supervisors complete EMD QA training to better be able to assess and correct any deficiencies found in their shift EMD process. Established better relationships with Piedmont Community College for EMS continuing education classes and course management. Making ProgressContinuing to aggressively recruit, train and retain staff. Completed CARES Registry data input for 2024 for national standards reporting. Continued planning process for significant 911 system upgrades that will occur next quarter and first quarter of FY26. Completed 911 Board Technology Plan. Making ProgressContinue to refine the newly written of the 911/Emergency Telecommunications Training program to be more efficient. Had all 911 Supervisors complete EMD QA training to better be able to assess and correct any deficiencies found in their shift EMD process and now working on sending the assistant supervisors to the same training for their professional development. Have begun to send 911 supervisors to EFD training to revise the fire department dispatch process for better performance. Implemented new training program for EMS personnel to better enhance field performance. Continue to work on relationships with Piedmont Community College for EMS continuing education classes and course management. Continue to promote educational growth mindset by sending employees to classes outside the agency to broaden their perspectives. Sent a team to compete in a statewide tactical paramedic competition for the first time in agency history and they took second place in the state.Making ProgressService ExcellenceContinue aggressive recruitment and hiring and focus on retention within the division.Posting continuous job openings to allow flow of applicants, participating in college open houses, focusing on internal employee retention activities through engagement and workplace culture development. Making ProgressContinued focus on internal employee retention and workplace culture. Continuing to seek recruitment opportunities. Making ProgressContinued focus on internal employee retention and workplace culture. Continuing to seek recruitment opportunities. Continue to make incremental improvements to facilities and spaces for the employees. Making ProgressContinuing to aggressively recruit, train and retain staff with a focus on internal employee retention and promotion. Staffing levels are vastly improved in all devisions over previous fiscal years. Hired a new Deputy Fire Marshal. Making ProgressService ExcellenceDevelop and publish a new Continuity of Operations Plan. Worked collaboratively with all department in the County and City of Roxboro to develop a new and comprehensive Continuity of Operations Plan. Making ProgressContinuity of Operations Plan was approved by the Board of Commissioners and published. A COOP training plan is being developed. Making ProgressCOOP training plan still being developed. Making ProgressBegan annual revision of COOP plan. Will implement Department Head training in Fall of 2025. Making ProgressQuality of LifeDevelop and publish a new County Emergency Operations Basic Plan. Develop and publish a new County Emergency Operations Basic Plan. Making ProgressDevelop and publish a new County Emergency Operations Basic Plan. Making ProgressContinued development County Emergency Operations Basic Plan. Held meeting with Anerican Red Cross to look at partnerships with the EOP and Shelter Plan. Making ProgressContinued development of Emergency Operations Plan making sure it aligns with the newly published Hazard Mitigation Plan. renewed ARC memorandum. Completed CKIR and HVA assessments in collaboration with other stakeholders. Making ProgressQuality of LifeRestructure and reorganize the Local Emergency Planning Committee to ensure federal compliance and to better assist county Tier II facilities meet their reporting requirements. Attended multiple classes on the Tier II process to determine the best way to assist the County to meet these requirements. Wrote new by-laws for the LEPC and will be restructuring the LEPC Committee. From January to March 2025, will assist facilities in meeting their Tier II reporting requirements while simultaneously going through a reauthorization process with NCEM. Making ProgressPresented to BOC a plan to move the LEPC from a stand-alone committee to a BOC appointed committee. This was approved. By-laws revised to reflect new changes. By-laws and new structure sent to NCEM for review. Actively recruited for new membership on the LEPC to meet BOC approval. Making ProgressCompleted by-laws draft for membership to review and adopt. Will host LEPC meeting this quarter. Assisted Tier II facilities with their mandatory federal reporting. All identified Tier II facilities were able to complete their reports and submit them by the deadline. Making Progress100% completion of Tier II Data submission for 2025. Continuing to develop policies for LEPC performance. Completed Tier II grant requirements to ensure 2025-2026 funding. Making Progress....New Initiatives 17906 FinanceQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 5 : 5.1Develop and adequately fund a five-year Capital Improvement Plan annually The FY26-FY30 CIP process will begin in Q2.Not StartedDeveloping FY26-FY30 CIP budgetMaking ProgressFY26-30 CIP budget has been adoptedCompleted5.2Maintain a healthy debt affordability model per established financial policies Collaborating with the County Manager to minimize use of Fund balance and maximize interest earnings.Making ProgressCollaborating with the County Manager to minimize use of Fund balance and maximize interest earnings.Making ProgressCollaborating with the County Manager to minimize use of Fund balance and maximize interest earnings.Making ProgressCollaborating with the County Manager to minimize use of Fund balance and maximize interest earnings.Making ProgressGoal 7 :7.1Fund PCS ADA and safety projects with bond issuances in FY25 and FY27 Future debt issuances.Not StartedDelayed next bond issuance until FY26 per PCS request.Making ProgressPreparing for FY26 LOBs issuanceMaking ProgressPreparing for FY26 LOBs issuanceMaking Progress7.3Partner with PCC to plan for and fund the Center for Health, Advanced Technology & Trades (CHATT) Purchased Carolina Pride Carwash Building. Issued 2024 LOB's to fund purchase. Next step: Enter into agreement with PCC for use of the building.Making ProgressPerson County and PCC have a signed lease for PCC's use of the CHATT building.CompletedGoal 8 : 8.1Increase funding to support improvements in pre-K-12 educationFunded 10.2% increase for FY25 current expense budget. Making ProgressWorking with PCS and the Budget team to meet PCS funding needs.Making ProgressWorking with PCS and the Budget team to meet PCS funding needs.Making ProgressFunded 8.4% increase for FY26 current expense budget (fully funded request). Partially funded capital request.Making Progress8.2Ensure funding meets PCC’s operational needsFunded 20.0% increase for FY25 current expense budget. Purchased building for CHATT. Making ProgressWorking with PCC and the Budget team to meet PCC funding needs.Making ProgressWorking with PCC and the Budget team to meet PCC funding needs.Making ProgressFunded 6.89% increase for FY26 current expense budget (fully funded request). Partially funded capital request.Making ProgressGoal 13 :13.1Minimize tax increases based on necessity Implementing FY25 approved budget with no tax increase.Making ProgressFollowing tax revaluation, evaluating current budget requests to determine needs and recommended tax rate.Making ProgressFollowing tax revaluation, evaluating current budget requests to determine needs and recommended tax rate.Making ProgressFY26 budget apporved with a tax rate lower than FY25 (although higher than revenue neutral). Tax rate set as low as possible to address the loss of one-time revenues budgeted in FY25 and to meet community needs.Completed13.2Develop and implement an annual balanced budget and capital improvement plan Implementing FY25 approved budget and CIP.Making ProgressMeeting with Person County departments individually to evaluate FY26 budget requestsMaking ProgressWorking wiith the County Manager to prepare the Recommended FY26 budgetMaking ProgressFY26 annual budget and FY26-30 CIP adopted.Completed13.3Hire a grant writer and capitalize on grant opportunities Not StartedContracted with a grant writer and currently beginning the process of applying for grants.Making ProgressGrant writer worked with departments to research and iniatite grant applications.Making ProgressGrant writer has not been engaged by departments but will be reaching out again.Making ProgressService ExcellenceFully transition the CFO’s replacement due to retirement of current CFO on August 1, 2024.The Deputy CFO is serving as Interim CFO.Making ProgressTransitioned to new CFO in January 2026CompletedCapital InvestmentSuccessfully issue new debt in August 2024 for the acquisition of properties, renovation and upgrades to the Recycling Center in preparation of the merger with Person Industries, and a school roofing replacement. 2024 LOBs issued in August 2024CompletedService ExcellenceCoordinate with audit firm to complete and submit the County’s FY24 audit report by the State’s deadline of October 31, 2024.Working towards completing the FY24 audit.Making ProgressSubmitted FY24 audit on October 30, 2024.CompletedCapital Investment Sustain the capital planning process Lifelong LearningSupport our educational partners, Person Count Schools (PCS) and Piedmont Community College (PCC)Service ExcellencePromote fiscal responsibility and financial sustainability FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)Provide modern, safe, and accessible learning and working environments for Person County Schools (PCS) and Piedmont Community College (PCC) 18907 FinanceQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressService ExcellenceComplete final phase of implementation of new purchasing card system and necessary training for users on how to submit their card transactions and approvals into Munis.Accounting Supervisor has contacted Alamance County to visit and learn the Munis migration steps.Making ProgressAccounting Supervisor is exploring different options to implement a system to download purchase directly into Munis.Making ProgressAccounting Supervisor is exploring different options to implement a system to download purchase directly into Munis.Making ProgressAccounting Supervisor is exploring different options to implement a system to download purchase directly into Munis. Training with Tyler Technologies in September and October.Making ProgressService ExcellenceHire and train new Accounts Payable TechnicianAccounts Payable Technician has been hired and is training for the position.Making ProgressCurrently training a different Accounts Payable Technician.Making ProgressCurrently training a different Accounts Payable Technician.Making ProgressCurrently training Accounts Payable Technician.Making ProgressService ExcellenceHire and train a new Payroll TechnicianNot StartedHire and train a new Payroll TechnicianMaking ProgressCurrently training Payroll Technician.Making ProgressService ExcellenceHire and train a new Deputy CFOMaking ProgressHire and train a new Deputy CFOMaking ProgressWill recruit for a Deputy CFO in November.Making ProgressService ExcellenceTransition more vendors to electronic vs paper check to improve efficiency and reduce costs.Making ProgressTransition more vendors to electronic vs paper check to improve efficiency and reduce costs.Making ProgressTransitioning more vendors to ACHMaking Progress..New Initiatives 19908 General ServicesQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 6 : 6.1Negotiate lease renewal or purchase of Human Services Building or secure new facility prior to Aug. 2025Purchase of Human Services facility was closed on October 8, 2024.Completed6.2Complete PI/MRF construction and physical and operational merger before May 2025 Construction is underway, new building addition has been 'dried in'. Working on HVAC, interior sheetrock walls, etc. currently.Making ProgressFor all practical purposes, the construction is complete and staff has started moving into the new space. Demo has started on the old offices area in PCRC. Plan to move staff from PI in late April 25.Making ProgressStaff has moved most personnel and equipment from PI. On track to vacate building prior to May 25.Making ProgressBuilding has been vacated and turned back to owner.Completed6.3Utilize facility feasibility assessment to plan for current and future needs of the Emergency Services Department This project is in a 'hold' pattern at this timeNot StartedDrafted RFQ for Grant/ Architectural/ Engineering and Technology Migration Services for a new 911 Center for Person County. This is tied to a NC 911 Board Grant we are planning to pursue for a new Emergency Telecommunications facility.Making ProgressFeasibliity study in approved CIP budget for next yearMaking ProgressThis facility assessment will be included in the space needs study of item 6.5 below.Making Progress6.5Complete space needs study, including ADA accessibility, for county facilities Project has not startedNot StartedProject has not startedNot StartedProject has not startedNot StartedBeginning preparation of RFQ for a County space needs study, which will include the needs of Emergency Services.Making ProgressGoal 11 :11.1Monitor and analyze population growth and demographic changes and structure services to meet changing needs No action at this timeNot StartedNo action at this timeNot StartedNo action at this timeNot StartedNo action at this timeNot StartedCapital InvestmentCoordinate the 10,000 square-foot addition to the Recycling Center. See 6.2 aboveMaking ProgressSee 6.2 aboveMaking ProgressSee 6.2 aboveMaking ProgressSee 6.2 aboveCompletedQuality of LifeReplace the entire HVAC system at Person County Office Building.Scheduled to begin in November 2024. Parts ordered and arriving.Making ProgressHeating phase is complete. Started replacing all piping for cooling phase and have set new cooling towers on roof.Making ProgressCooling phase underway. Anticipated completion in early May 2025Making ProgressStill doing a bit of fine tuning on the system but the project of installation is complete.CompletedQuality of LifeReplace exterior windows on front of Person County Office BuildingScheduled to begin in Spring 2025Not StartedScheduled to bid this project in Spring 2025Not StartedScheduled to bid next monthMaking ProgressHas become a bit more complicated due to asbestos and PCB testing of window componets. Probably won't be bid until Spring 2026.Making ProgressCapital InvestmentContinue planned roof replacements on County buildings, Person County School buildings, and Piedmont Community CollegeCurrently nearing completion of the new South Elementary roof replacement and soon to schedule replacement for Government Building (Inspections)Making ProgressRoof replacement on South Elementary is complete and scheduled to bid out the Government Building (Inspections) in Spring 2025Making ProgressScheduled to bid roof on Govt Building in May 2025Making ProgressBids received and awarded to Triangle Roofing. Expected start date is late September or early October 2025.Making ProgressCapital InvestmentAcquire, assume maintenance and upkeep responsibilities and make improvements to the current Human Services Building.As of October 8, 2024, the building now belongs to Person County. We are beginning to access and prioritize building needs.Making ProgressWe have completed most of the immediate needs regarding HVAC upgrades. Currently, having engineers evaluate the roof and rear wall of building for needed repairs.Making ProgressRoof/wall evaluations are due this week. Appears that roof replacement of Human Services building will be required soon!Making ProgressRoof replacement and wall/window repairs are estimated to cost about $2.7 million. Currently, looking at funding options as roof replacement is needed badly. HVAC upgrades have been completed and resolved the major problems.Making ProgressService ExcellenceComplete CIP projects within proposed budgets. To date, all CIP projects are within budget parameters.Making ProgressCIP project continue to operate and complete within designated budgets.Making ProgressCompleted under budget so far.Making ProgressCompleted under budget.Making Progress..........New Initiatives Capital Investment Ensure county facilities meet the needs of the public and employees Service ExcellenceProactively meet the changing needs of the community FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)20909 HealthQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 6 :6.1Negotiate lease renewal or purchase of Human Services Building or secure new facility prior to Aug. 2025 Negotiated purchase of Human Services Building. Issued 2024 LOB's to fund purchase. Plan to close in Oct. 2024.Making ProgressPurchase of Human Services Building completed October 2024.CompletedGoal 9 : 9.1Offer education-based programs for all ages and expand outreach through partnerships with community organizations Through partnerships, PCHD has provided health related information for ages ranging from preschool to older adults at multiple events. Several programs are scheduled.Making ProgressPCHD continues to partner with other organizations to jointly provide health related information. Health Education staff offered the "Catch My Breath" program to middle school students.Making ProgressPCHD has participated in several outreach events with several others forthcoming. In partnership with Cooperative Extension, "Living Healthy with Diabetes" was offered. Staff secured grant funding from Blue Cross Blue Shield of NC to offer a class in Q4.Making ProgressPCHD continues to partner with other organizations to jointly provide health related information. Partnered with Person High School's Exceptional Children's class to provide mock healthcare visits for students.Making ProgressGoal 15 :15.1Improve access to healthcare services ADA Accessibility Assessment of both health department buildings has been completed to help plan ways to improve access and services. Eleven offsite flu vaccination clinics have been held with several more scheduled. An evening immunization clinic was held for school age children.Making ProgressADA Accessibility Assessment recommendations have been assessed, and implementation plans developed. Making ProgressSix additional accessible parking spaces have been delineated in the front parking lot of the Human Services Buildling and are being utilized frequently. Making ProgressStaff continued to increase PCHD's capability to provide offsite services by utilizing grant funding to upfit our exisiting emergerncy preparedness trailer using grant funding. Plans are underway for several offsite immunization clinics in the fall.Making Progress15.2Promote healthy lifestyles and behaviors A new Diabetes Prevention Program Cohort has started.Making ProgressDiabetes Prevention Program Cohort continued. Health Education staff offered the "Catch My Breath" program to middle school students.Making ProgressLiving Healthy with Diabetes was offered. Diabetes Prevention Program Cohort continued. Health Education staff offered the "Catch My Breath" program to middle school students.Making ProgressThe Diabetes Prevention Program Cohort was successfully completed. Smoking cessation class was offered to the public; however, no participants registered. Class will be offered again in the fall.Making Progress15.3Develop and implement plan for utilizing Opioid Settlement Funds FY25 budget includes funding for Post-Overdose Response Team in Emergency Services and an Early Intervention program in Person County Schools. Opioid Settlement Committee continues to meet quarterly.Making ProgressOpioid Settlement Advisory Committee continues to meet the first Wednesday of each odd numbered month. An additional funding request was submitted to the committee.Making ProgressOpioid Settlement Advisory Committee continues to meet the first Wednesday of each odd numbered month. An additional funding request was approved for recommendation for funding by the committee and will be presented to the Board of Commissioners in Q4.Making ProgressThe funding request for reovery housing support was approved by the Commissioners. The annual community meeting was held on June 5, 2025. The Opioid Settlement Advisory Committee continudes to meet the first Wednesday of each odd numbered month.Making ProgressService ExcellenceConvene community partners to continue to address the two identified health priorities overweight/obesity and substance abuse.The Healthy Personians' subcommittees, "Chronic Disease Action Team" and the "Substance Use Disorders Subcommittee", have met and are planning initiatives in the next quarter.Making ProgressSUDS is actively working on the initiatives as planned in quarter 1. SUDS offered a suicide prevention training for the faith community.Making ProgressSUDS is planning another suicide prevention training in Q4.Making ProgressQPR Suicide Prevention training was provided to faith leaders and other community members in partnership with Vaya on June 3.Making ProgressService ExcellenceIncrease client understanding and participation in clinical services such as Family Planning, Immunization, Maternal Health, and STD/I program services through outreach and marketing.New educational materials have been developed for the Family Planning program. All programs are highlighted regularly on social media. Making ProgressPCHD staff participated in a health fair at Piedmont Community College; staff offered education and STD/I testing in November 2024. Staff began the updating of the Child Health Services brochure. All programs continue to be highlighted on social media.Making ProgressStaff participated in a community health fair at Person High School. Family planning materials have been distributed at multiple events. Immunization Program brochure has been updated. All programs continue to be highlighted on social media.Making ProgressStaff continued to participate in outreach events to increase awareness. PCHD has increased its presence on social media. A new Instagram page has been launched. Making ProgressService ExcellenceContinue to monitor WIC Program participation rates carefully to ensure that the average participation meets or exceeds 97% of the assigned base caseload.To increase awareness of the WIC program, outreach efforts have been made at Earl Bradsher Preschool, Person County Public Library, and multiple events. WIC participants who miss appointments receive a telephone call and a letter providing a new appointment.Making ProgressWIC staff increased the average participation of participants to 100.8% of the assigned base caseload from October 2024 - December 2024.Making ProgressWIC staff increased the average participation of participants to 102.5% of the assigned base caseload (847) from January 2025-March 2025.Making ProgressWIC staff increased the average participation of participants to 110% of the assigned base caseload (847) from January 2025-June 2025.Making Progress..Promote healthy communities FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives Capital Investment Sustain the capital planning process Lifelong LearningWork with partners to create and support opportunities for the current and future workforce to learn and develop new skills Quality of Life21910 Human ResourcesQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 10 :10.1Enhance recruitment strategies and streamline selection processes that aggressively seek out the best talent to fill county positions and minimize position vacancy time Videos for job posting have been completed. Raw footage will be reviewed very soon.Making ProgressVideos are attached to our job postings.Completed10.2Offer a competitive compensation program Implemented COLA.Making ProgressMonitoring pay and making adjustments as needed. Making ProgressContinuing to monitor hot spots. Proposal to add a COLA for the upcoming fiscal year.Making ProgressCOLA was approved for FY26 budget year. We continue to monitor internal equity and hot spots.Completed10.3Offer professional development opportunities and a supportive work environment to attract and retain a talented workforce Not StartedConducted customer service training at Person Industries and safety training at PATS. Quarterly CPR training. Dare to Lead book sessions.Making ProgressThis will be incorporated in the formal training program for FY27.Making ProgressCompleted Reasonable Suspicion Substance Testing. Formal training program is being developed and will implemented FY26. Will hold training at PI this quarter. Completed10.4Offer leadership education to build the skills of current and future leaders in decision making, communications, problem solving, team building, and adaptability Teague and Campbell will conduct supervisor training for Title VII and touch on culture competency.Not StartedTeague and Campbell will conduct supervisor training for Title VII and touch on culture competency.Making ProgressThis will be incorporated in the formal training program for FY27.Making ProgressThis will be incorporated in the formal training program for FY27.Making ProgressGoal 9 :9.2Partner with PCC and PCS to offer programs to develop skills for employment in county positions with a concentrated focus on areas of critical need Not StartedNot StartedMet with Roxboro Community School and will be developing a program to work with students on various job related trainings and internship.Making ProgressProgram has been written. Department Heads will be reviewing very soon and plans are to implement program at the beginning of 2026.Making ProgressService ExcellenceWork closely with Social Services to incorporate the department into county processes.Successfully incorporated the interview process, offering of position and scheduling orientation. Making ProgressSocial Services is now a part of our processes.CompletedService ExcellenceContinue to review and update the Personnel Policy and other polices as needed.Completed draft for voluntary shared leave. Currently drafting changes to the disciplinary section. Safety and Health Handbook, Workplace Violence, Hazard Communications, department Emergency Action Plans. Currently reviewing Bloodborne Pathogens. Making ProgressCompleted draft for disciplinary section, ethical standards and dress policy. Making ProgressWorking on performane evaluation policy to add to the Personnel Policy.Making ProgressReview and update completed. It is currently being reviewed by County Attorney. CompletedService ExcellenceImplement onboarding and performance modules in NEOGOV. Meetings with department heads have been conducted for feedback. Currently drafting a performance evaluation for review.Making ProgressCurrently drafting a performance evaluation for review.Making ProgressDrafing of performance evaluation is almost complete and will start creating the evaluation in NEOGOV soon.Making ProgressAs a cost-saving measure, Onboard will not be implemented. Perform implementation is estimated to be completed in September 2025.Making ProgressService ExcellenceCoordinate a job fair, enhance job postings and create video(s) for recruitment and retention purposes. Tentative set for the spring.Not StartedPlanning and coordination has been started.Making progressPostponing PC's job fair. We are particpating in PCC, Kerr Tarr and PHS job fairs in the next 3 weeks.Making ProgressVideos are completed and attached to all job postings. Job postings are enhanced as needed. Particpated in 4 job fairs. CompletedService ExcellenceRevamp performance evaluations and the merit system.Meetings with department heads have been conducted for feedback. Currently drafting a performance evaluation for review.Making ProgressCurrently drafting a performance evaluation for review.Making ProgressDrafing is almost complete. A new merit system will be postponed until FY27 due to budget restraints of the upcoming year.Making ProgressRevamped performance evaluations and merit system to correspond with the scoring of the new performance assessment program. CompletedService ExcellenceComplete job description revisions for all positions. Majority of job descriptions have been reviewed. All have been placed on new format.Making ProgressAll job descriptions have been reviewed and loaded into Neogov except Social Services.Making ProgressAll job descriptions have been reviewed and loaded into Neogov.CompletedService ExcellenceImplement approved changes to employee benefits package.Making ProgressNC529 has been completed and will be offered during open enrollment the end of April. 401K and 457B for part-time employees was implemented in January.CompletedService ExcellenceIdentify, attract, and onboard the most qualified individuals whose skills, experience, and values align with our mission, fostering a culture of excellence Lifelong LearningWork with partners to create and support opportunities for the current and future workforce to learn and develop new skills FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)22911 Human ResourcesQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressService ExcellenceBegin personnel file review and restructure of contents.Not Started Not Started Not Started Not StartedService ExcellenceStart creating a training program for supervisors and managers. Teague and Campbell will conduct supervisor training for Title VII and touch on culture competency.Making ProgressThe majority of this training program will be next year's goal.Making ProgressThe majority of this training program will be next year's goal.Making ProgressThe majority of this training program will be next year's goal.Making ProgressService ExcellenceContinue to expand wellness and morale programs with a focus on mental health. Expanded Weight Management program for FY25. Conducted wellness and morale survey. Implementing wellness changes. Cooking demonstration.Making Progress2nd cooking demonstration, daily activity challenge, gratitude kudos board, fall festival, longevity awards.Making ProgressWellness & Safety Fair, Mental Health speaker in May.Making ProgressOn-going program (in the planning stages for FY26)Completed..........New Initiatives 23912 Information TechnologyQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 6 : 6.1Negotiate lease renewal or purchase of Human Services Building or secure new facility prior to Aug. 2025Not StartedThis portion is not an IT project; however, any remodeling will require IT involvement.Completed6.2Complete PI/MRF construction and physical and operational merger before May 2025 Making ProgressPhase 1 networking completed. Phase 2 construction in progress.Making ProgressQuotes requested for Phase 2 networking and other technologies.Making ProgressPhase 2 networking and overhead paging solution completed.Completed6.3Utilize facility feasibility assessment to plan for current and future needs of the Emergency Services Department Not StartedNot StartedNot StartedNot StartedGoal 12 :12.4Improve online access to public meeting materials and county ordinances and policies Making ProgressAgendas, minutes, etc. migrated to Laserfiche online portal.Making ProgressUpdated links on website to allow easier access to archived meeting videos.Making ProgressMaking ProgressCapital InvestmentReplace EOL virtual infrastructure hardware.Hardware has been received and implementation scheduled.Making ProgressEOL virtual infrastructure has been refreshed and is now in productionCompletedCapital InvestmentReplace EOL MS Office software with M365 licensing. Licenses have been purchased and we are pushing out software updates to users.Making ProgressContinuing to install M365 software on user computers.Making ProgressContinuing to install M365 software on user computers.Making ProgressContinuing to install M365 software on user computers.Making ProgressService ExcellenceContinue to improve cybersecurity posture via trainings, policies, and implementation of industry best practices.This is a continues objective that is constantly being worked on.Making ProgressMonthly phishing tests, annual security awareness training, bi-weekly orientation participation, and regular collaboration with other departments.Making ProgressMonthly phishing tests, annual security awareness training, bi-weekly orientation participation, and regular collaboration with other departments.Making ProgressMonthly phishing tests, annual security awareness training, bi-weekly orientation participation, and regular collaboration with other departments.Making ProgressService ExcellenceMeet staffing needs due to various challenges including increased workload/complexity.One member deployed via National Guard, DSS position moving to IT after retirementNot StartedDSS position relocated to IT and posted.Making ProgressNational Guard deployment has ended. Helpdesk Tech position filled and currently completing training.Making ProgressHelpdesk Tech position still in training.Making ProgressService ExcellenceOffer training to IT staff to keep up-to-date with changing technologies.Staff have participated in various trainings related to servers, networking, and security.Making ProgressStaff have participated in various trainings related to servers, networking, and security.Making ProgressTwo staff are currently completing their degrees. One will finish with their associate's degree in May and the other will finish with their bachelor's degree in September.Making ProgressOne staff completed associate's degree and began work towards bachelor's degree. One staff will finish bachelor's degree in September. Three staff will attend IT conference in October.Making Progress..SLCGP round two cybersecurity projectsSLCGP funding approved by NCEMMaking ProgressOne of two solutions purchased. Implementation to begin in May. Second solution to be purchased in FY26.Making ProgressFirst solution implemented (data identification and classification). Training staff on use and need to develop procedures for other departments.Making ProgressService ExcellenceAssist with EDC website migrationWorking with EDC staff and PIO as needed to assist with Granicus subsite.Making ProgressMostly completed - a few finishing touches are being handled by PIO and EDC.Making ProgressService ExcellenceImprove Server PerformanceReconfiguring resources to improve application response times and user experience.Making ProgressCompleted..Computer imaging solution: will improve time needed to deploy computers to users.Multiple solutions being reviewed for best fit to meet needs while remaining within budget.Making ProgressSolution identified and implemented.CompletedNew Initiatives Capital Investment Ensure county facilities meet the needs of the public and employees Service ExcellenceEnhance transparency and communication FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)24913 GISQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 2 :2.1Support completion of the City of Roxboro’s Western Sewer Project Assistance with identifying impacted property owners, easement mappingMaking ProgressNo actions completed during this quarter.Making ProgressNo actions completed during this quarter.Making ProgressNo actions completed during this quarter.Making Progress2.3Partner with NC DIT to provide broadband to all unserved and underserved areas Supporting ISP efforts to complete two GREAT Grant projects and two CAB projects. Approximately 2,000 unserved/underserved locations remain unfunded. Working with NCDIT and ISP's to identify and fund next project. Making ProgressMapped Broadband Serviceable Location Fabric v6.Making ProgressNo actions completed during this quarter.Making ProgressNo actions completed during this quarter.Making Progress2.4Complete Person County Trail Feasibility Study and work with partners to implement recommendations Completed study. Will present to BOC in Nov. 2024. Working with partners to identify funding opportunities.Making ProgressSpoke with developers of a City project to incorporate possible greenway routes into their project.CompletedGoal 3 :3.1Reduce the time that it takes to issue environmental health, zoning and building permits Assigned 64 addresses and added 2 new roads. Ordinance modification for road naming forthcomingMaking ProgressAssigned 50 addresses. Ordinance modification for road naming forthcoming. Making ProgressAssigned 172 addresses, added 8 roads to 911 databaseMaking ProgressAssigned 68 addresses, added 12 roads including the Pointe at the Peninsula.Making ProgressGoal 6 :6.4Complete construction and open “County Farm” park Assisted with trail and asset mapping, estimates for gravel and pavement, provided maps to forester and road developersMaking ProgressAssisted with grant audit at County Farm Park.Making ProgressIdentified areas of recreation conflict within park and communicated to steakholdersMaking ProgressWorked with staff and volunteers to complete a map of the Firebreak TrailMaking ProgressGoal 11 :11.1Monitor and analyze population growth and demographic changes and structure services to meet changing needs Updated the NC Secretary of State's office with annexation information. Provided population estimates and change rates for specific age ranges in the County.Making ProgressCompleted annual Boundary and Annexation Survey for US Census.Making ProgressNo actions completed during this quarter.Making ProgressAssisted Emergency Management with responding to TS Chantal.Making ProgressCapital Investment, Service ExcellenceDevelop a solution to catalog and streamline needed transportation-related projects to better inform staff during the grant writing process.Will begin once new planning staff are hired and up to speed.Not StartedWill begin once new planning staff are hired and up to speed.Not StartedWill begin once new planning staff are hired and up to speed.Not StartedWill begin once new planning staff are hired and up to speed.Not StartedEconomic Opportunity and GrowthComplete mapping state appraised parcels to include both Mayo and Hyco Lakes.Approximately 2/3 of the way through mapping 300+ parcels from registered deeds.Making ProgressApproximately 75% complete.Making ProgressApproximately 85% complete.Making ProgressApproximately 90% complete.Making ProgressCapital Investment, Service ExcellenceDevelop a solution to create one-click access to historical files and records relating to re-zonings, Special/Conditional Use Permits, Annexations, subdivisions, and other documents.No actions completed during this quarter.Not StartedNo actions completed during this quarter.Not StartedNo actions completed during this quarter.Not StartedNo actions completed during this quarter.Making ProgressLifelong LearningHold additional GIS website training opportunities for the staff and the public.Next event scheduled for mid-NovemberMaking ProgressNo actions completed during this quarter.Not StartedNo actions completed during this quarter.Not StartedActivities planned for mid-NovemberMaking Progress..Assist the City of Roxboro with a lead and copper service line inventory as required by the EPASet to be complete by October 16thCompletedLead and Copper Survey complete.Completed..Build asset management and work order system for Arts, Parks, & RecLikely a 2 year project. Recently trained Arts, Parks, & Rec staff to collect asset information via mobile device and computerMaking ProgressTrails, signs, and other features mapped at Mayo Park.Making ProgressTrails mapped at Centennial Park, coordination with EM/911 for response has begunMaking ProgressAddressing system draft for County Farm Park completedMaking Progress..Analyze impact of road closures on the communityPerformed road mileage analysis for Fire, EMS, and Law EnforcementCompletedProactively meet the changing needs of the community FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives Economic Opportunity and GrowthDevelop and maintain infrastructure that enhances quality of life Capital Investment Ensure the development process is thorough, accessible and efficient Ensure the development process is thorough, accessible and efficient Service Excellence 25914 GISQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4Progress..Conversion of GIS system to next generation softwarePrepared existing web applications for conversionMaking ProgressPrepared existing web applications for conversion.Making ProgressGeoprocessing services updated, key functionality documented, discussions with parcel vendor have begunMaking ProgressCompleted new system designed and 75% rolled outMaking Progress..Add new infrastructure information to existing system maps for Water and SewerFor new subdivisions/apartment complexesMaking ProgressPreparing the map information for flow routing and networkingMaking Progress26915 InspectionsQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 3 :3.1Reduce the time that it takes to issue environmental health, zoning and building permits We are able to maintain 7 to 10 business days for plan review and permitting.Making ProgressWe continue to hit the mark on 7 to 10 days.Making ProgressWe continue to hit the mark on 7 to 10 days.Making ProgressWe continue to hit the mark on 7 to 10 days.Making ProgressGoal 7 :7.2Partner with the PCS to evaluate population/ enrollment growth, class size mandates, etc. to determine need for new construction This is not a task that the Inspections Department currently handles.Not StartedThis is not a task that the Inspections Department currently handles.Not StartedThis is not a task that the Inspections Department currently handles.Not StartedThis is not a task that the Inspections Department currently handles.Not StartedGoal 11 :11.1Monitor and analyze population growth and demographic changes and structure services to meet changing needs This is not a task that the Inspections Department currently handles.Not StartedThis is not a task that the Inspections Department currently handles.Not StartedThis is not a task that the Inspections Department currently handles.Not StartedThis is not a task that the Inspections Department currently handles.Not StartedService ExcellenceContinue prioritizing learning and development for existing and new staff to provide excellent customer service.New and existing staff are required to take classes every year in every tradeMaking ProgressWe continue our training and education every year to better serve the public.Making ProgressWe continue our training and education every year to better serve the public.Making ProgressCode Enforcement Officers continue working on Certifications. One is now qualified to do level 2 projectsMaking ProgressService ExcellenceEncourage the public to use the online system and take advantage of the express review process.We are having increased activity on the portalMaking ProgressWe are having increased activity on the portal.Making ProgressWe are having increased activity on the portal.Making ProgressWe are having increased activity on the portal.Making ProgressService ExcellenceMaintain 7 to 10 business days for plan review.We manage to maintain 7 to 10 days with the current growth we are havingCompletedWe continue to hit the mark on 7 to 10 days. Making ProgressWe continue to hit the mark on 7 to 10 days. Making ProgressWe continue to hit the mark on 7 to 10 days. Making Progress..Concurrent review with zoning is in place to speed up the permitting processMaking ProgressWe continue to hit the mark on 7 to 10 days.Making ProgressWe continue to hit the mark on 7 to 10 days.Making ProgressWe continue to hit the mark on 7 to 10 days.Making Progress..Follow up inspections behind staff to insure consistency in the departmentMaking ProgressConducted checks each month to ensure consistency.Making ProgressConducted checks each month to ensure consistency. Finding where extra training is needed.Making ProgressConducted checks each month to ensure consistency. Finding where extra training is needed.Making Progress..Continued plan review and inspection training to insure consistency in the departmentMaking ProgressTrained with new staff on plan reviewsMaking ProgressI have more plan review training scheduled in houseMaking ProgressTwo Code Enforcement Officers attended a 3 day statewide training on Plan reviewsMaking Progress..Cross training inspectors on the permitting processMaking ProgressPermitting technicians worked with inspectors on cross-training as time allowed.Making ProgressPermitting technicians worked with inspectors on cross-training as time allowed.Making ProgressPermitting technicians worked with inspectors on cross-training as time allowed.Making Progress..Proactively meet the changing needs of the community FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives Economic Opportunity and GrowthProvide modern, safe, and accessible learning and working environments for Person County Schools (PCS) and Piedmont Community College (PCC) Capital Investment Provide modern, safe, and accessible learning and working environments for Person County Schools (PCS) and Piedmont Community College (PCC) Service Excellence27916 LibraryQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 9 :9.1Offer education-based programs for all ages and expand outreach through partnerships with community organizations A variety of programs are offered each month for all ages.CompletedGoal 15 :15.2Promote healthy lifestyles and behaviors The ongoing seed library continues to be used to promote gardening and healthy lifestyles. Making progressSeed Library is being prepped for Spring 2025 rollout.Making ProgressSeed Library is displayed in front lobby.CompletedCapital InvestmentWork with the Friends of the Library to raise additional funds to support library growth.New Library Director has recently started and is exploring opportunities that could be funded by LSTA grant Making progressSecured funding for garden spaces and Summer Reading initiatives from Friends of the Library.Making ProgressSummer reading program and garden beds planned and funded.CompletedLifelong LearningImplement 12 new education-based programs for all ages by the end of FY25.A variety of programs are offered each month for all ages, with new programs on the horizon. Making progressFully staffed, full-time employees have increased programming output beyond 12 programs.Making ProgressFuly staffed as of April 1, 2025CompletedLifelong LearningPartner with recently hired Digital Inclusion Agent to host bimonthly programs.The Digital Agent has hosted classes at the Library to help adults and seniors become more proficient with smart phones, antivirus software and other technology needs. Making progressPrograms are being delivered on a twice per month basis.Making ProgressAdult Services Library Assistanr is taking over computer and tech courses with changes to NC State Extension staffing.CompletedQuality of LifePartner with the Housing Authority to host technically-based programing for all ages.N/A - awaiting the hire of new Library Director Not startedProject planned for FY26.Not StartedProject planned for FY26.Not StartedProject planned for FY26.Not StartedQuality of LifeIncrease volunteer opportunities to encourage increase of quality of life for Person County.The Library has a volunteer program and policy that allows for persons aged 18 and up to volunteer in a variety of ways. CompletedCapital Investment; Lifelong LearningRelocation and access improvement to NC Historical CollectionMaking ProgressEvaluated options for space. Developed proposal to relocate collection. Making ProgressEnclosure installed and new micrilm/microrform machine deluvered. Space is open to the public.Completed........New Initiatives Lifelong LearningWork with partners to create and support opportunities for the current and future workforce to learn and develop new skills Quality of LifePromote healthy communities FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)28917 Person IndustriesQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 6 :6.2Complete PI/MRF construction and physical and operational merger before May 2025 Continuous meetings, plans, and schedules being followedMaking ProgressContinuous meetings, plans, and schedules being followed, 2 months behind schedule due to backlogged productMaking ProgressContinuous meetings, plans, and schedules being followed; Construction to Phase II began mid-MarchMaking ProgressCompleted vacancy of Madison Blvd location by May 25 deadline; moved consumers into new office space at 741 Martin street on May 14; Construction of Phase II planned for completion by July 31, 2025.Making ProgressService ExcellenceApply for grants to assist with equipment upgrades, as needed and applicable.Not StartedSent all necessary information to contracted grant writer for desired equipment for grants.Making ProgressAwaiting feedback from contracted grant writer Making ProgressCIP includes partial funding for Shredder Equipment; State grant opportunities open Fall/Spring 25/26 with plans to apply for all eligible funding. Making ProgressCapital InvestmentFacilitate acquisition of MRF equipment updates.Presented to commissioners regarding Tire/Mattress Shredder Making ProgressWorking with grant writer to see what funding is availableMaking ProgressAwaiting feedback from contracted grant writer Making ProgressSame as aboveMaking ProgressCapital InvestmentComplete merger/expansion and move Person Industries from Madison Blvd. location, reducing overhead cost.Construction timeline is on scheduleMaking ProgressConstruction timeline is running 2 months behind. PCRC office staff have moved into new building and plans are under way to be out of Madison Blvd location by 5/9/25.Making ProgressPhase II construction has began with goal of completion by end of July/first of AugMaking ProgressCompleted vacancy of Madison Blvd location by May 25 deadline; moved consumers into new office space at 741 Martin street on May 14; Construction of Phase II planned for completion by July 31, 2025.Making ProgressService ExcellenceObtain production contracts for in-house work and community job placements. Obtained new contract with ZH Filters, job availability for in-house consumersMaking ProgressNo new contracts obtained this quarterMaking ProgressNo new contracts obtained this quarter; Making changes to current contracts due to building move and space limitationsMaking ProgressObtained new contract with Blue San, job availability for in-house consumers.Completed..........Capital InvestmentEnsure county facilities meet the needs of the public and employees FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives 29918 Planning and ZoningQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 2 :2.4Complete Person County Trail Feasibility Study and work with partners to implement recommendations Completed study. Will present to BOC in Nov. 2024. Working with partners to identify funding opportunities.Making ProgressCompleted study. Will present to BOC in March 2025. Working with partners to identify funding opportunities.Making ProgressBOC approved study on March 17, 2025. Working with partners to identify funding opportunities.Making ProgressWorking with partners (NCDOT, Conservation Fund, Durham County, City of Durham) to acquire rail right-of-way for future trail development. Making ProgressGoal 3 :3.1Reduce the time that it takes to issue environmental health, zoning and building permits Making ProgressIn the absence of a Planning Director, permitting timelines have increased. Additional part-time resources have helped but permanent staffing is needed. Making ProgressIn the absence of a Planning Director, permitting timelines have increased. Additional part-time resources have helped but permanent staffing is needed. Making ProgressWith the additon of a part-time Planning Director, permitting timelines have shortened.Making Progress3.2Consolidate planning ordinances into a user-friendly and up-to-date unified development ordinance Drafted UDO. Planning Board recommendation approved on Aug. 22. Will present to BOC on Oct. 7.Making ProgressThe UDO has been placed on-hold due to limited staffing in the Planning Department.Making ProgressThe UDO has been placed on-hold until 30 days after a permanent planning director begins work.Making ProgressWork continues on updating and consolidating Planning Ordinances. This objective was removed from the strategic plan for FY26. Making ProgressGoal 6 :6.4Complete construction and open “County Farm” park Substantial progress has been made with initial construction, marketing and securing additional funding.Making ProgressConstruction is underway and additional outside funding has been secured. 2025 opening planned.Making ProgressConstruction is underway and additional outside funding has been secured. 2025 opening planned.Making ProgressConstruction is still underway. Fall 2025 soft opening planned, grand opening in Spring/Summer 2026.Making ProgressGoal 7 :7.2Partner with the PCS to evaluate population/ enrollment growth, class size mandates, etc. to determine need for new construction County staff provides data but may be able to partner more closely.Making ProgressCounty staff provides data but may be able to partner more closely.Making ProgressCounty staff provides data but may be able to partner more closely.Making ProgressCounty staff provides data but may be able to partner more closely.Making ProgressGoal 11 :11.1Monitor and analyze population growth and demographic changes and structure services to meet changing needs Each department pays attention to these changes and anticipates potential impacts. Need to implement countywide, standardized approach. Making ProgressEach department pays attention to these changes and anticipates potential impacts. Need to implement countywide, standardized approach. Making ProgressEach department pays attention to these changes and anticipates potential impacts. Need to implement countywide, standardized approach. Making ProgressEach department pays attention to these changes and anticipates potential impacts. Need to implement countywide, standardized approach. Making ProgressEconomic Opportunity and GrowthComplete Planning Board review and Board of Commissioners adoption of the UDO.Drafted UDO. Planning Board recommendation approved on Aug. 22. Will present to BOC on Oct. 7.Making ProgressThe UDO has been placed on-hold due to limited staffing in the Planning Department.Making ProgressThe UDO has been placed on-hold until 30 days after a permanent planning director begins work.Making ProgressThe UDO was removed from the 25-26 Objectives, so work ceased.CompletedQuality of LifeProvide regulations within the UDO that addresses and minimizes future Code Enforcement actions and makes more efficient use of Code Enforcement Officer time.Drafted UDO. Planning Board recommendation approved on Aug. 22. Will present to BOC on Oct. 7.Making ProgressThe UDO has been placed on-hold due to limited staffing in the Planning Department.Making ProgressThe UDO has been placed on-hold until 30 days after a permanent planning director begins work.Making ProgressThe UDO was removed from the 25-26 Objectives, so work ceased.CompletedService ExcellenceComplete consultant review of stormwater regulations and applications to ensure that all of the State regulations are provided, while providing the for an efficient permitting system.Consultants reviewed stormwater regulations and recommendations were included in draft UDO.CompletedThe UDO has been placed on-hold due to limited staffing in the Planning Department.Making ProgressThe UDO has been placed on-hold until 30 days after a permanent planning director begins work.Making ProgressThe UDO was removed from the 25-26 Objectives, so work ceased.CompletedService ExcellenceOrganize scanned records into a simple and retrievable file management system and link applicable records to the County’s GIS parcel viewer for efficiencies.Started organizing records.Making ProgressContinued with organizing records.Making ProgressContinued with organizing records.Making ProgressContinued with organizing records.Making ProgressCapital InvestmentWork with the Recreation, Arts, and Parks Department on stormwater and recreational trail projects.Working on IAIA projects (Centennial Park and Sports Plex)Making ProgressWorked on IAIA projects (Centennial Park and Sports Plex)Making ProgressWorked on IAIA projects (Centennial Park and Sports Plex)Making ProgressWorked on IAIA projects (Centennial Park and Sports Plex)Making Progress..Service Excellence Proactively meet the changing needs of the community FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives Economic Opportunity and GrowthDevelop and maintain infrastructure that enhances quality of life Capital Investment Ensure the development process is thorough, accessible and efficient Ensure the development process is thorough, accessible and efficient Complete Person County Trail Feasibility Study and work with partners to implement recommendations30919 Recreation, Arts, and ParksQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 2 :2.4Increased participation numbers and completed research for upcoming programs.Completed feasibility study. Will present to BOC in Nov. 2024. Working with partners to identify funding opportunities.Making ProgressThe Person County Multi-Modal Feasibility Study for paved side walks and trails was finalized in August of 2024. The Study has been adopted by the Person County Recreation Advisory Board on March 4, 2025. The study is scheduled to be present for adoption to the Person County Board of Commissioners on March 17, 2025.Making ProgressThe Person County Multi-Modal Feasibilty Study has been finalized and adopted by the Person County Board of Commisioners.CompletedContinuing to develop and Improve infrastructure to County recreational facilities to improve the quality of life for our citizens. Current projects underway include development of an ADA-accessible elevator for the Kirby Auditorium, ADA restroom facilities at the Kirby Auditorium, additional camping/RV sites at Mayo Lake Park, Continued construction of Centennial Park, Public canoe and kayak access upgrades at Mayo Lake Park, etc. These projects not only increase livability but also help with economic development.Making ProgressGoal 6 :6.4Complete construction and open “County Farm” park Substantial progress has been made with initial construction, marketing and securing additional funding. Named Centennial Park.Making ProgressOn schedule: The Parks Department continues to make significant progress of Centennial Park construction. Volunteers and Partners have made significant contributions in advancements in the development of the public trail system. Paving is scheduled to start at the end of March 2025 Electrical utilities and BMPs are scheduled to be finalized by the end of March or early April.Making ProgressThe Parks Department continues to make progress working with volunteer groups and organizations developing the Centennial Park trail system. A total of 6 miles of trail have been developed to date. Emergency access roads have been cleared. GIS has mapped the trails and emergency access roads to develop 911 system. Road paving schedule has been pushed back due to electrical utilities installation. The park opening is still schedule for this summer.Making ProgressContinuing to make progress working with volunteer groups and local contractors to develop Centennial Park and trail system. A total of 8 miles of trail have been developed to date. Emergency access roads continue to be constructed. GIS continues mapping for emergency services developing the 911 system for the parks. Road paving and parking areas are complete. Working to close out the final inspections on the stormwater permits. Main gate is installed.still working towards a soft opening early Fall 2025.Making ProgressGoal 9 :9.1Offer education-based programs for all ages and expand outreach through partnerships with community organizations Art Education programs are being offered through the Kirby Learning Studios for all ages. Outreach program are being offered and conducted by the Kirby at all the Roxboro Housing Authority locations. Other Educational opportunities take place through activities held at the summer day camp each year as well as Environmental Educational programs held at Mayo Lake Park. CompletedThe 2025 Spring and Summer Brochure is completed and currently being advertised throughout the County and neighboring counties. Art and Education programs continue to be offered at Kirby Learning Studio, Theater, and rebirth Second floor Studios for all ages for 2025. Outreach program will continue to be offered and conducted by the Kirby at all the Roxboro Housing Authority locations. Special Programs Division continues to offer Educational opportunities through summer day camp for the youth and each year as well as Environmental Educational programs are being offered at Mayo Lake Park Environmental Education center for the 2025.CompletedThe Parks Department continues to offer educational based programming for all ages and outreach programs. Some of our 2025 spring and summer program Offerings that are education based include: STEM camp, drama camp, African drumming and dance camp, Art lessons, Art Expression Outreach Camp, Outdoor Educational hikes and trails, Bird feeder building class, River Prewette Classic, magnet fishing day, escape room and game camp, Broadway dance camp. Dancing lessons, Summer day camp, Pottery and ceramic programs. And the learning studio is open daily at the Kirby Cultural Arts Complex.CompletedContinuing to offer educational programming for all ages and outreach programs. Some of our 2025 summer program offerings that are education-based include: STEM camp, drama camp, African drumming and dance camp, Art lessons, Art Expressions Outreach Camp, Outdoor Educational hikes and trails, Bird feeder building class, magnet fishing day, escape room and game camp, Broadway dance camp, Dancing lessons, Summer day camp, Pottery and ceramic programs. The learning studio is open daily at the Kirby Cultural Arts Complex. Currently preparing Fall/Winter program offerings that are education-based and outreach-focused.CompletedGoal 15 :Economic Opportunity and GrowthDevelop and maintain infrastructure that enhances quality of life Capital Investment Ensure the development process is thorough, accessible and efficient Lifelong LearningWork with partners to create and support opportunities for the current and future workforce to learn and develop new skills Promote healthy communities Quality of Life31920 Recreation, Arts, and ParksQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4Progress15.2Promote healthy lifestyles and behaviors Recreation, Arts and Parks Department offers hundreds of program each year to our citizens and visitors. All of these programs are gear toward health and wellness and promoting a healthy lifestyle through activities for physical, mental, and positive social behaviors. our department also offers and maintains over 500 acres of developed public parkland for our citizens and visitor to enjoy through exercise and relaxation. we also partner with local health organizations and health care providers to promote programs public programs related to health and wellness.CompletedThe Recreation, Arts, and Parks Department continues to offer many programs with a wide range of variety to our citizens and visitors in 2025. All of these programs are gear toward health and wellness and promoting a healthy lifestyle through activities for physical, mental, and positive social behaviors. Our Park System continues to offer and maintains over 500 acres of developed public parkland for our citizens and visitor to enjoy through exercise and relaxation daily. We continue to partner with local health organizations and health care providers to promote programs public programs related to health and wellness. We have recently partnered with Tar River Land Conservancy to preserve land in the southern part of the county that will search are a future recreational trail site. We continue to partner with the Person County Friend of the Parks, TORC, and multiple volunteers to construct walking, hiking, and mountain biking trails at Centennial Park.CompletedThe Recreation, Arts, and Parks Department continues to offer a large variety of activities and programs to our citizens. Currently our 2025 program brochure has been completed and distributed throughout the Person County School system to all the kids. Our programs are being advertised through social media and our departments website. The department is offering many programs for all ages ranging from Athletics, Health and Wellness, Cultural Arts, and Outdoor Recreation. Our department continues to offer quality outdoor and indoor recreational facilities and amenities for our citizens ranging from indoor gymnasiums and auditoriums to outdoor parks and athletic facilities.CompletedContinuing to offer a large variety of activities and programs to our citizens. Our programs are being advertised through social media and our department website. The department is offering many programs for all ages ranging from Athletics, Health and Wellness, Cultural Arts, and Outdoor Recreation. Our department continues to offer quality outdoor and indoor recreational facilities and amenities for our citizens ranging from indoor gymnasiums and auditoriums to outdoor parks and athletic facilities. Currently in development for our Fall/Winter 2025/26 programming and program guide for the public.CompletedEconomic Opportunity and GrowthDevelop 281-acre County Farm into a large regional outdoor recreation park.Completion date Spring/ Summer 2025.Making ProgressOn Schedule and significant progress has been made at Centennial Park. Main access road has been completed. Stormwater BMP’s and stormwater mitigation is being finalized. Volunteers have made significant progress in developing trails. RFP’s for restroom, facilities and utilities have been finalized. Electrical service utilities are in progress.Making ProgressThe Parks Department continues to make progress working with volunteer groups and organizations developing the Centennial Park trail system. A total of 6 miles of trail has been developed to date. Emergency access roads have been cleared. GIS has mapped the trails and emergency access roads to develop 911 system. Road paving schedule has been pushed back due to electrical utilities installation. The park opening is still schedule for this summer.Making ProgressContinuing to make progress working with volunteer groups and local contractor developing the Centennial Park . A total of 8 miles of trail has been developed to date. Emergency access roads are continuing to be cleard and developed. GIS mapping and 911 system for this location still under deelopment. Road and parking area paving is complete. Contracts for restroom and additional utilities in progress.Making ProgressQuality of LifeIncrease teen programming through the Athletics, Arts and Special Program Divisions.Increased participation numbers and completed research for upcoming programs.Making ProgressResearch for more teen based program has been conducted and programs developed to offer in 2025. The 2025 spring and summer brochure has multiple program offerings that are geared to toward teens through Mayo Park, Kirby Theater, Special Programs Division and the Athletics Divisions. This goal is complete for this year but we always continue to research and develop teen based programs as it has trend that are challengingCompletedTeen programs currently offered for the 2025 spring and summer season: Athletics Division- soccer camp, volleyball camp, Women's volleyball league, summer Soccer League, co-rec kickball league, basketball camp. Cultural Arts Division - drama camp, African drumming and dance camp, Art lessons, Summer theatre productions and Art Expression Outreach Camp, indoor summer movie series. Special Programs Division - Tennis camp, pickleball camp, tennis tournaments, Special Olympics local games, Outdoor summer movie series. Outdoor Recreation Division - camping, fishing, biking and mountain biking, hiking fishing tournaments, Bird feeder building class, horseshoe tournaments, River Prewette Classic.CompletedTeen programs currently offered for the 2025 summer season: Athletics Division- soccer camp, volleyball camp, Women's volleyball league, summer Soccer League, co-rec kickball league, basketball camp. Cultural Arts Division -drama camp, African drumming and dance camp, Art lessons, Summer theatre productions and Art Expression Outreach Camp, indoor summer movie series. Special Programs Division - Tennis camp, pickleball camp, tennis tournaments, Special Olympics local games, Outdoor summer movie series. Outdoor Recreation Division - camping, fishing, biking and mountain biking, hiking fishing tournaments, Bird feeder building class, horseshoe tournaments, River Prewette Classic. Continuing to prepare for new programming that is coming Fall 2025.CompletedFY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)32921 Recreation, Arts, and ParksQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressCapital InvestmentContinue to address deferred maintenance to building, facilities, and amenities.Each year our department submits a capital improvement request to help maintain our departments facilities. This is performed in a manner prioritizing the need of facilities based on age and need to upgrade and repair. We also have our own maintenance division that performs preventative maintenance proactively at each park facility location. Facilities are cleaned daily and inspected daily for routine repairs and upgrade to ensure that quality and safety.Making ProgressContinue to submit Improvement request to the county to help remedy deferred maintenance Issues for an aging infrastructure. We continue to request funding in the department's maintenance budget to address maintenance and deferred maintenance issues and project each year. Making ProgressThe Parks Department has submitted the 2025 Capital Improvement Request to help remedy deferred maintenance Issues for an aging infrastructure. We will continue to work with our department's maintenance budget to address maintenance and deferred maintenance issues.Making ProgressWill submit a 2026 Capital Improvement Request to help remedy deferred maintenance Issues for aging infrastructure. Will continue to work with our department's maintenance budget to address maintenance and deferred maintenance issues.Making ProgressQuality of LifeIncrease outreach involvement and programming through some contracted opportunities. The Parks Department is always researching multiple opportunities to partner with local organizations and individual contractor/instructions/productions companies to increase outreach programs in the areas of recreations, health/wellness, and the Arts in Education.Making ProgressThe Parks Department continues to partner with local organizations and contract with individual instructors to provide public recreational programming. These programs range from the Special Programs and outdoor programs division conducting community movie nights at various location throughout the county to Arts in Education programs through the Kirby being conducted at the local Housing Authorities. Many other outreach program are conducted in-house at various locations where participants such as local schools coming directly to Park Facility locations such as the Kirby, Mayo Park, Rock Athletic Complex and local gyms. This is complete for 2025 but is always and ongoing process each year. CompletedCurrent outreach programs being offered by our department for spring and summer of 2025 include: Art Expression Outreach Camp to the Local Housing authority, community outdoor movie night at various locations throughout person county, Free movie nights at the Kirby, operating informational booths and distributing information at local community events and schools, implementing and developing individualized recreational outreach programs on request by communities, schools and other organizations.CompletedContinued outreach programs being offered for spring and summer of 2025 include: Art Expression Outreach Camp to the Local Housing authority, community outdoor movie night at various locations throughout Person County, Free movie nights at the Kirby, operating informational booths and distributing information at local community events and schools, implementing and developing individualized recreational outreach programs on request by communities, schools and other organizations.Completed..........New Initiatives 33922 Register of DeedsQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressService ExcellenceComplete 100% of US imaging/deed vault project, granting online and in-house access to all deed records from 1792 to present.US Imaging returned for last rescans, finalizing images for system upload. Indexing projected to begin Q2. Making ProgressUS Imaging completed all enhancements to images and delivered images to ROD. Currently working with Courthouse Computer Systems to upload images into vendor workstation.Making ProgressConversion of digitized records ongoing for upload to Courthouse Computer Systems software.Making ProgressConversion of digitized records ongoing by Courthouse Computer Systems, index preparing for upload.Making ProgressCapital InvestmentIncrease capacity to house backup deed records (physical, electronic, and cloud) and reevaluate/re-strategize emergency plan to ensure little to no interruption in record availability and recording in the event of system outageAddressed physical backup needs, awaiting delivery. Analyzing and streamlining natural disaster response.Making ProgressReceived cabinet delivery, cabinets installed. Natural disaster response addressed based on data from counties affected by hurricane Helene to address any gaps in current plan and add additional layer for "catastrophic" weather events.Making ProgressCataloguing all records existing only in one format (paper) and strategizing plan to include in electronic records.Making ProgressCataloguing all records existing only in one format (paper) and strategizing plan to include in electronic records.CompletedLifelong LearningEnsure deputization of two new deputies, advanced school for one deputy, and certification of one deputy by end of FY25. Making ProgressOne deputy deputized 12/02/2024, one deputy certified 01/14/2025.Making ProgressCompletedService ExcellencePartner with Veteran Services to preserve and record legacy military discharge records obtained by VS office; make name index searchable and available to VS office to streamline veteran experience when requesting discharge documents.Making ProgressLegacy discharge records recorded. Designing index database to include all fields relevant to ROD and previously unindexed data present relevant to VS office.Making ProgressCompletedService ExcellenceUtilize NC Dept of Natural and Cultural Resources/State Archives resources to survey document retention schedule and currently available deed vault collection.Making ProgressROD retention schedule receiving full review and update at state level. Reviewing items that are not likely to change, pausing major deep dive until new schedule release (late 2025, early 2026)Making ProgressPausing until new State Archivist in place.Completed......FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives 34923 SheriffQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 14 :14.2Strengthen partnerships with law enforcement agencies, community organizations, and residents to address root causes of crime Continued summer camps this year and now SRO's are teaching L.E.A.D. in 5ht grade at every school. Several public relations events, i.e.. parades, many requested community events and collaboration with the schools monthly that enable workshops for the community groups.Making ProgressInvolved and completed several public relations events, i.e.. parades, many requested community events and collaboration with the schools monthly that enable workshops for the community groups.CompletedInvolved and completed several public relations events, i.e.. parades, many requested community events and collaboration with the schools monthly that enable workshops for the community groups. Walls that heal event and assisted in civics academy)CompletedInvolved and completed several public relations events, i.e.. parades, many requested community events and collaboration with the schools monthly that enable workshops for the community groups. Walls that heal event and assisted in civics academy) UPDATE: Patriots Day/ Back to School events / Rotary and Chamber events.Completed14.4Promote responsible pet ownership and public safety Making ProgressContinually responding to more animal related calls for service with the addition of Animal Control Officers. The 24/7 access has created this along with no culling or deferring calls.Making ProgressContinually responding to more animal related calls for service with the addition of Animal Control Officers. The 24/7 access has created this along with no culling or deferring calls. AC units have resigned and it will be recommended that AC units remain civilian and authrity be returned to Animal Services.Not StartedAnimal Control units were reassigned and given back to the control of Animal Services.CompletedQuality of LifeContinue to reduce crime with efforts that are working. For Crime prevention the S.O. continues to oversee several neighborhood community watches after they were established. Often do hot spot policing in high crime neighborhoods or neighborhoods in which are generating specific crime reports. (HOT SPOT policing mapping was developed.) Making ProgressFor Crime prevention the S.O. continues to oversee several neighborhood community watches after they were established. Often do hotspot policing in high crime neighborhoods or neighborhoods that are generating specific crime reports. (HOT SPOT policing mapping was initiated and is in progress)Making ProgressFor Crime prevention the S.O. continues to oversee several neighborhood community watches after they were established. Often do hotspot policing in high crime neighborhoods or neighborhoods that are generating specific crime reports. (HOT SPOT policing mapping was initiated and is in progress)Making ProgressFor Crime prevention the S.O. continues to oversee several neighborhood community watches after they were established. Often do hotspot policing in high crime neighborhoods or neighborhoods that are generating specific crime reports. (HOT SPOT policing mapping was initiated and is in progress). Several crimes were solved in reference to mapping and utilization of FLOCK cameras.CompletedService ExcellenceContinue to strengthen the Sheriff’s Office with equipment and an emphasis on training. Grants appropriated once again for tasers and bullet proof vests. Will need County funds for future BPV matches and to update body worn cameras.Making ProgressGrants appropriated once again for tasers and bullet proof vests. County funds for future BPV matches and to update body worn cameras requested for FY26 BudgetMaking ProgressDue to grant funding delays on the federal side, tasers yearly monies owed was paid for with asset forfeiture. County funds for future BPV matches and to update body worn cameras requested for FY26 Budget. New Service K9 purchased via grant and asset forfeiture and deptuy is currently in training.Making ProgressNew K9 was purchased along with training two(2) new K9 deputies. BPV were purchased. Tasers and taser training is still in use as of to date.CompletedService ExcellenceComplete the Sheriff’s Office Policy and Procedure Manual.Policies have been reviewed by a policy review team, they have been updated and are in the process of being created in a new format and also the addition of new policies.Making ProgressFinal revision upcoming from policy review team. Policies have been updated and are in a new format and new policies added.Making ProgressFinal revision of new policy complete. reviewing and making new formatted forms and documents available. Will be published for initial recognition from deputies this quarter)Making ProgressFinal revision of new policy complete. Review was accomplished and soft implementation is currently in progress. The new policy is published and is in affect for 2025-2026 FY year) New promotional process implemented.CompletedService ExcellenceContinue to apply for grants, as necessary and appropriate, to help address departmental needs.Same grants applied for and granted. (i.e.. BVP, GCC, and NCACC -body armor and bumper guard.Making ProgressGrants applied for and granted. (i.e.. BVP, GCC, and NCACC body armor and bumper guard. (Adjusting to changes of the BVP grant and awaiting release of the GCC Grant)CompletedGrants applied for and granted. (i.e.. BVP, GCC, and NCACC body armor and bumper guard. (GCC Grant was recently released with new stipulations so will be in the process of the grant.)CompletedGrants applied for and granted. (i.e.. BVP, GCC, and NCACC body armor and bumper guard. (GCC Grant was recently released with new stipulations so will be in the process of the grant.) This will continue into the next fiscal year.CompletedService ExcellencePromotions and placements to help with the goals and mission of the Sheriffs OfficeSeveral promotions and replacements are in progress and will take affect Nov 1.Not StartedSeveral promotions and replacements completed and even more upcoming with recent retirements.CompletedContinue to have openings for different reasons. (retirees,resignations) We continue to fill those openings , train those deputies and move forward with growth from within.CompletedNew openings and positions of rank have been filled. We will continue to fill those openings , train those deputies and move forward with growth from within. More retirees expected within the next FY year.CompletedQuality of LifeEnhance public safety and community wellbeing FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives 35924 SheriffQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressService ExcellenceAddition of Deputies to ensure the needs of county citizens are being metNo additions of requested deputies were granted for the FY25 budget. The Sheriffs Office will be doing the same request for the same number of deputies for the FY26 budget.Not StartedOnce again requested deputies for the FY26 budget. CompletedOnce again requested deputies for the FY26 budget. CompletedNo additions of requested deputies were granted for the FY26 budget. The Sheriffs Office will be doing the same request for the same number of deputies for the FY27 budget. Two new corporal positions (reclassifications) were approved and filled.Completed......36925 Social Services Quarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 6 :6.1Negotiate lease renewal or purchase of Human Services Building or secure new facility prior to Aug. 2025 County Commissioners and County Manager's office have completed the purchase.CompletedGoal 9 : 9.3Increase participation and work opportunities for parents through the Work First Family Assistance Program Work First is advertised at all community eventMaking ProgressDSS continues to inform the community of all of the services that are provided by DSS and Work First is one of those programs.Making ProgressDSS informed the community of all of the services that are provided by DSS at the Huddle Up With Human Services, Chamber Coffe Hour, the Food Truck Rodeo as well as other public events this quater.CompletedDSS informed the community of all of the services that are provided by DSS at the Huddle Up With Human Services as well as other public events this quater.CompletedGoal 15 :15.1Improve access to healthcare services DSS continues to assist with Non Emergency Medicaid Transportation Making ProgressDSS continues to assist with Non Emergency Medicaid Transportation Making ProgressDSS continues to assist with Non Emergency Medicaid Transportation Making ProgressDSS continues to assist with Non Emergency Medicaid Transportation and make referrals as neededMaking Progress15.2Promote healthy lifestyles and behaviors DSS continues to assist families working on case plans for positive out comes.Making ProgressDSS continues to assist families working on case plans for positive out comes.Making ProgressDSS continues to assist families working on case plans for positive out comes.Making ProgressDSS continues to work on guided decision making with families while working on case plans for positive outcomes.Making ProgressService ExcellenceEnsure that agency is aligned with county priorities and operations. DSS is now under the leadership of the Board of Commissioners protocols are still being developed.Making ProgressDSS is working with CCR to develop protocols to ensure maximum efficiency.Making ProgressDSS has worked with CCR to develop protocols to ensure maximum efficiency in multiple programs.Making ProgressDSS has completed some of CCR's reccomendations while continuing to perfect others to ensure maximum efficiency in multiple programs.Making ProgressService ExcellenceHire positions and start training at DSS for Medicaid units.Two Staff Development Specialist were hired and have begun training for Medicaid staff.CompletedTwo Staff Development Specialist were hired and have begun training for Medicaid staff.CompletedTwo Staff Development Specialist were hired and have continued training for Medicaid staff.CompletedTwo Staff Development Specialist have provided continued training for Medicaid staff.CompletedService ExcellenceContinue leadership training for DSS Management Team.Management has attended trainings provided by NCACDSS, Red Cross, and NCDHHS.Making ProgressManagement continues to attend trainings provided by NCACDSS, Red Cross, and NCDHHS.Making ProgressManagement continues to attend trainings provided by NCACDSS, Red Cross, and NCDHHS.Making ProgressManagement continues to attend trainings provided by the state in order to stay informed on best practices, policy updates, and emergency response protocols. Making ProgressService ExcellenceContinue to pass all audits and report cards.Passed all monthly Medicaid report cards this quarter.CompletedPassed all monthly Medicaid report cards this quarter.CompletedPassed all monthly Medicaid report cards this quarter.CompletedPassed all monthly Medicaid report cards this quarter.CompletedQuality of LifeMeet the need of the County with FEMA shelter and services.FEMA Shelter training completed by Red Cross this quarter.CompletedFEMA Shelter training completed by Red Cross this quarter.CompletedFEMA Shelter training reveied by managment team this quater.CompletedFEMA Shelter training reviewed by managment team this quater.CompletedService ExcellenceContinue to develop, update and implement DSS polices.Making ProgressDSS is working with CCR to review internal policies.Making ProgressDSS updtaed the dress code this quater.CompletedDSS management reviewed polices this quater.CompletedService ExcellenceMonitor accountability standards for all DSS programs. DSS Continues to monitor all services and abide by audits. Making ProgressDSS Continues to monitor all services and abide by audits. Making ProgressDSS Continues to monitor all services and abide by audits. CompletedDSS continues to monitor all services and abide by audits. Completed..........Promote healthy communities FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives Capital Investment Sustain the capital planning process Lifelong LearningWork with partners to create and support opportunities for the current and future workforce to learn and develop new skills Quality of Life37926 Soil and WaterQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 2 :2.4Complete Person County Trail Feasibility Study and work with partners to implement recommendations Completed study. Will present to BOC in Nov. 2024. Working with partners to identify funding opportunities.Making ProgressCompleted study. Will present to BOC in March 2025. Working with partners to identify funding opportunities.Making ProgressStudy was presented to BOC on 3.17.2025CompletedGoal 6 :6.4Complete construction and open “County Farm” park Assisting Piedmont Conservation Council & Rec. dept. as needed.Making ProgressAssisting Rec. dept. as needed; NC DOJ EEG grant paused due to lawsuit.Making ProgressWill continune to assit Rec. dept. as needed; Work on EEG grant discontinued; Park still on schedule to open as planned.Making ProgressInvestigated additional grant opportunities for restoration of stream buffers.Making ProgressGoal 9 :9.1Offer education-based programs for all ages and expand outreach through partnerships with community organizations Partnered with 4H offering Cloverbud (5-7 years) summer program; SWCD Board approved funds for 3rd, 4th, & 5th grade poster contests.Making ProgressProvided educational materials to teachers as requested. Promoted SWCD poster contests and Envirothon.Making ProgressCompleted SWCD poster contest; Awards scheduled for May; Completed Area 3 Envirothon; Assisting with State EnvirothonMaking ProgressAll FY25 Education programs have ended and are completed. Programs will continue next year.Making ProgressGoal 16 :16.1Implement conservation programs Encumbered 48% of cost share funds; continuing on StRAP grant & BMAP.Making ProgressEncumbered 77% of cost share funds; Closed 2022 StRAP grant. Making ProgressFollowed up with 9 open contracts; Closed 2 contracts; Completed required spot checks Making ProgressEncumbered 100% of cost share funds; Closed 6 contracts; Closed out FY2025 program year; Programs will continue next year.Making ProgressQuality of LifeUpdate Farmland Preservation Ordinance to include the establishment of a Conservation Easement Program which will further protect working farmland and preserve our rural identity. Presented ordinance amendment to commissioners on 8.19.2024.CompletedQuality of LifePromote and implement County, State, and Federal programs that provide technical and financial assistance to agricultural and non-agricultural landowners and citizens that conserve our natural resources.Press release & notifications sent for PY25 ag cost share programs & BMAP; funds are being allocated.Making ProgressContinuing to market BMAP and State cost-share programs and provide technical assistance; Awarded $75,000 Streamflow Rehabilitation Assistance Program (StRAP) grant.Making ProgressRefered citizens to BMAP; Provided technical assistance to pond owners; Began work on StRAPMaking ProgressEncumbered 100% of FY2025 cost share funds; Continued to provide technical assistance as needed.CompletedLifelong LearningExpand environmental education opportunities by partnering with other departments and organizations.Piedmont Conservation Council is hiring an intern to assist with EE outreach.Not StartedBegan working with Piedmont Conservation Council's AmeriCorp volunteer to assist with EE outreach.Making ProgressWorked with PCC's AmeriCorp on developing plan to address EE oportunities in the county however funding for this assistance was cancelled 3.13.2025; No further work on this goal sceduled due to staffing constraints and near end of school year.CompletedService ExcellenceProvide support staff to the Environmental Issues Advisory Board and Agricultural Advisory Board.Attended EIAC meetings; Scheduled AAB meetings & took minutes; Posting agendas & minutes on Laserfiche for public view.Making ProgressAttended EIAC meetings; Scheduled next AAB meeting; Posting agendas & minutes on Laserfiche for public view; Marketed litter sweep & HHHW day. Making ProgressAttended EIAC & AAB meetings; Posting agendas & minutes on Laserfiche for public view; Worked on tasks as directed by the AABMaking ProgressAttended EIAC meetings; Posting agendas & minutes on Laserfiche for public view; Discussed developing EIAC Annual Report.Making ProgressEconomic Opportunity and GrowthAssist in Person County Trail Feasibility Study and implementation of recommendations.Available to assist but no assistance requested.Not StartedAvailable to assist but no assistance requested.Not StartedStudy was presented to BOC on 3.17.2025CompletedQuality of LifeRe-establish the VAD program; Marketing the VAD/EVAD programWith the new ordinance and GS requirements all current VAD participants are no eligible; mailed letters to current VAD requesting to reapply for either the VAD or EVAD.Making ProgressMarketed VAD & new EVAD program; Notified VAD participants of re-enrollment requirements & began accepting applications for VAD & EVAD.Making ProgressAg board met and approved new VAD/EVAD participants. Applied for ADFP Trust Fund grant to provide funding for new signs, workshops, marketing, etc. Making ProgressDeveloped EVAD Conservation Agreement and began collecting signed agreements for enrollees. Making ProgressQuality of LifeProactively meet the changing needs of the community FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives Economic Opportunity and GrowthDevelop and maintain infrastructure that enhances quality of life Capital InvestmentEnsure county facilities meet the needs of the public and employeesLifelong LearningWork with partners to create and support opportunities for the current and future workforce to learn and develop new skills 38927 Soil and WaterQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressQuality of LifeExpand the Person County Quilt TrailWorking with Piedmont Conservation Council, Person County Arts Council, Tourism, & others on grant application to expand & promote quilt trail.Making ProgressAssisted in submission of grant application to expand trail. Making ProgressRecieved notification of non-acceptance of SouthArts grant. PCC has identified another grant opportunity and the partners met to discuss. Making ProgressAssisted in submission of another grant application to expand trail; Have received requests from the public to join trail.Making Progress....39928 TaxQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressCapital InvestmentAchieve a collection rate of 97.50%, with a goal of over 99%, and better than most of our peer counties and over the state average.bills mailed 7/19/2024, collection rate at 13.80%.Making ProgressCollection rate 97.53%, lien advertisement published March 6, along with 1,300 certified letters mailed for delinquent collections.Making ProgressCollection rate is ahead of last year, and looking to close at our highest collection rate to date. Currently, 98.99%.Making ProgressHighest collection rate ever for Person County at 99.50%CompletedCapital InvestmentFinalize the 2025 reappraisal, which includes the adoption of the 2025 Schedule of Values, finalizing the real estate values, mailing notices to all property owner, and reviewing values as part of the appeals process. SOV set for public hearing early November, photos of properties completed.Making ProgressReappraisal notice of value mailed January 24, informal appeals accepted until March 1, with approximately 1,800 received and 500 processed.Making ProgressInformal appeals were completed in March, and we are now working with the Board of Equalization and Review to complete 200 formal appeals, meeting weekly through June 30.Making ProgressFormal appeals finished by June 30, with 8 appeals moving forward to the Property Tax Commission. Current sales ratio, based on the 2025 reapprasisal, confirms that we were able to capture the current market and are at 99.81% of market value as of Sept. 1, 2025.Completed..........FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives 40929 Transportation (PATS)Quarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressCapital InvestmentPurchase three replacement vehicles using grant funding with a 10% local match. Waiting for NCDOT to open order period. Should open 11/24.Making ProgressVehicles have been ordered. Delivery date is yet to be determined.Making ProgressAwaiting FY25 Vehicles. FY23 Vehicles now delivered and 2 of 3 FY 24 vehicles are delivered.Making ProgressAll FY24 Vehicles delivered. 1 of 3 FY25 Vehicles delivered with expected delivery of last two in NovemberMaking ProgressCapital InvestmentSecure additional funding to support PATS services. KTOG has made verbal commitment for $5,600 of advertising. Making ProgressKTOG signed contract and paid for advertising. Will still look for other opportunities.CompletedWhile this is completed, opportunities are still being sought after.CompletedStill looiking for opportunities CompletedService ExcellenceKeep personnel turnover rate low / Continue upward trend in department morale.Making ProgressContinued progress. Experienced candidate hired following resignation of Senior Admin staff member.Making ProgressReplaced two retiring full time drivers with experienced part time drivers. Making ProgressTwo part time new hires are doing a great job of providing excellent customer service.Making ProgressService ExcellenceEvaluate staffing levels and route efficiencies. Making ProgressOngoing process. Making ProgressOngoing efforts to keep on-time service at a high levelMaking ProgressOngoing process. On-time performance is at the 95+% level on drop-offsMaking ProgressQuality of LifeExplore low emission vehicles (LP gas specifically) as an option and find funds available for project.Need to find suitable location for LP fuel depot.Not StartedNeed to find suitable location for LP fuel depot.Not StartedSeeking location for LP fuel depotNot StartedWhile still investigating the option, speaking with other directors about the change to LP is giving mixed answers. Not Started..........FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives 41930 Veteran ServicesQuarter 1ProgressQuarter 2ProgressQuarter 3ProgressQuarter 4ProgressGoal 15 :15.2Improve access to healthcare services Connect with DAV Van Services and the PATS program to provide transportation to and from medical appointments at the Durham VAMC and Outpatient Clinics. Also hold seminars to inform veterans, widows, spouses and children of their benefits and access within the VA system.Making ProgressSeeking to find additional transportation for veterans to get to and from appointments. DAV van is down. Participating in Civics Academy and Huddle Up to get the word out on Veteran Services in the County.Making ProgressAwaiting grant funding to assist with transportation cost for veterans. DAV van still down. Planning more outreach to community.Making ProgressUtilized Grant funding to implement event to raise awarness for resources in the community and at the VA. Planning more activities and events in the future.Making Progress15.2Promote healthy lifestyles and behaviors Making ProgressParticipating in NCCEH with the BOS (Balance of State) initiative to end Homelessness in our community and Veteran community. Coordinating with local healthcare providers to establish connection locally for health care.Making ProgressAlso with grant funding planning health fairs.Making ProgressUsed program at Evening of Dinner and Dance to highlight Durham VAMC and surrounding VA Health facilities. More events to come.Making ProgressService ExcellenceProvide support and assistance to veterans and their families regarding various inquiries and benefits.Acquire larger more confidential office space to enhance the viability of the veteran service office. Employ additional administrative assistance to speed up the processing of claims and have more availability in office during times of sickness, vacation or unforeseen circumstances. Implement computer stations where veterans can sign on and see benefits while having access to Veteran Service Officer for assistance. Initiate conference room for holding Hearings and Higher Level Reviews for veterans who do not have internet access and wish to include the Veteran Service Officer. Showcase and provide scholarship information to veterans and their families for Educational Advancement. This includes Vocational Rehab and Colleges/Universities and Technical Schools. Making ProgressParticipating in the Wall that Heals and other activities slated for Person County through the Person County Veterans Council. Conducted several Informal Conferences with Veterans and the Decision Review Officers on their claims. Providing all available scholarship information to dependents of veterans and widows/spouses.Making ProgressAligning with the Person Veteran Council to setup screenings and giving informative speeches. Assisting with informal conferences with Decision Reveiw Officers and trainings to better understand the processes of filing successful claims to the VA. Researching information to give to and assist veterans, spouses and widows/children of other benefits available.Making ProgressOngoing support provided to veterans and their families regarding benefits. Supporting and connecting with Veterans Council, DAV, and American Legion to provide continued efforts to inform veterans of their benefits. Participating in Decision Review of Claims and navigating other issues veterans have with their benefits. Continuing to provide excellence in service to all veterans in the community and surrounding areas.Making Progress..........Quality of LifePromote healthy communities FY 2024-25 OBJECTIVES (See Adopted Budget)New Initiatives 42931